Chichikov as a new hero of the era (essay). Chichikov - New hero of the era - Essay Definition of the educational task
Gogol, according to V. G. Belinsky, “was the first to look boldly and directly at Russian reality.” The writer's satire was directed against the “general order of things”, and not against individuals, bad executors of the law. The predatory money-grubber Chichikov, the landowners Manilov and Sobakevich, Nozdryov and Plyushkin, officials of the provincial city from Gogol’s poem “ Dead Souls"are scary in their vulgarity. “One could go crazy,” wrote A. I. Herzen, “at the sight of this menagerie of nobles and officials who wander around in the deepest darkness, buying and selling the “dead souls” of peasants.” The image of Chichikov reflects a new phenomenon in Russian life - the emergence of the bourgeoisie. This is a typical hero of the original capitalist accumulation, a representative of those businessmen who appeared in large numbers in Russia in the 30s, when the crisis of the serfdom system sharply emerged. Chichikov is the son of a poor nobleman, who inherited a “dilapidated house with an insignificant piece of land,” and became a real tradesman in his lifestyle. All his life he remembered and followed his father’s instructions - most of all to take care and save a penny: “You will do everything and you will spend everything with a penny”; to please teachers and bosses, while at the same time blatantly deceiving them in order to get a lucrative position. Already in teenage years the hero learned to evaluate people from the point of view of real benefit for himself, showed resourcefulness, iron restraint and baseness of soul. Through small speculations, he “made increments” to the half ruble donated by his father. “When he had enough money to reach five rubles, he sewed up the bag and began saving it in another.” A bag of money replaced Chichikov's friendship, honor and conscience. Deciding on a scam with dead souls , he thinks: “And now is a convenient time. We lost at cards, went on a spree and squandered it like it should.” Chichikov’s whole life became a chain of fraudulent machinations and crimes, his slogan was: “if he caught it, he dragged it, if it fell through, don’t ask.” Chichikov shows enormous efforts and inexhaustible ingenuity, embarking on any scam if they promise success and promise the coveted penny. The hero understands that capital becomes the master of life, that all the power is in the box with which he travels around Russia, buying up dead souls from landowners. Life and the environment taught him that “you can’t take the straight road and that the oblique road is more straight forward.” Ready to deceive and rob the nobles, Chichikov himself is under the spell of the life of the noble class. Having imagined himself as a Kherson landowner, he sincerely strives to adapt psychologically and everyday life to the nobility, which is expressed in the appearance and habits of the hero. Chichikov can be called a gentleman in manners and a bourgeois entrepreneur at heart. His bourgeois entrepreneurship still appears in the form that characterizes the period of primitive accumulation. Gogol calls Chichikov a scoundrel, a master, an acquirer. The hero’s meanness lies in the fact that he is ready to profit from the grief and illness of people. The author notes that Chichikov strives to get to those provinces where epidemics and epidemics occurred, since more peasants died there. For the same reason, he is interested in crop failures and famines occurring more often. About the hero’s acquisition, the author writes: “Acquisition is the fault of everything; because of it, deeds were carried out that the world calls not very pure.” Images of landowners are created by describing the village, manor house and interior, portrait characteristics, attitude to Chichikov’s proposal, description of the purchase and sale process itself; At the same time, Gogol highlights the leading, main character trait of the character. Chichikov is revealed somewhat differently. There is no demonstration here through the attitude towards serfdom, through a description of everyday life. If all the landowners, except Plyushkin, are given statically, then Chichikov is given in development, in the process of becoming. Depicting landowners, the writer highlights their defining features, while Chichikov is revealed in many ways. In order to more clearly illuminate the origin and life development of a new type - Chichikov, and to comprehend his historical place, the writer dwells in detail on his biography, character and psychology. Gogol shows how his ability to adapt to the situation and navigate in any situation developed; Depending on the conditions, Chichikov’s manner and tone of conversation changes. Everywhere he charms, sometimes arouses admiration and always achieves his goal: “You need to know that Chichikov was the most decent person who has ever existed in the world... He never allowed himself an indecent word in his speech and was always offended if he saw in the words of others lack of due respect for rank or title...” The new hero of the era has many advantages that the landed nobles do not have: some education, energy, enterprise, extraordinary dexterity. Chichikov knows how to find an approach to every person, quickly guessing the character traits of people, accurately identifying their strengths and weaknesses; win over new acquaintances, the guise of good manners helps the hero gain confidence. In a conversation with Manilov, he looks like Manilov; with Korobochka, Chichikov “spoke... with more freedom than with Manilov, and did not stand on ceremony at all.” In conversations “with rulers, he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. He somehow hinted in passing to the governor that entering his province was like entering paradise, the roads were velvet everywhere... He said something very flattering to the police chief about the city guards...” Constantly changing his appearance, Chichikov carefully hides his fraudulent goals from those around him. Symbolizing the advent of the era of the bourgeois, the era of dexterous, tenacious, energetic people who profess the morality of acquisition, Chichikov demonstrates perseverance, energy, practicality of mind, and willpower. Gogol writes: “We must do justice to the irresistible force of his character.” In terms of practical ingenuity and resourcefulness, the hero - the “acquirer” stands out strongly among the representatives of the patriarchal landed order, in whom immobility, inertia and deadness have firmly built a nest for themselves. At the same time, Chichikov also has features in common with landowners - a lack of civic interests and socio-political conservatism. Chichikov does not worship either humility or virtue, but he needs them to achieve his goal. He is calculating and knows how to patiently wait for the right moment. The thirst for profit and the desire to occupy a commanding position in society haunt him. Civil and patriotic feelings are alien to Chichikov; he treats with complete indifference everything that does not concern his personal, selfish interests. Noble society mistook the swindler and rogue Chichikov for an outstanding person. Gogol writes that “the word “millionaire” is to blame for everything, not the millionaire himself, but precisely one word; for in one sound of this word, besides every money bag, there is something that affects both scoundrel people, and neither this nor that, and good people, in a word, it affects everyone.” In Chichikov, bourgeois traits manifest themselves with such strength and truthfulness that contemporaries already saw the broad social significance of this type.
Gogol, according to V. G. Belinsky, “was the first to look boldly and directly at Russian reality.” The writer's satire was directed against the “general order of things”, and not against individuals, bad executors of the law. The predatory money-grubber Chichikov, the landowners Manilov and Sobakevich, Nozdryov and Plyushkin, the officials of the provincial city from Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” are terrible in their vulgarity. “One could go crazy,” wrote A. I. Herzen, “at the sight of this menagerie of nobles and officials who wander around in the deepest darkness, buying and selling the “dead souls” of peasants.” The image of Chichikov reflects a new phenomenon in Russian life - the emergence of the bourgeoisie. This is a typical hero of the original capitalist accumulation, a representative of those businessmen who appeared in large numbers in Russia in the 30s, when the crisis of the serfdom system sharply emerged.
Chichikov is the son of a poor nobleman, who inherited a “dilapidated house with an insignificant piece of land,” and became a real tradesman in his lifestyle. All his life he remembered and followed his father’s instructions - most of all to take care and save a penny: “You will do everything and you will spend everything with a penny”; to please teachers and bosses, while at the same time blatantly deceiving them in order to get a lucrative position. Already in his youth, the hero learned to evaluate people from the point of view of real benefit for himself, showed resourcefulness, iron restraint and baseness of soul. Through small speculations, he “made increments” to the half ruble donated by his father. “When he had enough money to reach five rubles, he sewed up the bag and began saving it in another.” A bag of money replaced Chichikov's friendship, honor and conscience.
Deciding on a scam with dead souls, he thinks: “And now is a convenient time. We lost at cards, went on a spree and squandered it like it should.” Chichikov’s whole life became a chain of fraudulent machinations and crimes, his slogan was: “if he caught it, he dragged it, if it fell through, don’t ask.” Chichikov shows enormous efforts and inexhaustible ingenuity, embarking on any scam if they promise success and promise the coveted penny. The hero understands that capital becomes the master of life, that all the power is in the box with which he travels around Russia, buying up dead souls from landowners. Life and the environment taught him that “you can’t take the straight road and that the oblique road is more straight forward.”
Ready to deceive and rob the nobles, Chichikov himself is under the spell of the life of the noble class. Having imagined himself as a Kherson landowner, he sincerely strives to adapt psychologically and everyday life to the nobility, which is expressed in the appearance and habits of the hero.
Chichikov can be called a gentleman in manners and a bourgeois entrepreneur at heart. His bourgeois entrepreneurship still appears in the form that characterizes the period of primitive accumulation. Gogol calls Chichikov a scoundrel, a master, an acquirer. The hero’s meanness lies in the fact that he is ready to profit from the grief and illness of people. The author notes that Chichikov strives to get to those provinces where epidemics and epidemics occurred, since more peasants died there. For the same reason, he is interested in crop failures and famines occurring more often. About the hero’s acquisition, the author writes: “Acquisition is the fault of everything; because of it, deeds were carried out that the world calls not very pure.”
Images of landowners are created by describing the village, manor house and interior, portrait characteristics, attitude to Chichikov’s proposal, description of the purchase and sale process itself; At the same time, Gogol highlights the leading, main character trait of the character. Chichikov is revealed somewhat differently. There is no demonstration here through the attitude towards serfdom, through a description of everyday life. If all the landowners, except Plyushkin, are given statically, then Chichikov is given in development, in the process of becoming. Depicting landowners, the writer highlights their defining features, while Chichikov is revealed in many ways.
In order to more clearly illuminate the origin and life development of a new type - Chichikov, and to comprehend his historical place, the writer dwells in detail on his biography, character and psychology. Gogol shows how his ability to adapt to the situation and navigate in any situation developed; Depending on the conditions, Chichikov’s manner and tone of conversation changes. Everywhere he charms, sometimes arouses admiration and always achieves his goal: “You need to know that Chichikov was the most decent person who has ever existed in the world... He never allowed himself an indecent word in his speech and was always offended if he saw in the words of others lack of due respect for rank or title..."
The new hero of the era has many advantages that the landed nobles do not have: some education, energy, enterprise, extraordinary dexterity. Chichikov knows how to find an approach to every person, quickly guessing the character traits of people, accurately identifying their strengths and weaknesses; win over new acquaintances, the guise of good manners helps the hero gain confidence. In a conversation with Manilov, he looks like Manilov; with Korobochka, Chichikov “spoke... with more freedom than with Manilov, and did not stand on ceremony at all.”
In conversations “with rulers, he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. He somehow hinted in passing to the governor that entering his province was like entering paradise, the roads were velvet everywhere... He said something very flattering to the police chief about the city guards...” Constantly changing his appearance, Chichikov carefully hides his fraudulent goals from those around him.
Symbolizing the advent of the era of the bourgeois, the era of dexterous, tenacious, energetic people who profess the morality of acquisition, Chichikov demonstrates perseverance, energy, practicality of mind, and willpower. Gogol writes: “We must do justice to the irresistible force of his character.” In terms of practical ingenuity and resourcefulness, the hero - the “acquirer” stands out strongly among the representatives of the patriarchal landed order, in whom immobility, inertia and deadness have firmly built a nest for themselves.
At the same time, Chichikov also has features in common with landowners - a lack of civic interests and socio-political conservatism. Chichikov does not worship either humility or virtue, but he needs them to achieve his goal. He is calculating and knows how to patiently wait for the right moment. The thirst for profit and the desire to occupy a commanding position in society haunt him. Civil and patriotic feelings are alien to Chichikov; he treats with complete indifference everything that does not concern his personal, selfish interests.
Noble society mistook the swindler and rogue Chichikov for an outstanding person. Gogol writes that “the word “millionaire” is to blame for everything, not the millionaire himself, but precisely one word; for in one sound of this word, besides every money bag, there is something that affects both scoundrel people, and neither this nor that, and good people, in a word, it affects everyone.” In Chichikov, bourgeois traits manifest themselves with such strength and truthfulness that contemporaries already saw the broad social significance of this type.
N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". Chichikov as new hero era and as an anti-hero.
Objectives: to continue familiarizing students with the content of the poem, to characterize the main character of Chichikov’s poem, to develop in students the ability to write character descriptions, to develop the skills to construct an answer to a question about a work of art based on theoretical and literary knowledge; improve skills of analytical work with prose text; contribute to the aesthetic and moral education of students; cultivate a culture of reading perception.
Equipment: tables, textbook, text of the poem “Dead Souls”, handouts, table, illustrative material on the topic of the lesson.
Lesson type: lesson – analysis of a work of art
Predicted results: students know about the system of images of N.V.’s poem. Gogol
"Dead Souls" are able to characterize the main character Chichikov, analyze the text, retell individual episodes in the form of a description, participate in the conversation, develop their point of view on piece of art in accordance with author's position and historical era.
During the classes
I. Organizational stage
II. Updating of reference knowledge
III. Motivation for learning activities
Teacher: In chapter 11 N.V. Gogol writes that Russian literature paid a lot of attention to the “virtuous” hero: “There is no writer who would not ride on him, urging him on with a whip, and with anything else he could get his hands on.” But in reality, in a feudal society, scoundrels play an important role . It seems that Gogol’s attitude towards his hero is extremely clear. Does Chichikov have a future? Who, finally, is in the chaise drawn by three, which rushes into the distance? Let's turn again to the main character. This image is the link between the chapters. What do we know about him?
IV. Working on the lesson topic
A) Reading the episode “Chichikov in the tavern”
How did you see P.I. Chichikova?
B) Reading the episode “Meeting of Manilov and Chichikov”
How do you see Chichikov in this episode?
Acquaintance with the serf owners begins with Manilov, a rather pleasant-looking person. Chichikov is looking for “Zamanilovka,” but “the village of Manilovka could lure few with its location. The manor's house stood alone on the Jura, open to all the winds... the slope of the mountain on which it stood was covered with trimmed turf. Two or three flower beds with lilac and yellow acacia bushes were scattered on it in English style! five or six birch trees in small clumps... Under two of them there was a gazebo... with the inscription: “Temple of Solitary Reflection”... there were two women who, having picked up their dresses picturesquely... were lying on their knees in the pond, dragging ... nonsense." Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov and the readers are presented with a rather pretentious and at the same time pitiful picture. Manilov himself, when meeting with Chichikov, behaves too kindly, to the point of being cloyingly intrusive. The author says about him that Manilov can be ooh-actorized like this: " There is a kind of people known by the name: people to themselves, neither this nor that, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan...” Manilov initially seems like a pleasant and courteous person, but Gogol every now and then introduces details into the description that characterize him not on the best side. In the owner's office "there was always some kind of book, bookmarked on page fourteen, which he had been constantly reading for two years." A magnificent detail showing the mental level of the landowner. His aesthetic requests are limited to the fact that he dumps ashes on the windowsill from the tube, building either random heaps or “building” something fantastic. Manilov does not take care of the farm at all, entrusting the peasants to the thief clerk. He himself does not know how many serfs died, nor does the clerk who was summoned to report. Manilov is not interested in the essence of Chichikov’s case. He cannot understand why Pavel Ivanovich needs dead souls. Chichikov, adapting to the “elegant style” of the owner, expresses his thoughts floridly, calling the dead “who in some way ended their existence.” Chichikov puzzles Manilov for a moment, but then everything goes away: the landowner is not used to thinking, the word of a swindler is enough for him, and Manilov is ready to continue to admire Pavel Ivanovich, for the sake of his “new friend” he will rewrite the list of all the dead peasants with his own hand and decorate it with a silk ribbon. How clearly Manilov’s character shines through. He does a thoughtlessly “dirty” thing, but ties the “packaging” with a beautiful ribbon; he is not interested in the essence, but in external beauty. For this gullible, Chichikov’s inarticulate phrases are enough to calm his conscience, or maybe it never woke up? ! The image of Chichikov is also interesting. He is an excellent psychologist who understands the “nature of Manilov.” Pavel Ivanovich, speaking with the landowner, begins to smile just as unctuously, fawning over the Master, accepting his manner of behavior. It is important for Chichikov to achieve his goal - to collect as many souls of dead peasants as possible who did not pass the audit fairy tale. He has conceived a grandiose scam and is now going headlong towards his goal. For him there is no moral barrier that cannot be bypassed. Gogol was able to see the emerging capitalist class and brilliantly depicted its individual types. The writer was one of the first to see the unsightly “face” of capital and its hall “in all its glory” in the poem “Dead Souls”.
2. Analytical conversation
What are the similarities and differences in the characters of Chichikov and each landowner. In what situations does the hero behave like landowners? How is Chichikov fundamentally different from landowners?
Thanks to what qualities does Chichikov manage to win the sympathy of the landowners? What is the secret of his charm?
Who is Captain Kopeikin? Do Chichikov's ideal and Captain Kopeikin's concept of capital intersect?
How are the images of landowners and Chichikov related to the title of the work?
Are there “living souls” in the poem? Who are they?
What is the role in the poem “The Tale of Captain Kopeikin”?
3. Collective work on compiling tables “Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov”, “The similarities of Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov with other landowners”
Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov
Stages of life
didn't have noble birth, there was no material wealth in the family, everything was gray, dull, painful - “this is the poor picture of his initial childhood, of which he barely retained a pale memory.”
Education
a) father's order
b) gaining personal experience
He received his education in the classes of the city school, where his father took him and gave him the following instructions: “Look, Pavlusha, study, don’t be stupid and don’t hang around, but most of all please your teachers and bosses. If you please your boss, then, even though you won’t succeed in science and God hasn’t given you talent, you’ll get ahead of everyone else. Don’t hang out with your comrades, they won’t teach you any good; and if it comes to that, then hang out with those who are richer, so that on occasion they can be useful to you. Don’t treat or treat anyone, but behave better so that you will be treated, and most of all, take care and save a penny: this thing is more reliable than anything in the world. A comrade or friend will deceive you and in trouble will be the first to betray you, but a penny will not betray you, no matter what trouble you are in. You will do everything, you will ruin everything in the world with a penny.”
He managed to build relationships with his classmates in such a way that they treated him; managed to collect money, adding it to the half ruble left by his father. I used every opportunity to save money:
- made a bullfinch from wax, painted it and sold it;
- I bought some food at the market and offered it to my hungry classmates who were richer;
- trained a mouse, taught it to stand on its hind legs and sold it;
- was the most diligent and disciplined student, able to prevent any desire of the teacher.
Service
a) start of service
b) career continuation
“He got an insignificant place, a salary of thirty or forty rubles a year...” Thanks to his iron will and ability to deny himself everything, while maintaining neatness and pleasant appearance, he managed to stand out among the same “nondescript” employees: “...Chichikov represented the complete opposite in everything, both by his somberness of face, and the friendliness of his voice, and his complete non-drinking of any strong drinks.”
To advance in my career, I used an already tried and tested method - pleasing my boss by finding him " weakness" - the daughter whom he “fell in love with” himself. From that moment on, he became a “noticeable person.”
Service in the commission “for the construction of some government-owned capital structure.” I began to allow myself “certain excesses”: a good cook, good shirts, expensive fabric for suits, purchasing a pair of horses...
Soon I lost my “warm” place again. I had to change two or three places. “I got to customs.” He pulled off a risky operation, in which he first got rich, and then got burned and lost almost everything.
Acquisition of "dead souls"
How did the idea for the acquisition come about?
After Chichikov was kicked out of his service at customs, he tries to find a new service. “And in anticipation of the best, I was even forced to take up the title of attorney.”
The appearance of Chichikov in the provincial town
Using practical intelligence, courtesy and resourcefulness, Chichikov managed to charm both the provincial city and the estates. Having quickly figured out a person, he knows how to find an approach to everyone. One can only be amazed at the inexhaustible variety of all the “shades and subtleties of his appeal.”
Chichikov uses “irresistible strength of character,” “quickness, insight and perspicacity,” and all his ability to charm a person to achieve the desired enrichment.
Similarities between Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov and other landowners
the landowner and his distinctive feature
How does this trait manifest itself in Chichikov’s character?
Manilov - “sweetness”, cloying, uncertainty
All residents of the provincial town recognized Chichikov as a pleasant man in all respects. “In a word, no matter where you turn, he was a very decent person. All officials were pleased with the arrival of a new person. The governor explained about him that he was a well-intentioned person; the prosecutor - that he is a sensible person; the gendarme colonel said that he was a learned man, the chairman of the chamber - that he was a knowledgeable and respectable person; the police chief - that he is a respectable and kind man; the police chief's wife - that he is the most kind and courteous person. Even Sobakevich himself, who rarely spoke well of anyone... told her [his wife]; “I, darling, was at the governor’s party, and had dinner with the police chief, and met the collegiate adviser Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov: a pleasant person!”
Box - petty stinginess
The famous Chichikov box, in which everything is laid out with the same diligent pedantry as in Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka’s chest of drawers.
Nozdryov - narcissism
The desire and ability to please everyone; to experience favor from everyone - this is the need and necessity for Chichikov: “Our hero responded to everyone and everyone and felt some kind of extraordinary dexterity: he bowed to the right and left, as usual, somewhat to one side; but completely freely, so that he charmed everyone...”
Sobakevich - rude tight-fistedness and cynicism
Even Nozdryov notes that in Chichikov there is “... no straightforwardness or sincerity! Perfect Sobakevich."
Plyushkin - collecting unnecessary things and carefully storing them
While exploring the city, N “... tore off a poster nailed to a post so that when he got home, he could read it thoroughly,” and then the hero “... folded it up neatly and put it in his little chest, where he used to put everything that was came across."
Chichikov's character is multifaceted, the hero turns out to be a mirror of the landowner he meets, because he has the same qualities that form the basis of the landowners' characters.
4. Mini-discussion
Can Chichikov be called a hero of his time?
Why can’t Chichikov’s activities be creative?
Under what conditions could such a personality appear?
How interesting is such a hero to the modern reader?
V. Reflection. Summing up the lesson
Teacher's summary word
Chichikov is a great hero, classic work, created by a genius, a hero who embodied the result of the author’s observations and reflections on life, people, and their actions. An image that has absorbed typical features, and therefore has long gone beyond the scope of the work itself. His name became a household name for people - nosy careerists, sycophants, money-grubbers, outwardly “pleasant,” “decent and worthy.” Moreover, some readers' assessment of Chichikov is not so clear. Comprehension of this image is possible only through a painstaking, careful analysis of not only the work itself, but also a huge array of critical literature, and the subsequent life of the image in Russian literature and culture as a whole.
VI. Homework
Creative task: Write an essay-argument on the statement “And one more reason... prevented Gogol from entering the field of the novel: Gogol bypassed the female character in all its depth.” Do you agree with this statement?
Topic: “Chichikov - the new “hero” of the era.”
Target: learn to build reasoning based on the text from the analysis of the proposed fragment; develop the skills of structuring a detailed answer to a proposed question, taking into account the educational task, the ability to use literary text and literary critical material as an argumentative basis, analyze and introspection of the work performed, the ability to find errors and improve the work performed; cultivate a sense of decency and attentive attitude towards other people, determination.
Texts for work in the Russian language lesson (control test according to the 9th grade program).
1 option
1) It is most fair to call him: owner, acquirer. 2) Acquisition is the fault of everything. 3) Because of him, things were done that the world calls not very pure. 4) True, there is already something repulsive in such a character. 5) But he is wise who does not disdain any character, but, fixing an inquiring gaze on it, probes it to its original causes. 6) Everything quickly turns into a person. 7) And more than once not only a broad passion, but an insignificant passion for something small grew in someone born for the best exploits, forced him to forget great and holy duties and see great and holy things in insignificant trinkets. 8) Countless, like sea sands, human passions, and all are different from one another, and all of them, low and beautiful, are at first submissive to man and then become his terrible masters. 9) And, perhaps, in this same Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence lies what will later drive a person to dust and to his knees before the wisdom of heaven. (N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls” chapter 11).
1 option
1. From sentences 7-8, write out a word with an alternating vowel at the root.
2. From sentences 8-9, write down a word whose spelling of the consonant in the prefix depends on the unvoiced consonant sound following the prefix.
4. Explain the placement of the dash in sentence 2.
5. Write the number of a complex sentence with an attributive clause (sentences 1-4)
6. From sentences 3-6, write down an introductory word.
7. Write down the number of the sentence (from sentences 5-7) containing a separate circumstance.
Key (1 option)
1. grew
2. countless
3. concluded
6. truth (sentence 4)
8. commas when homogeneous members offers.
9. 1,2 - comparative phrase, 3 - SSP, 4 - SSP, 5,6 - isolated agreed definitions expressed by single adjectives
Option 2
1) The method of revealing gradation is Gogol’s conscious attitude. 2) In “Selected Places...” he writes: “My heroes follow one after another, one more vulgar than the other.”
3) In the process of depicting the landowners, the image of the main character, Chichikov, also unfolds before the readers. 4) Landowners and officials, depicted by Gogol, compete in spiritual emasculation. 5) But both of them are clearly superior to Chichikov - the active knight of the “penny”. 6) He is more greedy in his pursuit of acquisitions than Korobochka, who takes seven skins from her serfs, more callous than Sobakevich and more impudent than Nozdryov in the means of enrichment.
7) In the final chapter, which completes the biography of Chichikov, he is finally exposed as a cunning predator, acquirer and entrepreneur of the bourgeois type, a civilized scoundrel, the master of life.
8) Gogol, a keen observer, correctly saw the growth of rapidly developing bourgeois tendencies in the depths of the feudal-serf regime. 9) And these tendencies found in him a merciless accuser, who noticed in them the terrible, enslaving power of money, associated with monstrous speculation, with deliberately fraudulent adventures. (A.I. Revyakin “History of Russian literature of the 19th century.” M. “Enlightenment” 1985)
Option 2
1. From sentences 5-6, write out a word with an alternating vowel at the root.
2. From sentences 3-4, write down a word whose spelling of the consonant in the prefix depends on the voiced consonant sound following the prefix.
3. From sentence 9, write out the passive participle.
5. Write the number of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause (sentences 7-9)
6. Write out an agreed definition from sentences 4-5.
7. Write down the number of the sentence (from sentences 5-6) containing a separate definition.
8. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in sentence 7.
9. Number the punctuation marks in sentence 8 and explain their placement.
10. Choose the correct answer, which describes the characteristics of sentence 9:
1) simple complex sentence
2) compound sentence
3) complex sentence
4) complex sentence with coordinating and subordinating connections
Key (2 option)
1. fighting
2. unfolds
3. related
4. a common application at the end of a sentence
6. outlined by Gogol (4th sentence)
8. 1,2 - participial phrase, 3,4,5 - homogeneous terms
9. 1,2 - common application, 3 - participial phrase
Option 3
1) Remember Chichikov’s traveling box - it’s a poem! 2) This is a poem about acquisition, squeezing out sweat in the name of a million. 3) There is a city poster, torn from a pedestal, and a funeral card, telling his sober mind about the transience of life. 4) The same pile of Plyushkin, only not disheveled, but brought into symmetry, where each item is relevant. 5) Plyushkin’s pile is a cemetery of dead things, Chichikov’s box is a business man’s traveling suitcase.
6) The comic journey ends tragically, and tragedy permeates the final lines of “Dead Souls” about the trio flying into the unknown.
7) Before this ending, Chichikov falls asleep, reassured by his successful escape from the city, and as if in a dream he sees his own childhood, which the author himself talks about.
8) This story about Chichikov’s childhood will then give acceleration to his troika, pick it up as if on wings and carry it to the unknown second volume.
9) In this passage, the contrast is especially felt - the vast Rus' and the “government crew” - a symbol of soulless, terrible state power. (Zolotussky I. Article “Chichikov is mixed with completely different yeast” “Literature at school”, No. 2, 1999).
Option 3
1. From sentences 4-5, write out a word with an alternating vowel at the root.
2. From sentences 4-5, write down a word whose spelling of the consonant in the prefix depends on the unvoiced consonant sound following the prefix.
3. Write out the passive participle from sentence 3.
4. Explain the placement of the dash in sentence 5.
5. Write the number of the compound sentence (sentences 5-6)
6. Write out homogeneous terms from sentences 2-3.
7. Write down the number of the sentence (from sentences 1-3) containing a separate definition.
8. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in sentence 7.
9. Number the punctuation marks in sentence 9 and explain their placement.
10. Choose the correct answer, which describes the characteristics of sentence 7:
1) simple complex sentence
2) compound sentence
3) complex sentence
4) complex sentence with coordinating and subordinating connections
Key (3 option)
1. dead
2. disheveled
3. torn
4. a dash between the subject and the predicate, expressed by nouns (compound nominal predicate with a missing connective)
6. acquisition, squeezing out sweat; poster, ticket
8. 1,2 - participial phrase, 2 - homogeneous predicates, 3 - attributive clause
9. 1 and 2 dashes - a common application, 3 commas - homogeneous members
How to check your work.
1. See if the work has an introduction and answer the question: “Does the introduction correspond to the content of the main work, does it prepare you for the perception of the main part of the work?” If not, rebuild the introduction or remove it.
2. See whether the proposed fragment is correctly interpreted, whether all the thoughts and concepts contained in it are worked out and explained.
3. See if the work has a working thesis and whether it corresponds to the interpretation of the fragment.
4. Reread the argument and answer the question: “Does the argument support the working thesis and the interpreted fragment?” If it does not confirm, “frame” it with reflections or replace it (we carry out similar work with each of the arguments).
5. See if the work has a final part, whether it resonates with the introduction, the working thesis and interpretation of the fragment, whether it is a logical conclusion from everything said above. If not, rebuild the output.
6. Check whether all sentences and parts of the work are related to each other in meaning and grammatically.
7. Check for errors. If you are in doubt about the spelling of a word, check it in a dictionary or replace it with a synonym. If you can’t analyze the structure of a sentence, rebuild it. Eliminate speech and grammatical errors (“mint” phrases).
Criteria for evaluation:
K1. There is an introduction and it correlates with the interpretation of the fragment and the working thesis, corresponds to the content of the main part of the work, and prepares for its perception (1 point).
K2. The proposed fragment is interpreted, all thoughts and concepts contained in it are worked out and explained (2 points).
The fragment is interpreted, but not all concepts are considered and explained (1 point).
The fragment is not interpreted (0 points).
K3. The working thesis corresponds to the interpretation of the fragment (2 points).
There is a working thesis, but it does not correspond to the interpretation of the fragment (1 point).
There is no working thesis (0 points).
K4. The arguments confirm the working thesis and the interpreted fragment (the first three theses are taken into account) (for each correctly selected argument - 3 points; maximum number of points - 9).
K5. The final part echoes the introduction, the working thesis and interpretation of the fragment, and is a logical conclusion from everything said above (3 points).
The conclusion logically completes the main part of the work, but it does not correlate with the introduction and thesis (1 point)
There is no conclusion or it does not correspond to the content of the work (0 points).
K6. All sentences and parts of the work are interconnected in meaning and grammatically (3 points).
There is one logical error (2 points).
There are two logical errors (1 point).
More than 2 logical errors were made (0 points).
The maximum number of points is 20.
Scores: 15-20 points - “5”
11-14 points - “4”
9-13 points - “3”
0-8 points - “2”
Board design.
Reverse side (board closed)
Homework:
1 option
Mark the most striking ones in the text of the poem lyrical digressions(chapter 5 (a digression about an aptly spoken Russian word), chapter 7 (about two types of writers; about barge haulers), chapter 11 (about a three-bird, about the road, about Rus' and its heroes, about the choice of a hero). What artistic function do they do they do?
Option 2
Prepare a message on the topic: “What does Gogol’s image of the road mean?”
Board in a spread
1 leaf
Fragments from chapter 11 of N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”
1) It is very doubtful that the readers will like the hero we have chosen...a good-natured person is still not taken as a hero...it’s time to finally hide the scoundrel too
2) Who is he regarding moral qualities? That he is not a hero, full of perfection and virtuous, is clear. Who is he? So, a scoundrel? Why a scoundrel, why be so strict with others?
3) But he is wise who does not disdain any character, but, fixing an inquisitive gaze on it, probes it to its original causes.
Central door
Chichikov - the new hero of the era?
Essay-reasoning
Structure:
1. Introductory part
A)+- Introduction
B) Working with a fragment (interpretation of a fragment)
C) A working thesis formulated based on the interpretation of the fragment
2. The main part of the work is an argument with proof or illustration of the working thesis, containing at least 2-3 arguments (link to the text, quotation, partial quotation, partial paraphrase; link to a literary-critical assessment of the work), confirming the provisions put forward in the thesis.
3. The final part of the work (conclusion from everything said above).
2 doors
A thesis is a statement that briefly states an idea.
Argument - argument, proof.
During the classes
1. Recording homework
2. Definition of the learning task
Today we are practicing the skills of composing an argumentative essay in accordance with the educational task that you are asked to solve when completing the task in part C2 of the GIA. The difference is that as an argumentative basis we will use the text of the work and its literary-critical assessment (texts proposed for implementation test work in the Russian language lesson, teaching aids, literary critical materials). Thus, we will continue preparing for the Russian language exam and work on several essay topics that you will be asked to write upon completion of studying the poem “Dead Souls” and the works of N.V. Gogol.
At the end of the lesson, we have to clarify the wording of the lesson topic written on the board.
For today's lesson, you wrote an essay on the topic: “Who is he, this Chichikov?” Using the consultant sheet “How to check your work,” you checked the written work, eliminated errors and evaluated your work in accordance with the evaluation criteria.
3.Working with essays written by students. Who gave themselves a “5” rating? (one work is taken by the teacher for checking, students are divided into pairs, exchange notebooks and check each other’s work with the help of a consultant sheet. All notes and corrections are made in pencil. After checking, a second grade is given. When grading, only the literary component is taken into account in accordance with the proposed criteria). To complete the work - 15 minutes.
4. Analysis of work assessed by the teacher(students’ work, evaluated by classmates, is submitted for control).
5. Working with the proposed sample(the work is analyzed without output).
Who is this Chichikov?
So why is he, according to the author’s definition, a scoundrel? Yes, because he could not cope with one “passion”. This is a passion for acquisition, hoarding, the desire to become the master of life. “Countless, like the sands of the sea, are human passions, and all are different from one another, and all of them, low and beautiful, are at first submissive to man and then become his terrible masters,” says N.V. Gogol. Chichikov fell under the power of “low” passion and became its slave. And the reason for this is living conditions, time, imposing harsh and cruel laws, and God knows what else! N.V. Gogol hinted at the future rebirth of Chichikov and the edifying lesson that his “passion”—acquisitiveness—receives in connection with this. “And, perhaps, in this same Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence lies what will later drive a person to dust and to his knees before the wisdom of heaven.” But the author’s plan was not destined to come true. Chichikov remained the same Chichikov with whom we parted, turning over the last page of the poem - a “strange scoundrel” who, however, has something to learn.
Literature in general literary work and everyone literary hero in particular, it is a “textbook of life.” So what lessons do we learn by solving Chichikov's riddle? A hero can teach us moderation of accuracy, the ability, if necessary, to curb one’s desires, diplomacy in relationships with people, organization, perseverance and determination. But the most important lesson learned when communicating with Chichikov was the lesson of decency. Using the example of our hero’s unseemly actions, we are convinced that the biggest sin is to play with the destinies of people, to step over people on the way to achieving any, even a very “lofty” goal. There is nothing more immoral than the phrase: “The end justifies the means.” Only the goal that is achieved by “moral means” can be justified and will bring good luck and peace of mind to those who achieve it.
6. There is no final part to the work. Let's finish the job together. So what lessons do we learn by solving Chichikov's riddle? (conversation with the class, conclusion read out)
7. Let’s clarify the wording of the topic(it is advisable to quote the word “hero” and remove the question mark).
Who is this Chichikov?
F.M. Dostoevsky argued that every person is a mystery, and it must be solved in order to remain human. And N.V. Gogol continued and developed his thought: “... the wise is the one who does not disdain any character, but, fixing an inquiring gaze on it, probes it to its original causes.” Following the precepts of the classics, we will try to solve the riddle of Chichikov. After all, by “unraveling” another, we become wiser, because everyone, even if not a very “virtuous hero,” has something to learn.
And this is exactly how the author sees his main character, Chichikov. In chapter 11 of the poem “Dead Souls”, starting a detailed description of his character, “searching” for the “original causes” of his “moral qualities”, N.V. Gogol suggests that the “hero” he “chosen” is unlikely to please the reader, clearly calling him a scoundrel. And already finishing the story about him, he urges us not to be “strict” towards him. It seems that the author himself has an ambivalent attitude towards his hero, and for him he is a mystery.
So who is Chichikov? Is he a scoundrel or a “virtuous” person? And if he is a scoundrel, then what is the reason for his meanness? Where is Chichikov's riddle hidden and how to solve it?
I. Zolotussky spoke about Chichikov like this: “... he’s still some kind of strange scoundrel.” By carefully reading the lines of the work, we are convinced of this. Chichikov is a dual nature. He is, one might say, a “reluctant scoundrel,” not devoid of positive qualities.
There is no doubt that Chichikov is a scoundrel. My father’s instructions about the need to please teachers and bosses, to “hang around” with those who are richer and can be useful, to save a penny, which is “more reliable than anything in the world” and can “overwhelm everything” not only “sank deep... into the soul” Pavlushi, but also received creative development. He has succeeded in this matter! Pavlusha not only “saved a penny”, denying himself everything and preparing for a future comfortable life (this is not the biggest sin), but also “stepped over people”, moving towards his intended goal (and this is already a sin, and the one who acts like this you can’t call it anything other than a scoundrel). Let us remember how sophisticatedly he “pumped” money from his classmates, how he “cheated, greatly cheated” his teacher. It should be noted that there was something to cheat him for when he was “in power and authority.” But circumstances changed, and the former beloved student somehow acted basely, refusing to help the one who found himself in a humiliated position and “from whose hand he fed.” And the case of the “insensitive” and “incredible” police officer, under whose command the official Chichikov worked hard. And our hero “attracted” him, “attracted his favor” and “cheated” him, “cheated” him in the most dishonest way, playing on his fatherly feelings. Yes, he didn’t just “cheat”, but also “hooked”! And having crossed this “most difficult threshold,” our hero “easier and more successfully” coped with the multi-level difficulties that arise on the way to his cherished goal, honing the skill of a swindler. He “tried on” various roles, masterfully transformed himself, did not disdain any means, played with people like a cat and a mouse. Well, who is he after that if not a scoundrel! It is no coincidence that A.I. Revyakin calls him a “clever predator”, “a civilized scoundrel”, accuses him of greed (“more greedy in his pursuit of acquisitions than Korobochka”), callousness (“callouser than Sobakevich”), and arrogance (“brazener than Korobochka”). Nozdryov in the means of enrichment"), pronouncing an unconditional verdict of guilty on him: Chichikov surpasses all landowners “in spiritual emasculation.”
But is our hero so monstrously heartless? We would venture to guess that no. It is no coincidence that I. Zolotussky calls him a “strange scoundrel,” N.G. Chernyshevsky claims that Chichikov is “the most difficult character,” and N.V. Gogol, being a brilliant artist and an excellent psychologist, he simply could not create such an unambiguous image and even make him the main character of his “pinnacle” work. Chichikov has a lot of advantages. He, unlike landowners and officials, is unusually active. His ingenuity knows no bounds. Just look at his adventure with buying dead souls and enriching himself due to the inertia and short-sightedness of the landowners, the “inhibition” of the “state-bureaucratic machine”! He's neat. Even doing menial work, he stood out favorably from his colleagues, petty officials. He is sensitive. Let us remember the moment of his meeting with the blonde, the embodiment of purity and innocence. He became lost in thought and forgot about everything around him. And when meeting with an already familiar blonde at the governor’s ball, “Chichikov was so confused that he could not utter a single good words" And in this muteness a share of true experience was “hidden”. Chichikov is a subtle psychologist. The “grain” of this hero is the ability to adapt to people, to guess them. With Manilov he is amiable, with Korobochka he is persistent, with Nozdryov he is assertive, he bargains with Sobakevich as relentlessly as Sobakevich does with him, Plyushkina conquers with his “generosity.” Chichikov is capable of deep reflection. The following passage in the work is interesting for understanding Chichikov’s character. After one of his failures - dismissal from customs for smuggling - Chichikov reflects: “Why me? Why did trouble befall me? Who is yawning in office now? - everyone buys. I didn’t make anyone unhappy: I didn’t rob the widow, I didn’t let anyone go around the world... Why do others prosper and why should I perish like a worm?” And this is true: Chichikov wanted to get rich by “cheating” the state, but at this stage of his life he did not commit dishonorable acts in relation to people. Continuing his thoughts, Chichikov asks himself the question: “And what will my children say later? “Here,” they will say, “father, the brute, didn’t leave us any fortune!” This also characterizes our hero with positive side: his father’s lesson was put to good use (his father, by and large, left him only a bequest, which largely determined his future fate: following the behest of his mismanagement and irresponsible father, Chichikov turned into a swindler and a cheater). And our hero wants to provide his children with a comfortable life. And all the reflections that accompany Chichikov’s actions are a kind of attempt to understand them, to give oneself an account of them. This does not happen with other characters in the poem. They tend to act like beings of a low spiritual organization, almost like animals. Chichikov does not give up when he suffers numerous failures and is returned to his starting position. “Crying won’t help your grief, you have to get things done,” he gives himself an instruction, and again, with a clean slate, he gets down to business and again achieves what he wants. One can envy such determination, organization and perseverance! It should be taken into account that Chichikov had to achieve everything in life on his own, without counting on outside help, and this is very difficult! Let's return to the author's assessment of the moral qualities of his hero. Admiring his ability to endure and limit himself in everything, if necessary, the author says that he is “the most decent person who has ever existed in the world.” And here is another fragment from the work in which the author positively evaluates the moral qualities of his hero: “It cannot, however, be said that the nature of our hero was so harsh and callous and his feelings were so dulled that he knew neither pity nor compassion; he felt both, he would even like to help, but only if it did not involve a significant amount... But he had no attachment to money itself for the sake of money; he was not possessed by stinginess and stinginess. No, it was not they who moved him: he imagined a life ahead of him in all comforts, with all sorts of prosperity... So that finally, later, over time, he would definitely taste all this, that’s why the penny was saved, sparingly denied to himself and to others.” And who among us, hand on heart, does not dream of a comfortable and “sweet” life? But not everyone knows how to curb their passions and limit themselves in everything, but Chichikov knew how.
So why is he, according to the author’s definition, a scoundrel? Yes, because he could not cope with one “passion”. This is a passion for acquisition, hoarding, the desire to become the master of life. “Countless, like the sands of the sea, are human passions, and all are different from one another, and all of them, low and beautiful, are at first submissive to man and then become his terrible masters,” says N.V. Gogol. Chichikov fell under the power of “low” passion and became its slave. And the reason for this is living conditions, time, imposing harsh and cruel laws, and God knows what else! N.V. Gogol hinted at the future rebirth of Chichikov and the edifying lesson that his “passion”—acquisitiveness—receives in connection with this. “And, perhaps, in this same Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence lies what will later bring a person to dust and to his knees before wisdom
The main character of N.V. Gogol's poem “Dead Souls” is Mr. Chichikov. The beginning to evaluate this image is given by the author's portrait, from which, in fact, the story begins. According to him, this gentleman was “not handsome, but not of bad appearance, neither too fat nor too thin; I can’t say that I’m old, but I can’t say that I’m too young.” Similar appearance, lacking any character traits, sets the reader up to perceive the image of a “little man”.
Of course, Chichikov is a completely new image in Russian literature of those years. But that doesn't mean he doesn't have literary relatives. Analyzing the names and associations that arise in the poem in connection with Chichikov, we can conclude: first of all, this image synthesizes the characters bequeathed by the Pushkin tradition. If we turn to the history of the creation of the poem, it is necessary to take into account the fact documented by the writer himself. In the fall of 1835, Gogol talked with Pushkin. At the end of the conversation, Pushkin convinced Gogol to take up an extensive narrative and even gave him his own plot. In addition, Gogol considered Pushkin his literary mentor, whose opinion and experience he could not help but listen to.
The images of Pushkin's works found their artistic interpretation and embodiment in Gogol's works. True, Pushkin's secular romantic and robber in the guise of the knight of profit, money-grubber and demonic egoist Hermann is depicted in Gogol in a parodic projection.
Let us remember Chichikov in the scenes of preparation for the ball and the ball itself. Encouraged by a love letter from an unknown lady, he, in spirit romantic hero, plunges into a very blissful and excited mood: “And the letter is very, very curly written!” Preparing for the ball, Chichikov devotes a lot of time to his toilet. Spinning near the mirror, he gave himself “a lot of pleasant surprises, winked his eyebrows and lips and even did something with his tongue... Finally, he lightly tapped himself on the chin, saying: “Oh, you’re such a little face!” - and began to get dressed.” Let's draw a parallel and remember how Pushkin's Onegin prepared for the ball:
He's at least three o'clock
He spent in front of the mirrors
And he came out of the restroom
Like windy Venus.
Next, Chichikov reveals himself completely unexpectedly. Seeing the governor’s young daughter at the ball, he “suddenly stopped, as if stunned by a blow.” But, unlike Onegin - a genius in the science of “tender passion” - Gogol’s character turns out to be a useless womanizer: “Chichikov was so confused that he could not utter a single sensible word and muttered the devil knows what, something that Gremin certainly would not have said.” , neither Zvonsky, nor Lidin” (heroes of fashionable stories).
But Chichikov is not only a parody hero-lover, he is also a parody romantic robber, according to the lady, pleasant in every way, he bursts into Korobochka, “like Rinaldo Rinaldini”; in addition, he planned to take away the governor’s daughter (“the truthful” testimony of Nozdryov, who, according to him, was in close relations with Chichikov, elevated this fiction to the rank of a real event). Chichikov is also identified with Captain Kopeikin, a maker of counterfeit notes, who fled from a neighboring province from legal persecution. True, this fact later raised doubts among officials: “after all, Captain Kopeikin... is missing an arm and a leg, but Chichikov has...”
Chichikov is a demonic personality, he is associated with Napoleon, who was kept on a stone chain, behind six walls and seven seas, and now he was released “from the island of Helena, and now he is making his way to Russia, supposedly Chichikov, but in fact not at all Chichikov." Of course, the officials did not believe this, but, however, they became thoughtful and, considering this matter each to themselves, found that Chichikov’s face, if he turned and stood sideways, was very similar to the portrait of Napoleon. “The police chief, who served in the 12-year campaign and personally saw Napoleon, also could not help but admit that he would in no way be taller than Chichikov, and that in terms of his figure, Napoleon, too, cannot be said to be too fat, but not that thin." The description of Chichikov’s resemblance to Napoleon is a parody quote from the corresponding passage from “The Queen of Spades”: Hermann has a “profile of Napoleon”; “He sat on the window, arms folded and frowning menacingly. In this position, he surprisingly resembled a portrait of Napoleon.”
It is in this parodic comparison of Chichikov, a petty swindler and swindler, with the image of a romantic hero, romantic robber, the arbiter of the destinies of the world, Napoleon, is Gogol’s innovation. This comparison allows us to highlight the author’s main idea: the Chichikovs are “little people”, in whose hands right now is the control of the world. They mark a time when vice ceased to be heroic and evil ceased to be majestic. Having absorbed everything romantic images, he discolored them and devalued them, putting them at the head of all moral values a slogan passed down from generation to generation: “Save a penny.” However, Gogol, in accordance with the Christian worldview, through the mouth of Murazov, gives Chichikov a chance for correction and rebirth: “If only one of those people who love good would put as much effort into it as you do to get your penny!” Gogol's hero has hope for revival, because he has reached the limit of evil in its extreme manifestations - low, petty and ridiculous. Evil exists not only in its pure form, but also in its insignificant forms. And precisely in its hopelessness lies the possibility of an equally complete and absolute revival.
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