Turgenev I.S. - short biography
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, the future world famous writer, was born on November 9, 1818. Place of birth - the city of Oryol, parents - nobles. He began his literary career not with prose, but with lyric works and poems. Poetic notes are also felt in many of his subsequent stories and novels.
It is very difficult to briefly present the work of Turgenev, the influence of his creations on all Russian literature of that time was too great. He is a prominent representative of the golden age in the history of Russian literature, and his fame extended far beyond the borders of Russia - abroad, in Europe the name of Turgenev was also familiar to many.
Peru Turgenev owns the typical images of new literary heroes, created by him - serfs, superfluous people, fragile and strong women and commoners. Some of the topics he touched upon more than 150 years ago are relevant to this day.
If we briefly characterize the work of Turgenev, then the researchers of his works conditionally distinguish three stages in it:
- 1836 – 1847.
- 1848 – 1861.
- 1862 – 1883.
Each of these stages has its own characteristics.
1) Stage one is the beginning of the creative path, writing romantic poems, finding yourself as a writer and your style in different genres - poetry, prose, drama. At the beginning of this stage, Turgenev was influenced by the philosophical school of Hegel, and his work was of a romantic and philosophical nature. In 1843, he met the famous critic Belinsky, who became his creative mentor and teacher. A little earlier, Turgenev wrote his first poem called "Parasha".
Turgenev's work was greatly influenced by his love for the singer Pauline Viardot, after which he left for France for several years. It is this feeling that explains the subsequent emotionality and romanticism of his works. Also, during his life in France, Turgenev met many talented masters of the word of this country.
The following works belong to the creative achievements of this period:
- Poems, lyrics - "Andrey", "Conversation", "Landowner", "Pop".
- Dramatic art - plays "Carelessness" and "Lack of money".
- Prose - stories and stories "Petushkov", "Andrey Kolosov", "Three portraits", "Breter", "Mumu".
The future direction of his work - works in prose - is becoming increasingly clear.
2) The second stage is the most successful and fruitful in the work of Turgenev. He enjoys the well-deserved fame that arose after the publication of the first story from "Notes of a Hunter" - the essay story "Khor and Kalinich" published in 1847 in the Sovremennik magazine. His success was the beginning of five years of work on the rest of the stories in this series. In the same 1847, when Turgenev was abroad, the following 13 stories were written.
The creation of "Notes of a Hunter" carries an important meaning in the writer's activities:
- firstly, Turgenev was one of the first Russian writers to touch upon a new topic - the topic of the peasantry, and revealed their image more deeply; he portrayed the landlords in real life, trying not to embellish or criticize without reason;
- secondly, the stories are imbued with a deep psychological meaning, the writer does not just portray a hero of a certain class, he tries to penetrate his soul, to understand his way of thinking;
- thirdly, the authorities did not like these works, and for their creation Turgenev was first arrested and then sent into exile in his family estate.
Creative heritage:
- Novels - "Rud", "On the Eve" and "Noble Nest". The first novel was written in 1855 and was a great success with readers, and the next two further strengthened the fame of the writer.
- Stories - "Asya" and "Faust".
- Several dozen stories from the Hunter's Notes.
3) Stage three - the time of mature and serious works of the writer, in which the writer raises deeper issues. It was in the sixties that Turgenev's most famous novel, Fathers and Sons, was written. This novel raised the topical issues of the relationship of different generations to this day and gave rise to many literary discussions.
An interesting fact is also that at the dawn of his creative activity, Turgenev returned to where he began - to the lyrics, poetry. He was carried away by a special kind of poems - writing prose fragments and miniatures, in lyrical form. For four years he wrote more than 50 such works. The writer believed that such a literary form could fully express the most secret feelings, emotions and thoughts.
Works from this period:
- Novels - "Fathers and Sons", "Smoke", "New".
- Stories - "Punin and Baburin", "Steppe King Lear", "Brigadier".
- Mystical works - "Ghosts", "After Death", "The Story of Lieutenant Ergunov".
In the last years of his life, Turgenev was mainly abroad, not forgetting his homeland. His work influenced many other writers, opened many new questions and images of heroes in Russian literature, therefore Turgenev is rightfully considered one of the most outstanding classics of Russian prose.
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Biography and episodes of life Ivan Turgenev. When born and died Ivan Turgenev, memorable places and dates of important events in his life. Writer quotes, images and videos.
Ivan Turgenev's life years:
born October 28, 1818, died August 22, 1883
Epitaph
“Days are passing. And now for ten years
It's been since death bowed to you.
But there is no death for your creatures,
The crowd of your visions, oh poet,
Immortality forever illumined. "
Konstantin Balmont, from the poem "In memory of I. S. Turgenev"
Biography
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was not only one of the greatest Russian writers who literally became classics of Russian literature during their lifetime. He also became the most famous Russian writer in Europe. Turgenev was respected and revered by such great people as Maupassant, Zola, Galsworthy, he lived abroad for a long time and was a kind of symbol, the quintessence of the best features that distinguished the Russian nobleman. Moreover, Turgenev's literary talent put him on a par with the greatest writers of Europe.
Turgenev was the heir to a wealthy noble family (by his mother) and therefore never needed funds. Young Turgenev studied at St. Petersburg University, then went to complete his education in Berlin. The future writer was impressed by the European way of life and upset by the striking contrast with Russian reality. Since then, Turgenev lived abroad for a long time, returning to St. Petersburg only on short visits.
Ivan Sergeevich tried himself in poetry, which, however, did not seem good enough to his contemporaries. But as an excellent writer and a true master of words, Russia learned about Turgenev after the publication of fragments of his “Notes of a Hunter” in Sovremennik. During this period, Turgenev decided that his duty was to fight serfdom, and therefore went abroad again, since he could not "breathe the same air, stay close to what he hated."
Portrait of I. Turgenev by Repin, 1879
Returning to Russia in 1850, Turgenev wrote an obituary to N. Gogol, which aroused extreme dissatisfaction with the censorship: the writer was exiled to his native village, forbidden to live in the capitals for two years. It was during this period, in the village, that the famous story "Mumu" was written.
After complications in relations with the authorities, Turgenev moved to Baden-Baden, where he quickly entered the circle of the European intellectual elite. He communicated with the greatest minds of the time: Georges Sand, Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, Victor Hugo, Prosper Mérimée, Anatole France. By the end of his life, Turgenev became an unconditional idol both at home and in Europe, where he continued to live permanently.
Ivan Turgenev died in the suburbs of Paris, Bougival, after several years of a painful illness. Only after death, doctor S.P.Botkin discovered the true cause of death - myxosarcoma (cancerous tumor of the spine). Before the funeral of the writer in Paris, events were held, which were attended by more than four hundred people.
Ivan Turgenev, photograph of the 1960s
Life line
October 28, 1818 Date of birth of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.
1833 g. Admission to the verbal faculty of Moscow University.
1834 g. Moving to St. Petersburg and transfer to the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University.
1836 g. The first publication of Turgenev in the "Journal of the Ministry of Public Education".
1838 g. Arrival in Berlin and study at the University of Berlin.
1842 g. Obtaining a master's degree in Greek and Latin philology at St. Petersburg University.
1843 g. Publication of the first poem "Parasha", highly appreciated by Belinsky.
1847 g. Work in the Sovremennik magazine together with Nekrasov and Annenkov. Publication of the story "Khor and Kalinich". Departure abroad.
1850 g. Return to Russia. Link to the native village of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo.
1852 g. The publication of the book "Notes of a Hunter".
1856 g. Rudin is published in Sovremennik.
1859 g. The "Sovremennik" publishes "The Noble Nest".
1860 g. The "Russian Bulletin" publishes "On the Eve". Turgenev becomes a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
1862 g."Fathers and Sons" are published in the "Russian Bulletin".
1863 g. Moving to Baden-Baden.
1879 g. Turgenev becomes an Honorary Doctor of Oxford University.
August 22, 1883 Date of death of Ivan Turgenev.
August 27, 1883 Turgenev's body was transported to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery.
Memorable places
1. House number 11 on the street. Turgenev in Orel, the city where Turgenev was born; now - the writer's museum.
2. Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, where the hereditary estate of Turgenev was located, now - a house-museum.
3. House number 37/7, building 1 on the street. Ostozhenka in Moscow, where Turgenev lived with his mother from 1840 to 1850, visiting Moscow. Today it is the Turgenev House-Museum.
4. House number 38 on the emb. the Fontanka River in St. Petersburg (Stepanov's apartment house), where Turgenev lived in 1854-1856.
5. House No. 13 on Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street in St. Petersburg (Weber's apartment building), where Turgenev lived in 1858-1860.
6. House No. 6 on Bolshaya Morskaya Street in St. Petersburg (formerly the France Hotel), where Turgenev lived in 1864-1867.
7. Baden-Baden, where Turgenev lived for a total of about 10 years.
8. House number 16 on the emb. Turgenev in Bougival (Paris), where he lived for many years and died Turgenev; now - the writer's house-museum.
9. Volkovskoe cemetery in St. Petersburg, where Turgenev is buried.
Episodes of life
There were many hobbies in the life of Turgenev, and they were often reflected in his work. So, one of the first ended with the appearance in 1842 of an illegitimate daughter, whom Turgenev officially recognized in 1857.But the most famous (and most dubious) episode in Turgenev's personal life, who never got his own family, was his relationship with actress Polina Viardot and his life with the Viardot couple in Europe for many years.
Ivan Turgenev was one of the most passionate hunters in Russia of his time. When meeting Pauline Viardot, he was recommended to the actress as "a glorious hunter and a bad poet."
Living abroad, from 1874 Turgenev participated in the so-called bachelor's "dinners of five" - monthly meetings with Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet and Zola in Parisian restaurants or in writers' apartments.
Turgenev became one of the most highly paid writers in the country, which caused rejection and envy among many - in particular, FM Dostoevsky. The latter considered such high fees to be unfair given the already excellent condition of Turgenev, which he got after the death of his mother.
Covenants
“In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! .. ... But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people! "
“Our life does not depend on us; but we all have one anchor from which, if you don’t want to yourself, you’ll never lose it: a sense of duty. ”
“Whatever a person prays for, he prays for a miracle. Any prayer boils down to the following: "Great God, make sure that two times two are not four!"
"If you wait for a minute when everything, absolutely everything will be ready, you will never have to start."
Documentary and publicistic film “Turgenev and Viardot. More than love"
Condolences
"And yet it hurts ... Russian society owes too much to this man to treat his death with simple objectivity."
Nikolai Mikhailovsky, critic, literary critic and theorist of populism
“Turgenev was also a native Russian man in spirit. Didn't he know the genius of the Russian language with impeccable perfection, accessible only to him, perhaps, to Pushkin alone? "
Dmitry Merezhkovsky, writer and critic
"If now the English novel has some kind of manners and grace, then this is primarily due to Turgenev."
John Galsworthy, English novelist and playwright
The city of Oryol is the birthplace of the future writer. There, in 1818, he was born into the family of a cavalry officer and a wealthy landowner. Was the second child. He spent the first decade of his life in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. This is the family estate of the mother, a tough and domineering woman. She often punished her sons, even beat them. At the same time, she paid big money for their education to prestigious governors and private boarding houses, communicated with children only in French, instilled a love of Russian literature.
The children were to receive an education, and the Turgenevs moved to Moscow. A little later, their father and husband left the family. At the age of 15, Ivan entered Moscow University. His choice fell on the Faculty of Literature. Here I experienced the feeling of first love. However, the chosen one did not reciprocate. This story formed the basis of one of his works.
After the death of his father, the family moved to St. Petersburg. Ivan became a student at a local university, where he studied philosophy and became interested in lyrics. As a student, he wrote almost 100 poems, two of them were published. Almost all of the writer's first works have not survived.
For the next three years he lived abroad. In Germany, he attended classes of university teachers, continued to write poetry, studied European languages. In Italy he studied culture, art, wrote poems. At the beginning of 1843 he returned to his homeland. The Ministry of the Interior became his place of service. The period of prose works began in the writer's work. Then Pauline Viardot, a singer, entered his life. This meeting left an imprint on everything that happened to Turgenev in subsequent years.
Two years later, he left the public service, went abroad after Viardot and her husband. I traveled around Europe, got acquainted with foreign writers, saw revolutionary events. Returning to Russia, he wrote a scientific work and defended his master's degree in philosophy.
In the late 40s - early 50s, he composed plays for theaters that captivate audiences. He began work on the famous stories of the hunter, in which he showed the cruelty of serfdom. For the posthumous review of Gogol, he was sent under a year's house arrest to the Lutovinovo estate, where he continued his active writing. Here the novel "Rudin" appeared, which became the first in a whole series of such works. Until the mid-50s, he worked in the editorial board of the Sovremennik magazine, a break with which occurred after Dobrolyubov's review of the novel On the Eve.
The last two decades of his life, the writer was almost constantly abroad, but wrote about Russia. Through his activities, Turgenev linked Russian and European literature, was engaged in their mutual enrichment. He was friends with famous French writers, translated their works into Russian. His works were well known to Russian and foreign readers. He himself gained worldwide fame. In 1878, Turgenev was elected vice-president of the Paris International Congress of Writers, and was awarded the title of Honorary Doctor of the University of Oxford.
Ivan Turgenev photography
What does he see in his house -
Parents are an example to him!
The form is unpretentious, but in fact a very wise rhyme of three lines expresses the idea that the child goes through the main science of life in the family.
Pay attention: in the rhyme, the emphasis is not on what the child hears "in his home", not on what the parents instill in him, but on what he himself sees. But what exactly from what he sees, teaches him and educates him? How do we treat each other before his eyes? How much do we work and for what? What are we reading? And suddenly, neither one nor the other, nor the third, but something completely different ?! When raising a child, parents go out of their way. And he sometimes grows up not at all the way they dreamed of. Why? How could this happen? There is a universal answer to such difficult and bitter questions: "The ways of the Lord are inscrutable! .." But still, let us try to figure it out with one example: why in a certain family at some time a child grew up the way he, it would seem, should not have grown up? It will be about the great Russian writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, by the way, the author of the famous novel called "Fathers and Sons" - just dedicated to the continuity of generations.
About the childhood of the writer himself. we know something. For example, the fact that the parents of Turgenev were the wealthy of the Mtsensk district of the Oryol province, convinced and hard-core serf owners. (Do not expect that new materials have been discovered that refute this fact - there are none!) But have we ever asked ourselves the question: why does a son of such parents grow up as a convinced anti-serfdom, a kind, kind-hearted person by nature? (There was even a case when young Turgenev took up his gun in order not to offend a peasant needlewoman from his village.) The answer seems to suggest itself: if he looked at the horrors and abominations of serf ownership of souls, he began to hate. Yes, that is the answer, but it’s too simple. Indeed, at the same time, in the neighboring estates of the Mtsensk district, the landowners' sons kicked and mocked the servants from their young nails, and having taken over the estate, they unbridled themselves better than their parents, doing with people what is now called lawlessness. Well, they and Ivan Turgenev were not from the same test? Did you breathe a different air, did you learn from some textbooks? ..
To understand what made Turgenev spiritually the direct opposite of his parents, it would be necessary to get to know them better. First, with my mother, Varvara Petrovna. A colorful figure! On the one hand, she speaks and writes French fluently, reads Voltaire and Rousseau, is friends with the great poet V. Zhukovsky, loves theater, loves planting flowers ...
On the other hand, for the disappearance of only one tulip from the garden, he gives the order to overwhelm all the gardeners without exception ... He cannot breathe on his sons, especially on the middle one, Ivan (not knowing how to express his affection for him, sometimes he calls him .. . "My beloved Vanechka"!), Spare no effort or money to give them a good education. At the same time, children are often flogged in the Turgenevs' house! “A rare day passed without rods,” Ivan Sergeevich recalled, “when I dared to ask what I was being punished for, my mother categorically declared:“ You know better about this, guess. ”
Best of the day
When a son, studying in Moscow or abroad, does not write letters home for a long time, his mother threatens him for this ... to whip some of the servants. And now, with her, a servant, she does not stand on ceremony. Freedom-loving Voltaire and Rousseau do not in the least prevent her from sending the unwanted maid to a remote remote village, making the serf artist paint the same thing a thousand times, terrifying the elders and peasants while traveling through their estates ...
“I have nothing to remember my childhood with,” Ivan Sergeevich admits sadly. - Not a single bright memory. I was afraid of my mother like fire ... "
We will not disregard the father of the writer - Sergei Nikolaevich. He behaves more balanced, less cruel and fastidious than Varvara Petrovna. But his hand is also heavy. Maybe, for example, he could throw a home teacher that he didn’t like right into a flight of stairs. And he treats children without excessive sentiment, takes almost no part in their upbringing. But, as you know, "lack of upbringing is also upbringing."
“My father had a strange influence on me ... - writes Turgenev in one of his stories, in which he put a lot of personal things. - He ... never insulted me, he respected my freedom - he was even, so to speak, polite to me ... only he did not allow me to come to him. I loved him, I admired him, he seemed to me a model of a man, and, my God, how passionately I would have become attached to him if I did not constantly feel his deflecting hands! .. "We add from ourselves: Sergei Nikolaevich is still far from children and because he rarely sees them.
In the house, Varvara Petrovna rules the whole ball. She is engaged in the education of her children, it is she who teaches "beloved Vanechka" visual lessons of willfulness ...
Yes, but what about the fact that “the child learns what he sees in his home” and that “the parents are an example to him”? According to all the rules of genetics and family pedagogy, a moral monster should have grown up in a father - a cold egoist and a mother with a despotic character. But we know: a great writer has grown up, a man of great soul ... No, whatever you say, but the Turgenevs' parents are an example to their son, an impressive example of how not to treat people. After all, the child also learns what he hates "in his home"!
Thank God, this option is also provided for the continuity of generations: children grow up, as they say, in the opposite direction from their fathers ... for all their selfishness and cruelty, both people are smart, well educated. And, which is important, in their own way interesting, extraordinary, as if woven from glaring contradictions. Varvara Petrovna alone is worth something! The writer (and Ivan Sergeevich was undoubtedly born to them) definitely needs something above the norm, something out of the ordinary. In this sense, the parents of Turgenev, with their colorfulness, will serve the talented son a good service: they will inspire him to create unforgettably believable types of that time ...
Of course, a child "in his home" sees not only the bad. He learns (and much more willingly!) From good examples. Did Ivan Turgenev love his parents? Freezing with shyness and fear - yes, he did. And, probably, he felt sorry for both of them. After all, if you thoroughly understand the life of each of them, you will not envy ... Varenka Lutovinova's (her maiden name) father dies early, and her stepfather gets so rude and willful (do you feel?) That she runs away from at home. Her uncle takes her under the protection and guardianship. But he is also a man with tricks: he keeps his niece locked up almost always. Perhaps she is afraid that she would not lose her innocence before marriage. But, I think, his fears are in vain: Varenka, speaking delicately, does not shine with beauty ... However, when her uncle dies, she, his heiress, will one day become the richest landowner of the Oryol province ...
Her hour has struck! Varvara Petrovna now takes everything from life - and even more. She catches the son of a neighbor landowner, Lieutenant Cavalier Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev. A man is good to everyone: handsome, stately, intelligent, six years younger than her. But - poor. However, for the rich Lutovinova, the latter does not matter. And when the lieutenant proposes to her, she, beside herself with happiness, accepts it ...
This is not the first time that wealth is allied with beauty and youth. This is not the first time it has become fragile. Having waved his hand at a military career, Sergei Nikolaevich indulges in hunting, revelry (usually on the side), a card game, starts one novel after another. Varvara Petrovna knows about everything (there are always more people who are helpful in this respect than necessary), but she endures: she values and loves her handsome husband to such an extent. And, as they say in these cases, he turns his unspent tenderness into sophisticated mockery of people ...
About everything that his mother experienced and felt for her life, Ivan Sergeevich learns only after her death. After reading the diaries of Varvara Petrovna, he exclaims: "What a woman! .. May God forgive her everything ... But what a life!" Even in childhood, observing the behavior of his parents, he sees a lot and guesses a lot. This is how any child, especially a gifted child, works: he does not yet have great knowledge and lasting life experience, he uses what caring and wise nature gives him generously, perhaps even more generously than an adult, - intuition. It is she who helps "unreasonable" children to make correct, sometimes amazingly correct, conclusions. It is thanks to her that the child sees "in his home" best of all exactly what the adults carefully hide from him. That is why we can say: not just anywhere, but in his own house, how rich, just as unhappy, the future writer Ivan Turgenev will understand how incomprehensibly complicated life is and what an abyss of secrets any human soul contains ...
When the mother's child is afraid “like fire”, when he constantly stumbles upon the “deflecting hands” of his father, where can he look for love and understanding, without which life is not life? He goes where the children who have not received the warmth of the house have always gone and are going today - “into the street”. In Russian estates, the “street” is the courtyard, and its inhabitants are called courtyards. These are nannies, tutors, barmen, boys on parcels (there was also such a position), grooms, foresters, etc. They may not speak French or read Voltaire and Rousseau. But they have so much natural intelligence to understand: the barchuk Ivan's life, like theirs, is not sugar. And they have enough kindness to somehow caress him. One of them, at the risk of being whipped, helps the barchuk open the cabinet with old books, the other takes him on a hunt, the third takes him into the depths of the famous Spassko-Lutovinovsky park and reads poetry and stories with him with inspiration ...
That is with what love and trepidation Ivan Sergeevich, who himself said that his biography is in his works, describes in one of his stories the childhood episodes dear to his heart: the book is already opening, emitting a sharp, for me then inexplicably pleasant smell of mold and old stuff! .. ... the first sounds of reading are heard! Everything around disappears ... no, it does not disappear, but becomes distant, shrouded in haze, leaving behind only the impression of something friendly and patronizing! These trees, these green leaves, these tall grasses obscure, hide us from the rest of the world, no one knows where we are, that we - and with us poetry, we penetrate, we revel in it, we have an important, great, secret business ... "
Close communication with people of the lower, as they said, class in many ways predetermines Turgenev as a writer. After all, it is he who will bring into Russian literature a peasant from the Russian hinterland - economic, artisan, with a certain amount of cunning and trickery. There is no need to prove the nationality of his works: the many-sided Russian people act, they say, suffer in them. Many writers are recognized only after their death. Turgenev was read during his lifetime, and among others, ordinary people were read - the same one before whom he worshiped all his life ...
Turgenev differs from other outstanding writers of Russia, among other things, in that his descriptions of nature occupy many, many pages. The modern reader, accustomed to prose with a dynamic (sometimes overly) narrative, sometimes becomes unbearable. But if you read it carefully, these are wonderful and unique descriptions, like Russian nature itself! It seems that when Turgenev wrote, he saw directly in front of him the mysterious depths of the Russian forest, squinted from the silver light of the autumn sun, heard the morning echo of sweet-voiced birds. And he really saw and heard all this, even when he lived far from Spassky - in Moscow, Rome, London, Paris ... Russian nature is his second home, his second mother, she, too, is his biography. There is a lot of it in the works of Turgenev because then there was a lot of it in general, and a lot in his life, in particular.
Thanks to his parents, Ivan Sergeevich saw the world as a child (the family traveled around Europe for many months), received an excellent education in Russia and abroad, for a long time, while looking for his calling, he lived on money sent by his mother. (Turgenev's father died quite early.) Having met Turgenev, Dostoevsky wrote about him: “Poet, talent, aristocrat, handsome man, rich man, clever, 25 years old. I don’t know what nature denied him. ” In a word, a difficult childhood, despotic order in the house, apparently, outwardly did not affect it. As for his character, spiritual harmony ... Most likely, the strong, domineering nature of his mother was one of the reasons that, with all his beauty and talent, Ivan Sergeevich was often timid and indecisive, especially in relations with women. His personal life turned out to be somewhat awkward: after several more or less serious hobbies, he gave his heart to the singer Viardot, and since she was a married woman, he went on a strange coexistence with this family, living with her under the same roof for many years ... As if carrying the weakened bacilli of maternal pride and intolerance, Ivan Sergeevich is easily hurt, offended, often quarrels with friends (Nekrasov, Goncharov, Herzen, Tolstoy, etc.), but, it is true, often the first to extend his hand of reconciliation. As if to reproach the deceased father's indifference, he, as best he can, takes care of his illegitimate daughter Polina (he pays her mother a lifetime pension), but the girl from an early age cannot remember what the word "bread" means in Russian, and neither which does not justify, no matter how hard Turgenev tries, the aspirations of his father ...
Among other things, Turgenev differs from other outstanding Russian writers by his height. He was so tall that wherever he appeared, he could be seen, like a bell tower, from everywhere. A giant and a bearded man, with a soft, almost childish voice, friendly in character, hospitable, he, living abroad for a long time, being a very famous person there, to a large extent contributed to the spread of the legend of the "Russian bear" in the West. But it was a very unusual "bear": he wrote brilliant prose and fragrant white poetry, knew philosophy, philology very well, spoke German in Germany, in Italy - in Italian, in French - in France, in Spanish with his beloved a woman, a Spanish Viardot ...
So to whom do Russia and the world owe this miracle of physical and intellectual perfection, versatile talent and spiritual wealth? Can we really leave out his mother Varvara Petrovna and Father Sergei Nikolaevich? Let's pretend that not to them, but to someone else, he owes his beauty and outstanding growth, great diligence and aristocratic fine culture? ..
It is not for nothing that Varvara Petrovna considered her son Ivan as her favorites - she cannot be denied insight. “I love you both passionately, but differently,” she writes to “beloved Vanechka,” slightly contrasting him to Nikolai, her eldest son. - You are especially ill for me ... (How splendidly expressed in the old days!). If I can explain with an example. If they squeezed my hand, it hurts, but if they step on my corn, it’s unbearable. ” She realized before many literary critics that her son was marked by a high gift for writing. (Showing a delicate literary taste, she writes to her son that his first published poem "smells of strawberries." Well, in this regard, we can say that the continuity of generations is a two-way road: the time comes when parents learn something from their children ...
Years of life: from 28.10.1818 to 22.08.1883
Russian prose writer, poet, playwright, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences. A master of language and psychological analysis, Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature.
Ivan Sergeevich was born in Orel. His father came from an old noble family, was superbly handsome, had the rank of retired colonel. The writer's mother, on the other hand, was not very attractive, far from young, but very rich. On the father's side, it was a typical marriage of convenience and the family life of Turgenev's parents can hardly be called happy. Turgenev spent the first 9 years of his life in the Spasskoye-Lutovinovo family estate. In 1827 the Turgenevs settled in Moscow to educate their children; they bought a house on Samoteka. Turgenev studied first at the Weidengammer boarding school; then he was given as a boarder to the director of the Lazarev Institute, Krause. In 1833, 15-year-old Turgenev entered the language faculty of Moscow University. A year later, because of the older brother who entered the guards artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, and Turgenev then transferred to St. Petersburg University. At St. Petersburg University, Turgenev met P.A.Pletnev, to whom he showed some of his poetic experiments, which had already accumulated a lot by that time. Pletnev, not without criticism, but approved the work of Turgenev, and two poems were even published in Sovremennik.
In 1836, Turgenev graduated from the course with the degree of a real student. Dreaming of scientific activity, the next year he again took the final exam, received a candidate's degree, and in 1838 he went to Germany. Having settled in Berlin, Ivan took up his studies. While listening to lectures on the history of Roman and Greek literature at the university, he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin at home. The writer returned to Russia only in 1841, and in 1842 passed the exam for a master's degree in philosophy at St. Petersburg University. To obtain a degree, Ivan Sergeevich had only to write a dissertation, but by that time he had already lost interest in scientific activity, devoting more and more time to literature. In 1843, at the insistence of his mother, Turgenev entered the civil service at the Ministry of Internal Affairs, however, not having served even two years, he resigned. In the same year, the first major work of Turgenev appeared in print - the poem "Parasha", which earned high praise from Belinsky (with whom Turgenev later became very friendly). Significant events also take place in the writer's personal life. After a series of youthful loves, he was seriously carried away by the seamstress Dunyasha, who in 1842 gave birth to a daughter from him. And in 1843, Turgenev met the singer Pauline Viardot, for whom the writer carried his love throughout his life. Viardot was married by that time, and her relationship with Turgenev was rather strange.
By this time, the writer's mother, irritated by his inability to serve and an incomprehensible personal life, finally deprives Turgenev of material support, the writer lives in debt and from hand to mouth, while maintaining the semblance of well-being. At the same time, since 1845, Turgenev has been running all over Europe, now following Viardot, now with her and her husband. In 1848, the writer witnessed the French Revolution, during his travels he became closely acquainted with Herzen, Georges Sand, P. Merimee, in Russia he maintains relations with Nekrasov, Fet, Gogol. Meanwhile, a significant turning point in the work of Turgenev comes: since 1846 he turned to prose, and since 1847 he has not written practically a single poem. Moreover, later, composing his collected works, the writer completely excluded poetic works from it. The main work of the writer during this period is the stories and stories that made up the "Notes of a Hunter". Published as a separate book in 1852, "Notes of a Hunter" attracted the attention of both readers and critics. In the same 1852, Turgenev wrote an obituary for Gogol's death. The Petersburg censorship banned the obituary, then Turgenev sent him to Moscow, where the obituary was published in Moskovskiye Vedomosti. For this, Turgenev was sent to the village, where he lived for two years, until (mainly through the efforts of Count Alexei Tolstoy) he received permission to return to the capital.
In 1856, Turgenev's first novel "Rudin" was published, and from this year the writer again began to live in Europe for a long time, returning to Russia only occasionally (fortunately, by this time Turgenev had received a significant inheritance after his mother's death). After the publication of the novel "On the Eve" (1860) and the article devoted to the novel by N. A. Dobrolyubov "When will the present day come?" there is a break between Turgenev and Sovremennik (in particular, with N. A. Nekrasov; their mutual hostility persisted to the end). The conflict with the "younger generation" was aggravated by the novel "Fathers and Sons". In the summer of 1861, there was a quarrel with Leo Tolstoy, which almost turned into a duel (reconciliation in 1878). In the early 60s, relations between Turgenev and Viardot were improving again, until 1871 they lived in Baden, then (at the end of the Franco-Prussian war) in Paris. Turgenev closely converges with G. Flaubert and through him with E. and J. Goncourt, A. Daudet, E. Zola, G. de Maupassant. His pan-European fame is growing: in 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president; in 1879 he is an honorary doctor of the University of Oxford. At the end of his life, Turgenev wrote his famous "prose poems", which represent almost all the motives of his work. In the early 80s, the writer was diagnosed with spinal cord cancer (sarcoma) and in 1883, after a long and painful illness, Turgenev died.
Information about works:
Concerning the obituary for Gogol's death, the chairman of the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee, Musin-Pushkin, spoke as follows: "It is criminal to speak so enthusiastically about such a writer."
The shortest work in the history of Russian literature belongs to the Peru of Ivan Turgenev. His prose poem "Russian language" consists of only three sentences
The brain of Ivan Turgenev, as physiologically the largest measured in the world (2012 grams), is included in the Guinness Book of Records.
The body of the writer was, according to his desire, brought to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery. The funeral took place in front of a huge crowd of people and resulted in a mass procession.
Bibliography
Stories and stories
Andrey Kolosov (1844)
Three portraits (1845)
Gide (1846)
Brether (1847)
Petushkov (1848)
The Diary of a Superfluous Person (1849)