Makar Chudra - analysis of the work. “Heroes of M. Gorky's early romantic prose Gypsy from the story of Makar Chudra
In the story "Makar Chudra" the main character Loiko Zobar is unusual, he corresponds to the romantic ideals of early Gorky. Our goal in this article is to consider what the characteristics of Loiko Zobar are, analyze his behavior and note what the author wanted to say to the readers by creating such an amazing character. In other articles, you will find directly the analysis of this work itself. Now let's move on to the characteristics of the main character.
Characteristics and actions of Loiko Zobar
We hear about Loiko Zobar from the mouth of the narrator, Makar Chudra, who opposes the life of a proud, beautiful gypsy to the dull existence of most people. Loiko is a daring gypsy, he always gets his way. Makar says that if Zobar likes a horse, then no walls will help to hide him, no watchmen will protect him - Loiko will take possession of the horse. Loiko had nothing cherished, only horses passionately loved gypsies.
Loiko is wise, "like an old man", knows Russian and Moravian letters. He is talented: he played in such a way that this music “ignited blood in my veins”, I wanted to live “as kings over the whole earth”. He was respected and appreciated by the gypsies throughout the district. What else can be said about the characteristics of Loiko Zobar?
Loiko is kind, he is ready to "give his heart" if a friend needs it. He loves freedom, enjoys the beauty of the world and is ready to give this beauty himself: it is no coincidence that his song captivates the gypsies so much, causing joy, longing, tears of tenderness and happiness.
Makar notes that next to a person like Zobar, everyone gets better. Loiko is a romantic hero who delights in his talent, wisdom, generosity, spiritual breadth and love of freedom.
The meaning of freedom for the protagonist
Loiko valued the freedom of the gypsy above all else. But, having come to the camp, the hero saw the beautiful Radda and fell in love with her. A story about the beauty of feeling is embedded in the mouth of the narrator. Zobar tried to "cloud" the eyes of his beloved, sang wonderful songs for her. But Rudda not only turned away from the gypsy, she also made fun of him. The whole camp understood that something was wrong, but no one dared to interfere. We only heard how Zobar left at night far from the camp and his violin "cried". Let's continue the description of the characteristic of Loiko Zobar.
Radda admits that she loves Loiko, but appreciates the will most of all. She cannot live without him, but she still loves will more. As a result, wishing to test her lover, the beauty sets a condition for him: she will marry him if he bows to her in front of the whole camp and kisses his right hand.
The hero is faced with a choice: to sacrifice freedom and fulfill Rudda's task, or to keep pride and dignity. Loiko chooses the path of freedom. It hurts and it is difficult for him to make a decision. But she cannot sacrifice the ideal of freedom, dignity and strength of the gypsies. He kills Radda, realizing that he has no other choice. According to Makar Chudra, love and pride are incompatible. The hero passed the test proposed by his beloved, he turned out to be a decisive and proud person worthy of Radda, so the gypsy dies with a smile on her lips. This is what constitutes the image of the protagonist and is the characteristic of Loiko Zobar.
In the finale, the narrator imagines how the figures of Loiko Zobar and Radda merge in a single dance, corresponding to the beautiful rhythm of the sea. A free element, strong-willed, strong people - the ideal of a storyteller.
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A romantic night by the sea, a fire is burning, an old gypsy Makar Chudra tells the writer a story about free gypsies. Makar advises to beware of love, for having fallen in love, a person loses his will. This is confirmed by the story told by Chudra.
There was Loiko Zobar, a young gypsy. Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovenia knew him. Dexterous was a horse thief, many wanted to kill him. He only loved horses, did not value money, he could give it to everyone who needed it.
There was a gypsy camp in Bukovina. Danila, the soldier, had a daughter, Radd, - a beauty, not to say in words. Rudd broke a lot of hearts. One tycoon threw any money at her feet, asked to marry him, but Radda replied that an eagle had no place in a crow's nest.
Once Zobar came to the camp. He was handsome: “The mustache fell on his shoulders and mixed with the curls, his eyes shine like clear stars, and the smile is the whole sun. As if it was forged from one piece of iron with a horse. " He began to play the violin, and many began to cry. Radda praised Zobar's violin, he plays well. And he replied that his violin was made from the chest of a young girl, and the strings from her heart were entwined. Rudda turned away, saying that people lie when they talk about Zobar's mind. He marveled at the girl's sharp tongue.
Zobar visited Danila, went to bed, and the next morning he went out with a rag tied on his head, said that the horse had hurt him. But everyone understood that it was Rudda, they thought that wasn’t worth Loiko Rudda? "Well, I do not! The girl, no matter how good she is, but her soul is narrow and shallow, and even though you hang a pound of gold around her neck, it’s still better than what she is, not to be her! ”
The camp lived well at that time. And Loiko is with them. He was wise as an old man, and played the violin so that his heart sank. If Loiko wanted, then people would give their lives for him, they loved him so much, only Radda did not love. And he loved her dearly. The people around him only looked, they knew, "if two stones roll at each other, you can't stand between them - they will mutilate."
Once Zobar sang a song, everyone liked it, only Radda laughed. Danilo wanted to teach her a lesson with a whip. But Loiko did not allow, asked to give her to him as a wife. Danilo agreed: "Yes, take it if you can!" Loiko approached Rudda and said that she filled his heart, that he took her as his wife, but she should not contradict his will. "I AM free man and I will live the way I want. " Everyone thought that Rudda had resigned herself. She wrapped a whip around Loiko's legs, pulled, and Zobar fell as if knocked down. And she walked away and lay down on the grass, smiling.
Zobar fled to the steppe, and Makar watched him, as if the guy did not do something over himself in the heat of the moment. But Loiko only sat motionless for three hours, and then Rudda came to him. Loiko wanted to stab her, but she put a gun to his forehead and said that she had come to make up, loves him. And she also told Rudda that she loves freedom more than Zobara. She promised Loiko hot caresses if he agreed in front of the whole camp to bow at her feet and kiss her right hand, like the eldest. Zobar shouted at the whole steppe, but agreed to Rudda's terms.
He returned to the Loiko camp and told the old people that he looked into his heart and did not see the former free life there. "One Radda lives there." And he decided to do her will, bow to her feet, kiss her right hand. And he also said that he would check if Radda had such a strong heart as she boasts.
Everyone did not have time to guess, but he stuck a knife into her heart to the very handle. Rudda pulled out the knife, plugged the wound with her hair and said that she expected such a death. Danilo raised the knife, thrown by Radda aside, examined it and stuck it in Loiko's back, right against the heart. Rudda lies, clutching the wound with his hand, and the dying Loiko is spread at her feet.
The writer couldn't sleep. He looked at the sea, and it seemed that he saw the regal Radda, and Loiko Zobar was sailing at her heels. "They both swirled in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently, and the handsome Loiko could not catch up with the proud Radda."
The story "Makar Chudra", the analysis of which is given in this article, is one of the most famous works Soviet writer Maxim Gorky. It was first published in 1892 in the Kavkaz newspaper. Signed by the pseudonym M. Gorky.
History of creation
The story "Makar Chudra", the analysis of which you can read in this article, was written by Alexei Peshkov in 1892, when he was in Tiflis. At that time, the writer was actively communicating with members of the revolutionary movement, first of all, with Alexander Kalyuzhny.
Kalyuzhny always listened attentively to the young man's stories about his wanderings, each time he invited him to write them down, so that later he could form a story or a story. Kalyuzhny was one of the first to whom Peshkov showed the manuscript of the story "Makar Chudra". The revolutionary took advantage of his acquaintances among journalists and added the work to the magazine "Kavkaz". The decisive role in this was played by the publicist Tsvetnitsky.
Many years later, in 1925, Gorky fondly recalled his literary debut in a letter to Kalyuzhny. He noted that he owes a lot to him, that he received an impetus, thanks to which he has faithfully and devotedly serve Russian art for 30 years.
The story "Makar Chudra" begins with a description of a romantic night by the sea. A bonfire is burning on the shore, an old gypsy named Makar Chudra sits near the fire. It is he who tells the writer a fascinating story about the free gypsy people. At the same time, Makar in every possible way encourages others to beware of love. According to him, having fallen in love once, a person loses his will forever. In confirmation of his words, he tells the story, which formed the basis of this story.
In the story "Makar Chudra" the main character is a young gypsy named Loiko Zobar. He was known in many European countries, in which he was known as a noble horse thief. In the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia, many dreamed of taking revenge for the horses they had taken away and even killing him. Horses were his main passion in life, he earned money easily, did not appreciate it, he could immediately give it to anyone in need.
Events began to develop around the camp, which stopped in Bukovina. There was a beautiful girl named Rudd, who had broken more than one heart. Her beauty could not be described in words, many young people dreamed of her, and one rich man even threw wads of money at her feet, begging to marry him. It was all in vain. Rudda has always said only one thing. An eagle has no place in a crow's nest.
Zobar arrives at the camp
From this article you will learn the plot of the story "Makar Chudra". The content is described in sufficient detail. Once Zobar came to this camp. He was handsome. Gorky writes that his mustache fell on his shoulders, mixed with curls, and his eyes burned like clear stars, while his smile was like the sun. The impression was that it had been forged from a piece of iron. He also played the violin, so much so that many immediately began to cry.
And this time he played, impressing everyone around him, even Radda. She praised his abilities, and he replied that his violin was made from the chest of a young girl, and the strings were twisted by the best craftsmen from her heart. The girl was not at all imbued with this romantic comparison, noting only that people obviously lie when they talk about Zobar's mind. The young man had no choice but to marvel at the sharp tongue of this girl.
For the night the gypsies stayed overnight at Danila, Radda's father. In the morning he struck everyone around him by coming out with a rag that was tied around his head. To all the questions he answered that he was stabbed by a horse. But everyone around him thought that the matter was completely different, that Rudd was to blame.
Meanwhile, Loiko stayed with the camp, which at that time was doing very well. He conquered everyone with his wisdom, as if he had lived for more than a dozen years, and played the violin in such a way that everyone's heart sank. In the camp, he came to the court so much that, at times, it seemed, people were ready to give their lives for him, loved and appreciated him. Everyone except Radda. And Zobar fell in love with the girl dearly. So that I could not think of anything else. The surrounding gypsies saw everything, understood, but could do nothing. We only remembered the words of our ancestors that if two stones roll on top of one another, then it is better not to stand between them, otherwise you can be mutilated.
Zobar's song
One evening Zobar sang a new song, from which everyone was delighted, they began to praise him. But Rudd remained in her repertoire - she made fun of Zobar. Her father had already intended to teach her a lesson with a whip, but Loiko himself did not allow him. Instead, he asked Danila to give her to him as a wife.
Although he was surprised at this request, he agreed, saying, take it if you can. After that, Zobar approached the girl and admitted that she won his heart and now he is taking her as his wife. Their only condition is family life, she should never, under any circumstances, contradict his will. Zobar said that he is a free man and will always live the way he wants. At first, Rudda pretended to be resigned, but then imperceptibly wrapped a whip around Loiko's legs and jerked sharply. Zobar fell as if knocked down. She only smiled maliciously, stepped aside and lay down on the grass.
On the same day, the frustrated Zobar fled to the steppe. Makar went after him, fearing that in such a state he might do something stupid. He watched Loiko from a distance, without giving himself away. But he did nothing at all, but only sat motionless for three hours. After this time, Radda appeared in the distance. She went up to Zobar. The offended Loiko immediately tried to stab her with a knife, but in response she put a gun to his head and announced that she had come here not to quarrel, but to make peace, because she also loved him. But at the same time she admitted that she loves freedom even more than Zobara.
The girl promised Loiko a night of love and hot caresses, but only on one condition. If he is in public, in front of the whole camp he will kneel before her and kiss her right hand, recognizing her seniority in the family. The annoyed Zobar shouted in powerlessness throughout the steppe, but his love for the girl was so great that he agreed to this condition, which was supposed to put an end to his love of freedom and respect in society.
Return to the camp
When Zobar returned to the camp, he approached the elders and confessed that he carefully looked into his own heart, but did not see there either the former free and free life, nothing at all. There was only one Rudda in it. Therefore, he accepts her condition and in the near future bow to her feet in front of the whole camp and kiss her right hand. In conclusion, he only noted that he would check if the girl really had such a strong heart, which she so loves to brag about in front of everyone.
Neither the elders, nor the rest of the gypsies had time to understand what these last words of Zobar meant. He grabbed a knife and stuck it right into the heart of the beauty, up to the handle. Rudda immediately tore the knife out of her chest, plugged the bleeding wound with her long and beautiful hair, saying that she was expecting just such a death.
The knife was picked up by her father Danilo and stabbed Loiko right in the back, opposite his heart. Radda remained on the ground, clutching her wound with her hand, from under which blood was rapidly oozing, and at her feet the body of the dying Zobar was spread. This concludes the story that Makar Chudra told the writer.
The story ends with the recognition of the writer that after what he heard he could not sleep all night. He could not close his eyes and stared at the sea in front of him. Soon it began to seem to him that he saw the regal Radda, who was walking on the waves, and Loiko Zobar was floating behind her, arms outstretched, right on her heels. They seemed to be spinning in the darkness of the night, silently, slowly and smoothly. But no matter how hard Loiko tried, he could not catch up with Radda, all the time staying behind her.
Analysis of the story
First of all, it should be noted that the story "Makar Chudra", the analysis of which is given in this article, is the first printed work published by Alexei Peshkov. He signed it with a pseudonym, under which he eventually became known all over the world. Now everyone knows that the author of the story "Makar Chudra" is Gorky.
Before publishing his first work, Peshkov wandered around the country for several years. He strove to get to know Russia better, to meet and communicate with as many people as possible. He set himself an ambitious task, to understand the secret of a huge country in which there are so many poor and disadvantaged people. He dreamed of understanding why the Russian people were suffering.
By the end of this journey, he had dozens of fascinating stories to his credit, which he willingly shared with numerous fellow travelers and people who met on his way. At the same time, during the journey itself, the future writer did not always have even a piece of bread in the bag, not to mention something more significant. But there was always a thick notebook in which he kept notes and observations about everything he saw and heard. He recorded his meetings with interesting people, the events that happened, the stories that they told him. Later, it was from these notes that numerous stories and poems of the writer were born, many of which he managed to publish. This is how Gorky's "Makar Chudra" appeared.
The romanticism of the writer
It should be noted that the key direction in the story "Makar Chudra" is romanticism. This is typical of all early works of Alexei Peshkov. In the center of the story we see a typical romantic hero - Loiko Zobar. For him, as for the narrator Makar, the most important thing in this life is freedom. Personal freedom, which he is never ready to exchange for anything.
In his work, Gorky describes a typical view of the life and the world around him of most of the gypsies who met on his way. They sincerely believed that peasants were slaves who were born only to poke around in the ground, and at the end of their lives die, without even having time to dig a grave for themselves.
Their maximalist striving for freedom is embodied in the heroes of this legend, which is given in the pages of the story "Makar Chudra". An analysis of this work helps to better understand this people, for whom freedom at a certain moment became more valuable than even life itself.
Heroes of the story
The main female character of the story "Makar Chudra" is Rudda. She is a young, charming and beautiful gypsy. Loiko Zobar, a famous violinist and horse thief, is also crazy about her. Young people love each other, but cannot afford to be together. Because in this case they will lose the most important thing that they have. Their personal freedom. In a relationship, you still have to choose which of the partners will be the leader and who will remain the follower. In this story, love and freedom are the main themes. Makar Chudra himself adheres to the same position in life, therefore, like most other residents of the tabor, he understands young people well.
Personal freedom means so much to them that they even look at their pure love as a chain that will still fetter their independence. Each of them, confessing their love, sets conditions, tries to dominate.
As a result, all this leads to a fatal conflict that ends tragic death both heroes. They sort out their relationship in front of the whole camp. Loiko initially obeys the girl, kneels in front of her, recognizing her supremacy, and this is considered by the gypsies, perhaps, the most terrible humiliation. But as soon as he recognizes her independence, he immediately grabs a dagger and kills his beloved. Zobar himself, a minute later, dies at the hands of the girl's father, for whom this loss becomes a heavy and irreparable blow. Freedom and love in the story "Makar Chudra" become what distinguishes the heroes from the majority of those around them, sets them apart from the crowd, but at the same time destroys ahead of time.
Features of the composition
The main feature of the composition of this work is that the author puts the story in the mouth of the protagonist, who leads the story. The events of a romantic legend unfold before us, which helps to better understand the inner world of the heroes and their value system.
In the story "Makar Chudra", problems are raised, relevant both at that time and now. What is more important for a person - love or personal freedom? For most of the characters in this work, freedom is even more important than their own life.
The narrator Makar is convinced that love and pride are two wonderful feelings. But when they reach their highest expression, they are no longer able to reconcile with each other. In his view, a person must necessarily preserve his personal freedom, even at the cost of his life.
Another one compositional feature- a narrator who is almost invisible. We only know that Makar Chudra tells his story to him. The meaning that the author puts into this feature of the composition is that he does not agree with his hero. At the same time, he does not directly object to the gypsy. But at the end of the story, when he admires the sea, he shows his own opinion on this matter. He admires the pride and independence of the heroes, but at the same time he cannot come to terms with the fact that these traits mean for them loneliness and the inability to be happy. The writer, and after him the author himself, believe that they are slaves of freedom.
Artistic techniques
To better convey his ideas to readers, the author uses a large arsenal of artistic techniques. For example, a seascape frames the entire storyline of a story. The image of the sea is directly related to the state of mind of the characters. At the beginning of the story, it is calm and peaceful, but over time everything changes, and when it starts to rain, the sea really roars. Deaf and angry.
A striking feature of this work is its musicality. Throughout the story, Zobar plays the violin, conquering everyone around him.
The history of the creation of the work of Gorky "Makar Chudra"
The story "Makar Chudra" was published in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz" on September 12, 1892. For the first time, the author signed himself with the pseudonym Maxim Gorky. This story begins a romantic period in the writer's work. Among the romantic works of M. Gorky are also: the story "The Old Woman Izergil", "The Song of the Falcon" and "The Song of the Petrel", the poem "The Girl and Death" and other works of the writer.
In one of the letters to A.P. Gorky wrote to Chekhov: “Indeed, the time has come for the need for the heroic: everyone wants something exciting, bright, something, you know, so that it doesn't look like life, but is higher than it, better, more beautiful. It is imperative that the present literature begins to embellish life a little, and as soon as it begins to embellish life, that is, people will heal faster, brighter. "
The title of the story is associated with the name of the protagonist. Makar Chudra is an old gypsy, a thoughtful philosopher who knows the essence of life, whose camp wanders through the south of Russia.
Genre, genre, creative method of the analyzed work
The cycle of romantic works by M. Gorky immediately attracted the attention of critics and readers with its excellent literary language, the relevance of the topic, interesting composition(inclusion in the narration of legends and fairy tales). For romantic works, the opposition between the hero and reality is characteristic. This is how the story "Makar Chudra" is built, genre peculiarity which is "story within a story." Makar Chudra acts not only as the main character, but also as a storyteller. Such an artistic technique gives the narration a greater poetry and originality, helps to a greater extent to reveal the ideas about the values of life, the ideals of the author and the narrator. The story is set against the backdrop of a seething sea, steppe wind, and anxious night. This is an atmosphere of freedom. The narrator assigns himself the role of a wise contemplator of life. Makar Chudra is a skeptic disillusioned with people. Having lived and seen a lot, he values only freedom. This is the only criterion by which Makar measures the human personality.
The theme of the writer's romantic works is the desire for freedom. "Makar Chudra" also talks about will and freedom. The work is based on the poetic love story of Loiko and Radda, told by Makar Chudra. The heroes of a beautiful legend cannot choose between pride, liberty and love. The passion for freedom determines their thoughts and actions. As a result, both die.
Idea
The short story contains ideas of freedom, beauty and joy of life. The reasoning of Makar Chudra about life testifies to the philosophical mindset of the old gypsy: “Aren't you yourself life? Other people live without you and will live without you. Do you think that someone needs you? You are not bread, not a stick, and no one needs you ... ". Makar Chudra talks about striving for inner freedom, freedom without restrictions, since only a free person can be happy. Therefore, the wise old gypsy advises the interlocutor to go his own way, so as not to "waste it for nothing." The only value on earth is freedom, for the sake of it it is worth living and dying, as the heroes of this story believe. This is what dictated the actions of Loiko and Radda. In the story, Gorky performed a hymn to a beautiful and strong man. The striving for heroic deeds, the worship of strength, the glorification of freedom are reflected in the story "Makar Chudra".
The nature of the conflict
For an old gypsy, the most important thing in life is personal freedom, which he would never exchange for anything. His desire for freedom is also embodied in the heroes of the legend told by Makar Chudra. Young and beautiful Loiko Zobar and Radda love each other. But both have a desire for personal freedom so strong that they even look at their love as a chain that fetters their independence. Each of them, confessing their love, sets their own conditions, trying to dominate. This leads to a tense conflict that ends in the death of the heroes.
Main characters
In the story, one of the main characters is the old gypsy Makar Chudra. The wisdom of the gypsy is revealed through the legend he passed on about the lovers Loiko and Rudda. He believes that pride and love are incompatible. Love makes you humble yourself and submit to your loved one. Makar talks about man and freedom: “Knows his will? Is the steppe breadth clear? Does the sea wave speak to his heart? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, and that's it! " In his opinion, a person born as a slave is incapable of performing a feat. Makar admires Loiko and Radda. He believes that this is how a real person, worthy of imitation, should perceive life, and that only in such a life position can one preserve one's own freedom. As a real philosopher, he understands: it is impossible to teach a person anything if he himself does not want to learn, because "everyone learns by himself." He answers the question to his interlocutor with a question: “Can you learn to make people happy? No you can not".
Next to Makar there is an image of the listener, on whose behalf the narration is being conducted. This hero does not take up so much space in the story, but for understanding author's position, concept and creative method, its significance is great. He is a dreamer, romantic, feeling the beauty of the world around him. His vision of the world brings into the story a romantic beginning, joy, boldness, an abundance of colors: “A damp, cold wind blew from the sea, spreading across the steppe a pensive melody of the lapping of the waves running ashore and the rustle of coastal bushes; ... the darkness of the autumn night surrounding us shuddered and, fearfully moving away, opened for a moment on the left - the boundless steppe, on the right - the endless sea ... ”.
Analysis of the work shows that the romantic beginning lies in the heroes of a beautiful legend - young gypsies, who absorbed the spirit of free life with their mother's milk. For Loiko, the highest value is freedom, frankness and kindness: “He loved only horses and nothing else, and even then not for long - he would travel, and he would sell, and whoever wants, take the money. He did not have the cherished - you need his heart, he himself would have pulled it out of his chest, and he would have given it to you, if only it made you feel good ”. Radda is so proud that her love for Loiko cannot break her: “I have never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you. And I also love freedom! Will, Loiko, I love more than you. " The insoluble contradiction between Radda and Loiko - love and pride, according to Makar Chudra, can only be resolved by death. And the heroes refuse love, happiness and prefer to perish in the name of will and absolute freedom.
The plot and composition of the work
The traveler meets the old gypsy Makar Chudra on the seashore. Talking about freedom, the meaning of life, Makar Chudra tells a beautiful legend about the love of a young gypsy couple. Loiko Zobar and Radda love each other. But both of them strive for personal freedom above everything else in the world. This leads to a tense conflict that ends in the death of the heroes. Loiko yields to Radda, kneels down in front of her in front of everyone, which is considered a terrible humiliation by the gypsies, and at the same moment kills her. And he himself perishes at the hands of her father.
The peculiarity of the composition of this story is its construction according to the principle of “story within a story”: the author puts a romantic legend in the mouth of the protagonist. It helps to better understand his inner world and value system. For Makar Loiko and Rudd - the ideals of love of freedom. He is sure that two beautiful feelings, pride and love, brought to their highest expression, cannot be reconciled.
Another feature of the composition of this story is the presence of the image of the narrator. It is almost invisible, but the author himself is easily guessed in it.
Artistic identity
In his romantic works, Gorky turns to romantic poetics. This primarily concerns the genre. Legends and fairy tales became the favorite genre of the writer during this period of creativity.
The palette of pictorial means used by the writer in the story is varied. "Makar Chudra" is full of figurative comparisons that accurately convey the feelings and mood of the heroes: "... a smile is the whole sun", "Loiko is standing in the fire as if in blood", "... she said, as if she threw snow at us" , "It looked like an old oak, burnt by lightning ...", "... staggered like a broken tree," etc. A feature of the story is the unusual form of dialogue between Makar Chudra and the narrator. Only one voice is heard in it - the voice of the protagonist, and only from the lines of this one speaker do we guess about the reaction and responses of his interlocutor: "Learn and teach, you say?" This peculiar form of phrases serves the author in order to make his presence in the story less noticeable.
Gorky pays great attention to the speeches of his heroes. So, for example, Makar Chudra, according to the gypsy tradition, interrupts his story by addressing the interlocutor, calling him a falcon: “Hey! It was, a falcon ... "," There he was, a falcon! .. "," This is what she was like Radda, a falcon! .. " an image close to the gypsy spirit, the image of a free and courageous bird. Chudra freely modifies some of the geographical names of the places in which the Gypsies roamed: "Galicia" instead of Galicia, "Slavonia" instead of Slovakia. In his story, the word “steppe” is often repeated, since the steppe was the main place of life of the gypsies: “The girl cries, seeing off the good fellow! A good fellow calls the girl to the steppe ... "," The night is bright, the month has flooded the whole steppe with silver ... "," Loiko barked all over the steppe ... ".
The author widely uses the technique of landscape sketches. Seascape is a kind of frame for the whole storyline story. The sea is closely connected with the state of mind of the heroes: at first it is calm, only "a damp, cold wind" carries "across the steppe a pensive melody of the splash of a wave running ashore and the rustle of coastal bushes." But then the rain began to drizzle, the wind grew stronger, and the sea rumbled dully and angrily and sang a gloomy and solemn hymn to a proud pair of handsome gypsies. In general, in nature, Gorky loves everything strong, impetuous, boundless: the boundless breadth of the sea and steppe, the bottomless blue sky, now playful, now angry waves, a whirlwind, a thunderstorm with its rolling roar, with its sparkling brilliance.
The characteristic feature of this story is its musicality. Music accompanies the entire story of the fate of lovers. “About her, this Rudda, words can’t say anything. Perhaps her beauty could be played on the violin, and even then to someone who knows this violin as his soul. "
The meaning of the work
The role of M. Gorky in the literature of the XX century. it is difficult to overestimate. He was immediately noticed by L.N. Tolstoy and A.P. Chekhov, V.G. Korolenko, who endowed the young author with their friendly disposition. The significance of the innovative artist has been recognized by the new generation of writers, the wider readership, and critics. Gorky's works have always been at the center of controversy between supporters of different aesthetic trends. Gorky was loved by people whose names are included in the sacred list of the creators of Russian culture.
The origins of romantic works seem clear. What is absent in reality is glorified in legends. Not quite so. In them, the writer did not at all abandon the main sphere of observation for himself - the contradictory human soul... The romantic hero is included in the environment of imperfect, if not cowardly, miserable people. This motive is reinforced on behalf of the storytellers whom the author listens to: the gypsy Makar Chudra, the Bessarabess Izergil, the old Tatar narrating the legend "Khan and his son", the Crimean shepherd who sings the "Song of the Falcon."
The romantic hero was first conceived as a savior of people from their own weakness, worthlessness, sleepy vegetation. About Zobar it is said: “With such a person you yourself become better”. That is why images-symbols of a “fiery heart”, flight, and battle appear. Majestic in themselves, they are still enlarged by the "participation of mother nature." She decorates the world with blue sparks in memory of Danko. The real sea listens to the "lion's roar" of the legendary waves, carrying the call of the Falcon.
Meeting with an unprecedented harmony of feelings and deeds calls for comprehension of existence in some new dimensions. This is the true influence of the legendary hero on the personality. We must remember this and not replace the content of Gorky's romantic works with an unambiguous call for social protest. In the images of Danko, Sokol, as well as in proud lovers, young Izergil, a spiritual impulse, a thirst for beauty is embodied.
Gorky was more worried about thinking about what a person is and what he should become than the real path that lies to the future. The future was portrayed as a complete overcoming of primordial spiritual contradictions. “I believe,” wrote Gorky I.Ye. Repin in 1899 - into the infinity of life, and I understand life as a movement towards the improvement of the spirit<...>... It is necessary that intellect and instinct merge in harmonious harmony ... ”Life phenomena were perceived from the height of universal human ideals. Therefore, apparently, Gorky said in the same letter: “... I see that I do not belong to anywhere, to any of our“ parties ”. I am glad about this, because it is freedom. "
(Based on the book by LA Smirnova "Russian Literature late XIX- the beginning of the XX century ", M .: Education, 1993)
Point of view
It is interesting
In September 1892, the first printed work of Gorky, Makar Chudra, appeared in the Tiflis newspaper Kavkaz. This story was destined to open all the collected works of Maxim Gorky and become, in the words of I. Gruzdev, "the borderline in Russian literature." From the history of the creation of this work it is known that it was written in the Caucasus, in the apartment of Kalyuzhny, at a time when the young Alexei Maksimovich was actively promoting among the Tiflis workers. Although Gorky considered this work as his first uncertain step on the path of a writer, he always emphasized that the creation of Makar Chudra considered the beginning of his “literary life”.
There is a solid literature on the early work of M. Gorky, but the independence and originality of Gorky's literary debut is clearly underestimated by researchers. Usually, the story "Makar Chudra" is spoken about quickly, along the way, only as the artist's first printed word. A specific historical and literary analysis of "Makar Chudra", comparing it with the works of the 80-90s, drawing folk life, are made to think that this is not a simple test of the pen, but the voice of the future petrel of the revolution. Already in his first work, M. Gorky leads people out of the people, continuing and developing the best traditions of progressive Russian literature. In the story "Makar Chudra" he also resorts to historical parallels, to the resurrection of genuine heroic deeds forgotten by populist fiction, to the glorification of the strong and courageous in spirit.
Makar Chudra recalls his old friend the soldier Danil, the hero of the Hungarian revolution of 1848, who “fought with Kossuth together”. According to Chudra's story, an incorruptible and courageous man looms before us who threw in the face of the all-powerful pan bold words, full of hatred and contempt, and at the same time of their own dignity, in response to the landowner's offer to sell him the beautiful Radd: “It's only the gentlemen who sell everything, from their pigs to my conscience, and I fought with Kossuth and do not trade in anything. " The story is based on a legend about brave and strong people. The legend is transmitted through the lips of a seasoned witness-narrator in the form of a friendly conversation with the writers themselves. The action of the story is transferred to the south, to the seashore; and the haze of the cold autumn night that surrounded the heroes is not so bleak. She sometimes shuddered from the fire and, fearfully moving away, opened for a moment to the left - the boundless steppe, to the right - the endless sea.
Makar Chudra lived interesting life “And I, look,” he says to the interlocutor, “at fifty-eight I saw so much that if you write all this on paper, you can't put a thousand bags like yours. Well, tell me, where have I not been? And you won’t tell. You do not even know the regions where I have been. " "... Hey, how much I know!" The old gypsy exclaims. Makar's words are not empty bragging, he really knows a lot. Although Makar feels the beauty and charm of life, he himself is skeptical about work. His ideals are vague and contradictory. He only strongly advises Gorky not to stop at one place: “go, go - and that's it”; "As they run day and night, chasing each other, so you run away from thoughts about life, so as not to stop loving it." Not having a clear consciousness, he does not know, does not see a way out for a man-slave: “... Knows his will? Is the steppe breadth clear? Does the sea wave speak to his heart? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, he is a slave all his life, and that's it! What can he do with himself? Only strangle himself if he grows wiser a little. " Makar sees no way out for a man-slave, but he knows one thing for sure - there should not be slavery, for slavery is the scourge of life. He does not believe in the power of a slave, but he believes in the power of freedom. He tells about the great power of a free personality in his legend about the beautiful Radda and Loiko Zobar. Loiko Zobar will not share her happiness with anyone, and the beautiful Radda will not yield to her will, her freedom. Strong, courageous, beautiful, proud, they sow joy around them and enjoy it, valuing freedom above all, above love, above life itself, for life without freedom is not life, but slavery. Makar does not spare any paints to depict his heroes. If Loiko has a mustache, then by all means up to his shoulders, “eyes, like clear stars burn, and a smile is a whole sun, by God!” - swears old Chudra. Loiko Zobar is good, but even better is the beautiful Radda. The old gypsy does not even know the words that could describe her beauty. “Perhaps her beauty could be played on the violin, and even then to the one who knows this violin as his soul,” Makar assures. Radda is a brave and proud person. Powerless and ridiculous, the omnipotent sir appeared in front of Rudda. The old tycoon throws money at the beauty's feet, is ready to do anything for one kiss, but the proud girl did not deign him even with a glance. "If an eagle went to a crow's nest of its own free will, what would it become?" - replied Rudda to all the solicitations of the pan and thus brought him out of the game. Rudda was free in love and happy. But her main sorrow is not about love, and her happiness is not about love. She says to Loiko Zobar: “I saw good fellows, and you are more daring and more beautiful in your soul and face. Each of them would shave off his mustache - if I blinked an eye at him, they would all fall at my feet if I wanted to. But what's the use? They are not too daring anyway, and I would have killed them all. There are few daring gypsies left in the world, few, Loiko. I have never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you. And I also love freedom! Will, Loiko, I love more than you. " And she dies happy, brave, proud and invincible.
Analysis of the work shows that the gypsies in the story are active and active. Makar himself is a direct participant in the events. He is in admiration of his heroes, ready to follow them, like others in the camp. He is impressed by strong, courageous people who are able not to wait for happiness from someone else's hands, but to fight for it.
(Based on the article by I.K. Kuzmichev "The Birth of a Petrel"
("Makar Chudra" by M. Gorky)
Golubkov MM. Maksim Gorky. - M., 1997.
Ovcharenko A.I. Maxim Gorky and literary quest of the 20th century. - M., 1978.
About the work of Gorky. Collection of articles, ed. I.K. Kuzmichev. - Gorky: Gorky Book Publishing House, 1956.
Smirnova LA Russian literature of the late XIX - early XX century. - M .: Education, 1993.
Stechkin NYa. Maxim Gorky, his work and significance in the history of Russian literature and in the life of Russian society. - SPb., 1997.
1. The theme of freedom in the works of Gorky.
2. Images of lovers.
3. Tragic ending of the story.
The great Russian writer M. Gorky happened to live and create at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The features of the era could not but leave their mark on his worldview. At that time, everything was changing in society, the most severe social contradictions were growing. Gorky, in his work, addresses a number of important issues that have worried people for a long time. One of these issues is the problem of freedom. In his early stories, Gorky pays special attention to this topic. Early works Gorky are romantic. The writer visibly idealizes his characters. They are not at all like real people... In the story "Makar Chudra", the theme of freedom is closely intertwined with the theme of love. The writer himself does not hide his conviction: "Freedom for a person is the most important thing in the world." The writer praises freedom through the love of two outstanding people Laiko Zobar and Radda. These people are extremely freedom-loving, sincere. “I have never loved anyone, Laiko, but I love you. And I also love freedom. Will, Laiko, I love more than you ”- these are the words of Radda. Love for her is in second place, and in the first place is the desire for freedom. The dramatic finale of the work makes one think that, on the one hand, a person needs freedom, but on the other hand, it can turn out to be very dangerous. The story "Makar Chudra" cannot but leave the reader feeling somewhat disappointed. Idealized hero lovers are not as beautiful as they seem at the beginning.
The poetic love story that lies at the heart of the story cannot but attract. Of course, the bright and independent characters of the heroes, their desire for freedom cannot but arouse admiration. However, upon closer reading it seems that lovers are, as it were, powerless in front of their passions - both love passion and passion for freedom. Powerlessness becomes akin to helplessness, and this leads Zobar and Radda to death.
The writer uses a story-within-a-story technique. He uses details that prepare the reader for proper perception. A cold autumn night, a strong humid wind blows from the sea, a fire burns brightly, a young gypsy woman sings, and an old gypsy tells a fascinating story. The setting encourages the reader to perceive the story as a legend or a fairy tale, the main characters are so different from ordinary people that we are used to. It is no coincidence that the author makes gypsies the main characters, whose life seems to us mysterious and incomprehensible. A proud girl and no less proud guy. Zobar looks not only proud but also cruel. After all, it is he who is killing his beloved. However, everything is predetermined. Young Roma have grown up in an atmosphere of freedom since childhood. They appear before us as poetic natures, for characterization the writer uses amazing refined comparisons. The beauty of Radda "could be played on the violin." The girl seems to be an unearthly creature, she is so beautiful and harmonious. It is no wonder that Zobar loves her so much, he says: "I would rip my heart out of my chest and give it to you, if only it made you feel good."
Gorky creates lively harmonious images. Their harmony is manifested primarily in the fact that Zobar and Radda act impulsively, doing everything that they want, first of all, by themselves. They are very freedom-loving, and any action they perform testifies to this. Radda is indifferent to wealth, she does not leave with a rich man who offers her a lot of gold. This is contrary to her desire for freedom. And Zobar steals a horse, which is guarded by a regiment of soldiers. This is not a desire for personal enrichment, but a desire to once again feel free and happy.
Radda and Zobar never step over themselves, which can be considered a tribute to their freedom-loving nature.
The girl and the boy are so harmonious. But when they fall in love, there is no harmonious union. They are not capable of compromise, they put their own and only their desires above all else. Zobar kills his beloved. The author does not justify his hero, despite the fact that he understands him. The reader can also understand Zobar. However, his act contradicts universal humanity. A man kills his beloved ... This is a crime, and there can be no other assessment of events. We can say that Radda left Zobara no other choice. Her own actions once again show that for the girl, freedom was above all. Zobar's life without his beloved was short-lived. Radda's father kills him, so Zobar got what he deserved. The last words of the dying girl: "I knew you would do that!" That is, before she dies, she justifies her beloved. After all, Zobar did not betray his ideas, did not disappoint Radda. There is nothing ordinary in the story "Makar Chudra". The images of the heroes are devoid of falsehood, the touch of everyday life. They are cut off from reality, in fact, there is nothing particularly important and valuable for them. Even Zobar and Radda do not value their lives, they readily part with it. This means that the desire for freedom and love for it are far from always positive, on the contrary, in most cases destructive. Gorky the romantic, idealizing his heroes, warns us about this.