Recreational resources briefly. The world of biology and geography
In the field of tourism and recreation are important recreational resources Therefore, in order to determine the possibility of using the territory for recreational purposes, it is necessary to study and evaluate the tourism resources that the territory has.
Recreational resources are all types of any resources that can be used to meet the needs of the population for recreation and tourism. Based on recreational resources, industries can be organized, specializing in recreational services.
Recreational resources include:
- 1) natural resources (climate, water, plants, animals);
- 2)cultural and historical attractions;
- 3) economic potential of the region, including infrastructure, human resources.
A recreational resource can be any place that meets two criteria:
- 1) the place differs from the habitat familiar to a person;
- 2) represented by a combination of two or more naturally different environments;
Recreational resources can be classified in the following order:
- 1) by origin;
- 2) by type of recreational use;
- 3) by the rate of depletion;
- 4) if possible, economic replenishment;
- 5) possible replacement of some other resources;
- 6) possible self-healing and cultivation;
Participation in recreational resources during recreational activities can be different in nature:
- 1) perceived visually - landscapes, excursion objects;
- 2) use without direct costs;
- 3) directly consumed during rest;
Based on their origin, natural recreational resources are divided into physical, biological, and energy-informational.
Physical recreation resources are all components of inanimate nature, classified as physical and geographical resources: geological, geomorphological, climatic, hydrological, thermal.
Energy-informational recreational resources look like fields of noospheric nature, serving as factors of attraction of an area or landscape and positively influencing the psychophysical (emotional and spiritual) state of a person.
By biological recreational resources we mean all components of living nature, including soil, fauna, and flowers.
All natural recreational resources - in combination with each other and inextricably linked flows of matter and energy, form complex recreational resources of natural-territorial recreational objects;
Against this background, the types of natural recreational resources are highlighted: geological, morphological, climatic, etc. Each type of natural recreational resources has characteristics against which the following types exist:
Use whenever possible (direct and indirect).
- 1) depending on the degree of attractiveness;
- 2) on health - beneficial properties;
- 3) on historical and evolutionary uniqueness;
Tourist resources are a fusion of components of nature, socio-economic conditions and cultural values, which act as conditions for satisfying human tourism needs. Tourist resources can be divided into groups
- 1) natural (climate, water resources, relief, caves, flora and fauna, national parks, picturesque landscapes).
- 2) cultural-historical (cultural, historical, archaeological, ethnographic objects;).
- 3) socio-economic conditions and resources (economic and geographical location of the territory, its transport accessibility, level economic development, labor resources, etc. .
It can be emphasized that recreational resources are a broader concept than tourism because they include components of nature, socio-economic conditions and cultural values as a condition for meeting the recreational needs of all rights, including medical ones.
Climate plays a leading role in biomedical assessments. The analysis should determine comfortable conditions determined by climatic and medical-biological characteristics, but the concept of “comfort” is relative, because for some types of recreation (for example, skiing) comfortable conditions can be considered typical for the winter season and for the middle zone of transition seasons.
During the psychological assessment, first of all, the aesthetic qualities of the territory are taken into account - exoticism and uniqueness. Exotic territory is defined as the degree of contrast. Scientists have proposed a number of provisions designed to measure aesthetic territory. So, the most attractive are: water, land, forest, meadow, hill-plain.
Environmental assessment of natural recreational resources necessary for the economic justification of investments in the reproduction, protection and improvement of the use of recreational resources. This assessment is largely related to the type of resource and its quality, location relative to areas of demand, technology of use, and environmental qualities. The connection can be expressed in a system of qualitative and quantitative indicators. Quantitative ones include the availability of recreation and tourism, their consumption of medical resources per person per day, the level of comfort of people in recreational areas, etc.
Efficiency is determined by the ability to relax combination various types activities, which will require an integrated approach to resource assessment.
There are various methods for assessing natural recreational resources, but the more common and most appropriate analysis of the recreational complex of a territory is to assess the simplicity of certain parameters of recreational research. When considering natural resources, it is advisable to use a factor-integral assessment of the resource depending on the type of recreation or sport in which this resource is used.
Standards are also very important for the development of the tourism industry. accounting anthropogenic load on natural systems. Thus, a necessary condition for the suitability of natural and recreational resources is the ecological well-being of the environment.
Recreational resources(from lag. recreation - restoration) is a set of natural phenomena, as well as natural and human-made objects used by them for the purposes of recreation, treatment, and tourism. Recreational resources include natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, reservoirs, vegetation, fauna); cultural and historical attractions; economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.
This type of resource was singled out as an independent resource relatively recently, but has already become firmly rooted in people’s minds. The emergence of various types of recreation is determined by the purposes of their creation. For health purposes, areas with unique healing properties, such as favorable climate, a special combination of terrain with vegetation, mineral springs, geothermal waters, sea and mountain air, etc.
For the purposes of recreation and tourism, including sports, recreational resources such as coasts and water areas of lakes, rivers, seas and oceans, mountainous areas, nature reserves and national parks, forest areas, historical sites, etc. are used.
More familiar, in contrast to recreational resources, is the concept of “resort” (from German. Keith - treatment and Oit- place, locality) - a developed and used specially protected natural area recognized by current legislation, which has natural healing resources and the necessary conditions for their use for therapeutic and preventive purposes (treatment, medical rehabilitation, disease prevention, recovery), as well as those necessary for their exploitation buildings and structures, including infrastructure facilities.
The first resorts were given to man by nature. The well-known Roman baths were originally a creation of nature, and not a miracle of architecture Ancient Rome. The Italian thermal resorts of Monsummano, Montegrotto and Montecatini are interesting because nature created thermal hospitals here - hot water sources fill numerous grottoes with steam. Today it is difficult to say where man-made baths first appeared. In ancient Greece, public bathing devices were an integral part of sports facilities. Thermal baths in Bulgaria were built by the emperors Trajan, Septimius Severus, Maximilian, and Justinian. During the Renaissance, the culture of water healing began to revive. So, on the map of Europe in the 15th century. one of the most famous resorts of our time appeared - Karlovy Vary. Resorts on the Baltic Sea, the German resorts of Baden-Baden and Aachen, the Belgian Spa and other now popular resorts soon became meeting centers for high society.
In Russia, the first resort appeared at the beginning of the 18th century, when, by decree of Peter I, the Marcial Waters resort was built (1719). In those same years, the German scientist H. Paulsen, by order of Peter I, founded the “Bader baths” on the Lipetsk salt waters, which soon gained popularity in Russia and became the basis of its second resort. First official information about the mineral springs of the Caucasus are contained in the reports of Dr. G. Schober (1717), who was sent by the highest decree of Peter 1 to the North Caucasus region “to look for spring waters” (the Arab traveler Ibn Battuta in the middle of the 14th century wrote about a hot mineral spring in the North Caucasus - in the area of modern Pyatigorsk).
The study of recreation and recreational activities is one of the youngest areas modern science. In 1963-1975. a team of specialists from the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences (V. S. Preobrazhensky, Yu. A. Vedenin, I. V. Zorin, B. N. Likhanov, L. I. Mukhina, L. S. Filippovich, etc.) prepared a monograph "Theoretical foundations of recreational geography." The ideas contained in it served as the basis for further research by the same team (“Geography of recreational systems of the USSR” (1980); “ Territorial organization recreation for the population of Moscow and the Moscow region" (1986); “Recreational Resources of the USSR” (1990)) and received a response in domestic and foreign research. They are also reflected in university courses. In 1992, the Russian International Academy of Tourism published a new monograph “Theory of Recreation and Recreational Geography” (V. S. Preobrazhensky, Yu. A. Vedenin, I. V. Zorin, V. A. Kvartalnov, V. M. Krivosheev, L. S. Filippovich). It summarized the results of many years of research and formulated the beginnings of recreationology as an interdisciplinary science: it outlined a set of emerging ideas and concepts about the recreational system; recreational needs as a generating factor;
recreational activity as a system-forming factor; about models of the recreational system.
Recrealogy(from lat. recreation - recovery and logos - teaching, science) is a science developing at the intersection of recreational geography, population geography and medical geography. The object of her research is the recreational system, consisting of interconnected natural and cultural complexes, engineering structures, service personnel and the vacationers themselves.
In many countries, recreational services are a large sector of the economy.
The result of scientific and technological revolution and urbanization is that in Lately All over the world there is a “recreational boom”, manifested in mass visits by people to various parts of nature, resort areas, tourism and recreation areas. The need for people to restore spiritual and physical strength, as well as to satisfy their needs for visiting territories with historical and architectural monuments, is a sign of the rapid development of modern civilization, which is characterized by intense human activity that requires periodic unloading.
Almost every country in the world has some kind of recreational resources. Countries that successfully combine rich natural and recreational resources with cultural and historical attractions most attract people who want to restore the energy they spent in the process of creation. Countries such as Italy, France, Spain, Greece, Switzerland, Bulgaria, India, Mexico, Egypt, Turkey, Thailand, etc. have recently enjoyed particular popularity for recreation, tourism and treatment. The development of international tourism brings considerable income to many countries, and for some it constitutes the bulk of the country's budget.
Essay
"Recreational resources and their classification"
Introduction
In the development of tourism and recreation, the role of recreational resources is great. Therefore, in order to determine the possibilities of using a territory for recreational purposes, it is necessary to study and evaluate the recreational and tourism resources that the territory possesses.
Under recreational resources components are understood natural environment and phenomena of a sociocultural nature, which, thanks to certain properties (uniqueness, originality, aesthetic appeal, therapeutic and health value), can be used to organize various types and forms of recreational activities. Recreational resources are characterized by contrast with the usual human environment and a combination of various natural and cultural environments. Almost any place that meets two criteria is recognized as recreational resources:
1) the place differs from the habitat familiar to a person;
2) represented by a combination of two or more naturally different environments;
Classification of recreational resources
Recreational resources can be classified as follows:
1) by origin;
2) by type of recreational use;
3) according to the rate of depletion;
4) if possible, economic replenishment;
5) if possible, replacing some resources with others;
6) if possible, self-healing and cultivation;
The involvement of recreational resources in the process of recreational activities can be different in nature:
1) perceived visually – landscapes, excursion objects;
2) use without direct expenditure;
3) directly spent in the process of recreation;
Based on their origin, natural recreational resources are divided into physical, biological, and energy-informational.
Physical recreational resources are all components of inanimate nature classified as physical and geographical resources: geological, geomorphological, climatic, hydrological, thermal.
Energy-informational recreational resources are fields of noospheric nature that serve as factors of attraction of an area or landscape and have a positive effect on the psychophysical (emotional and spiritual) state of a person. This type of resource is the basis for the development of cultural and religious tourism.
Biological recreational resources mean all components of living nature, including soil, faunal, and floristic.
All natural recreational resources - physical, biological, energy-informational - are interconnected and inextricably linked by flows of matter and energy, forming complex recreational resources of natural-territorial recreational complexes;
On this basis, types of natural recreational resources are identified: geological, morphological, climatic, etc. Each type of natural recreational resource has its own characteristics, unique to them, on the basis of which types are distinguished:
1) if possible, use (direct and indirect).
2) according to the degree of attractiveness;
3) for medicinal and health-improving properties;
4) by historical and evolutionary uniqueness;
5) according to environmental criteria.
Recreational resources are largely derived from the recreational needs of the population, which in turn are determined by the tasks of socio-cultural development of the territory. Thus, the main reason and factor for transforming the totality of certain properties of a territory into recreational resources is the needs of the socio-cultural development of the territory.
Tourist resources are understood as combinations of natural components, socio-economic conditions and cultural values, which act as conditions for satisfying human tourism needs. Tourist resources can be divided into the following groups:
1) natural – climate, water resources, relief, caves, flora and fauna, national parks, picturesque landscapes;
2) cultural-historical – cultural, historical, archaeological, ethnographic objects;
3) socio-economic conditions and resources - economic and geographical location of the territory, its transport accessibility, level of economic development, labor resources, etc.
It should be noted that recreational resources are a broader concept than tourism, since they include components of nature, socio-economic conditions and cultural values as a condition for satisfying all recreational needs of a person, including medicinal ones.
To identify the recreational potential of the territory, it is important to conduct a recreational assessment of natural resources; assessment is a reflection of the relationship between a person (subject) and elements of the environment or the environment as a whole. In science, there are three main assessments of natural resources: medical-biological, psychological-aesthetic, and technological.
Climate plays a leading role in biomedical assessments. When analyzing, it is necessary to identify the comfort of conditions, determined by climatic and medical-biological characteristics, but the concept of “comfort” is relative, because For some types of recreation (for example, skiing), conditions typical for the winter period of the middle zone and for the transition seasons of the northern territories can be considered comfortable.
In a psychological assessment, first of all, the aesthetic qualities of the territory are taken into account - exoticism and uniqueness. The exoticism of a territory is defined as the degree of contrast of a vacation spot in relation to a permanent place of residence, and uniqueness is defined as the degree of occurrence or uniqueness of objects and phenomena. Scientists have proposed a number of provisions for measuring the aesthetic properties of a territory. Thus, the most attractive landscapes are border ones: water-land, forest-glade, hill-plain.
Technological assessment reflects the interaction of humans and the natural environment through the “technology” of recreational activities and technology. Firstly, the possibilities for a certain type of recreation are assessed, and, secondly, the possibilities of engineering and construction development of the territory.
Economic assessment natural recreational resources is necessary for the economic justification of investments in the reproduction, protection and improvement of the use of recreational resources. This assessment is closely related to the type of resource, its quality, location relative to areas of demand, technology of use, and environmental qualities. The connection can be expressed by a system of qualitative and quantitative indicators. Quantitative ones include the availability of places of recreation and tourism, their carrying capacity, the consumption of medicinal resources per person per day, the concentration of people in recreational areas, etc. Qualitative indicators take into account the attractiveness of the tourist site, landscape, level of comfort, etc.
A particular difficulty in assessing recreational resources is that they must be considered both from the position of recreation organizers and from the position of vacationers. The effectiveness of recreation is determined by the possibility of combining different types of activities, which suggests the need for an integrated approach to resource assessment. When assessing resource combinations, it is important to identify the weight and significance of individual components that make up the overall value of the natural complex.
There are various methods for assessing natural recreational resources, but the most common and most appropriate for a comprehensive recreational analysis of a territory is to assess the degree of favorability of certain parameters for recreational research. When considering natural resources, it is advisable to use a factor-integrated assessment of the resource depending on the type of recreational activity in which this resource is used.
Also, for the development of the tourism industry, it is of great importance to take into account the norms of anthropogenic load on natural complexes, since the illiterate exploitation of natural resources has a detrimental effect on the ecological state of natural complexes. Thus, a prerequisite for the suitability of natural recreational resources is the ecological well-being of the natural environment.
Types of natural recreational resources
Among recreational and tourism resources, the role and importance of natural recreational resources is especially great. They are divided into:
1) climatic;
2) geomorphological;
3) hydrological;
4) hydromineral;
5) soil-vegetable;
6) faunal.
A special place among them is occupied by landscape and natural resources, which are complex recreational resources.
Let's consider certain types of natural recreational resources.
Climatic recreational resources.
Climatic recreational resources are meteorological elements or their combinations that have medical and biological properties and are used in the process of recreation.
This type of recreational resources is fundamental. Certain types of climate contribute to an effective increase in the physical and spiritual strength of a person, both on their own and in combination with others natural resources, which can be classified as recreational in this region. In this sense, climatic recreational resources may have a regional aspect.
The impact of climate on the human body is called bioclimate. In accordance with this, bioclimatic parameters differ from ordinary meteorological characteristics, since they represent the complex impact of the meteorological characteristics of air masses on the human body: temperature, wind speed, humidity, pressure.
To assess the bioclimate, all bioclimatic parameters are considered according to the degree of favorableness of their impact on the human body. At the same time, unfavorable factors that place an increased burden on the adaptive systems of the human body are called irritating. Meteorological conditions leading to less pronounced tension of adaptive mechanisms in the human body are called training conditions. In general, they are relatively favorable, and for most people who do not suffer from serious illnesses, they are useful conditions that have a training effect. Gentle climatic conditions are favorable for all people without exception, including weakened patients on medical holidays in a sanatorium or resort.
Nowadays, recreational resources have become of great importance in the world. These are objects and natural phenomena that can be used for recreation, treatment, and tourism. These resources combine both natural objects and objects of anthropogenic origin, which include historical and architectural monuments (Petro Palace, French Versailles, Roman Colosseum, Athenian Acropolis, Egyptian pyramids, Great Wall of China). But still, the basis of recreational resources is made up of natural elements: sea coasts, river banks, lakes, mountains, forests, medicinal springs and mud.
In recent years, there has been a “recreational explosion” on Earth, which is manifested in the increasing impact of the flow of people on nature. This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution, the isolation of man from nature.
Every country in the world has one or another recreational resources, but vacationers are most attracted to countries such as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Bulgaria, India, Mexico, and Egypt. In these countries, rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical attractions. The development of international tourism brings considerable income to many countries.
The process of dividing a territory, in which areas are identified by the presence of special recreational characteristics and tourist areas are identified. The WTO identifies 6 major tourism macro-regions of the world: Europe, America, Asia-Pacific, Africa, the Near and Middle East, South Asia.
Europe occupies the western part of the Eurasian continent. The main part of Europe is made up of flat and hilly areas. The largest plains are the East European, Central European, Middle and Lower Danube, and the Paris Basin. Mountains occupy 17% of the territory. The main mountain systems are the Alps, Carpathians, Apennines, Pyrenees, part of the Caucasus.
In most of the territory the climate is temperate. In the west it is oceanic, in the east it is continental. On the northern islands the climate is subarctic and arctic, in southern Europe– Mediterranean. Much of Northern Europe is covered by modern glaciers.
Occupying a small part of the Earth (4% of the land), Europe is one of the most densely populated regions of the world (786 million people).
Income from tourism in European countries amounted to more than 230 billion in 2001. US dollars (48% of global tourism receipts). The most visited countries in Europe by tourists are France, Spain, and Italy. And in total, among the 10 most attractive countries in the world, 6 are located in Europe.
In Europe, in terms of tourist arrivals, the leading position is occupied by the Mediterranean countries (Italy, Spain, Greece), which account for about 20% of the world market.
America is located in the Western Hemisphere. It consists of 2 major tourist regions - North America and Central-South America. The North American region includes the USA, Canada, Mexico, and the Danish island of Greenland. Area 23.5 million sq. km. in the north it is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean, in the west by the Pacific Ocean, in the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and in the south it borders on central America and the Caribbean. Covers zones from the arctic zone (in the north) to the tropical zone (Mexico, southern USA). The relief for the most part consists of plains and low mountains, although the mountain ranges of the high Cordillera stretch for several thousand km from north to south (the highest point is McKinley - 6193m). vegetation includes coniferous and deciduous forests. Palm trees and ficus trees grow in the states of Florida and California, and in Mexico.
Rare coniferous vegetation is also found in Alaska, northern Canada, and southern Greenland.
America is rich in inland waters - river systems, lakes, and artificial reservoirs. The Mississippi River and its tributary Missouri are one of the longest rivers on Earth (6420 km).
A huge water system is formed by the Great Lakes, three of which (Superior, Huron, Michigan) are among the largest in the world. The St. Lawrence River connects them to the Atlantic Ocean. The Niagara River cut through the hilly hills and connected Lakes Erie and Ontario. Falling off the ledge it forms the system of the world famous Niagara Falls.
The population of North America in 2000 was 413 million people. very diverse racial and national composition.
The standard of living among the three countries (Canada, USA, Mexico) is heterogeneous. Canada ranks 3rd in the world in this indicator, the USA – 6th, Mexico – 51st.
The region of Central and South America with an area of 19.14 million sq. km. located south of the Mexican border to the extreme point of the mainland - Cape Horn. In the east the region is washed by the waters of the Atlantic, in the west by the Pacific Ocean. The region contains 48 states of different political systems and different levels of socio-economic development.
In the meridian direction, one of the longest mountain ranges in the world stretches across all of South America - the Cordillera (the highest point is the city of Acongagua - 6960m). The rest of the area is made up of plateaus and plains, among which the largest Amazon lowland on earth stands out.
The climate on the continent ranges from tropical to harsh subarctic (southern islands of Antarctica). South America is the wettest continent on Earth. The largest river basin, the Amazon, is located here.
The region's population is 420 million people (2002).
Overall the region's share Latin America accounts for about 5% of the world market of international tourist arrivals.
The macroregion of Southeast Asia and Oceania is the largest macroregion in the world in terms of spatial coverage.
SE Asia– a region located in the extreme southeast of Eurasia and adjacent island groups with a total area of 4.5 million sq. km. Over half of the region's territory is occupied by the Indochina Peninsula (the third largest in the world in terms of area) and mountainous areas to the northeast of it. The main part of Southeast Asia is the Malay Archipelago. The coasts of Southeast Asia are washed by the waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans. The region includes 11 countries - Brunei, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and the Philippines.
Oceania is more than 7 thousand. islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is divided into three parts: Melanesia - the southwestern part of the ocean, where four sovereign states are located (Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji), Micronesia - the northwestern part of the ocean, where three sovereign states are located (Federated States of Micronesia , Marshall Islands, Palau), Polynesia, where 6 states are concentrated (New Zealand, Samoa, Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga, Tuvalu).
The mainland and island parts of Southeast Asia have much in common in history and modern surface structure: a strong dissection of the relief, in which mountain ranges of different ages are combined with lowlands located in deltas largest rivers. In Southeast Asia, especially its island part, there are many volcanoes, including active ones.
Most of the islands of Oceania are volcanic and coral, some of them are the tops of underwater ridges. There are also mainland islands. The Great Barrier Reef stretches along the east coast of Australia.
Southeast Asia is located in 2 climatic zones: equatorial (most of the Malay Archipelago) and subequatorial, or equatorial monsoons, which have small seasonal variations in the island part of the region and stronger ones in some areas on the mainland. The influence of monsoon winds is enormous, the alternation of which causes the change of dry and rainy seasons. The western part of the region is generally wetter. The highly dissected relief contributes to a wide variety of climates.
Most of Oceania is located in the equatorial, subequatorial and tropical zones. Only New Zealand and its adjacent islands are subtropical and temperate. The climate of Oceania is warm, mild, especially favorable for recreation.
In Southeast Asian countries, more than half of the territory is occupied by forests.
Lots of palm trees, bananas, bamboos, orchids, ferns, mosses. Among the animals of interest are elephants, rhinoceroses, wild bulls, tigers, panthers, and monkeys. The population of Southeast Asia and Oceania is 530 million and 12 million people, respectively.
Income from tourism is growing at a rate more than double the world average. The share of tourism is about 11% of total GDP. The most visited countries by tourists are Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia.
The African macroregion is the states of continental Africa located south of the Sahara Desert, as well as a number of island states and territories in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean (more than 69 countries). Area 24.3 million sq. km. There are 4 regions - Western, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa.
The relief is predominantly flat. East Africa is characterized by deep cracks and breaks in the earth's crust.
Among other continents, Africa occupies a special position. Her extreme points in the north and south they are approximately equally distant from the equator. Most of the continent is located between the two tropics in the equatorial, subequatorial and tropical zones. Its southern edge enters the subtropics. Coastline Africa is slightly rugged. Due to its location, Africa is the hottest continent on Earth. The Sahara Desert stands out in particular.
The longest river in the world flows in Africa - the Nile River (6671 km). The second longest and deepest river is the Congo. On the Zambezi River there is one of the largest waterfalls in the world - Victoria.
Among natural areas, tourists are most impressed by equatorial forests. There are more than 1000 species of trees alone. The rarest species of animals include: brush-eared pigs, pygmy hippopotamuses, okapi - relatives of the giraffe, and leopard.
At the equator there is eternal summer, eternal equinox.
Savannahs occupy about 40% of the continent's territory. Such an abundance of large animals as in African savannah nowhere in the world. There are antelopes, striped zebras, long-legged giraffes, the largest mammals on earth - elephants and buffaloes, and formidable rhinoceroses.
Next to herbivores, there are numerous orders of predators - lions, leopards, cheetahs, genes. The world of birds is unusually rich - from the smallest sunbird in the world to the largest - the African ostrich.
On the African continent, unlike other regions, there are no sharp ups and downs in the development of tourism. Individual countries, such as Kenya, Zambia, Mauritius, Morocco, Algeria, have only noticeably improved their performance. After 2003, interest in visiting South Africa increased.
The Near and Middle East is a vast macro-region of the world, stretching from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea to Pakistan in the East, from the southern edge of the Sahara Desert to the Mediterranean coast of Cyprus in the north. The total area is 14.8 million sq. km. the macroregion includes 16 states. The Suez Canal and the Strait of Gibraltar are important for the development of tourism.
The population in 2002 was 438 million people. The service sector plays an important role in the region's economy. Tourism will especially stand out.
Middle Eastern region by the beginning of the 21st century. became the leader in terms of the rate of increase in tourist flow. Tourists and pilgrims from all over the world flocked to historical and biblical sites associated with the earthly life of Jesus Christ. However, the renewed Palestinian-Israeli conflict has effectively stopped the flow of tourists to Israel. Nevertheless, the overall growth rates of tourist flows are impressive (24.1 million versus 14 million in 1996). These successes can be attributed to Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, and Iran.
South Asia - total area 4.6 million sq. km. In the north and northwest it is limited by the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountain systems, the Iranian Plateau, and in the east by the Assam-Burma mountains. From the south, the shores of South Asia are washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
There are 7 countries in the region, and only Nepal and Bhutan do not have access to the ocean. The largest country is India, the smallest is the Maldives.
The nature of the countries of South Asia is picturesque and diverse. The highest mountain system in the world is the Himalayas (the highest point of Chomolungma is 8848m).
The population of South Asia in 2002 was 1397 million people.
Legal support of SKST
1. Innovations in the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities”.
1. The Law “On Tourism” is amended: Small business travel agencies are preparing to provide financial guarantees 12/12/2006. To change the methods of state influence on the tourism business and ensure financial protection of the rights and legitimate interests of consumers of tourism services in conditions of termination from January 1, 2007 licensing of travel agency and tour operator activities, the government bill “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in Russian Federation" It was submitted to a plenary meeting of the State Duma on Friday. This was announced on Monday by the chairman of the Duma Committee on economic policy, entrepreneurship and tourism Evgeniy Fedorov. According to the text, it is envisaged that Federal Law 132-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” will introduce the concept of “financial guarantee”, defined as a guarantee of compensation for losses arising from non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of the tour operator’s obligations to consumers of tourism services. The size of the financial guarantee is differentiated depending on the type of tour operator activity (international tourism activities and domestic tourism). The bill clarifies the basic concepts of “tourist product”, “tour operator activity”, “tourist package” used in the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”, and also introduces new ones into the law - “international tourism”, “tour guide (guide, guide -translator)", "excursion service" and "tourist". Other changes and additions to the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” are proposed based on the practice of its application and in order to implement the provisions of this bill. To ensure the validity of the norms of the draft federal law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”, the adoption of a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation “On approval of the Procedure for the provision of services by travel agents” will be required.
Types of recreational resources. TO recreational (from lat. recreation- recovery) resources These include places that are used or can be used for organizing recreation and health improvement for people, for excursions and tourism. These are primarily picturesque landscapes, forests, rivers and lakes. Excursion routes usually include unique protected areas. The role of objects is no less important historical heritage: ancient castles, churches and cathedrals, places associated with figures of Belarusian culture, museums.
The possibilities of using recreational resources depend on natural conditions, primarily climate . The most comfortable climatic conditions for summer holidays are in the southern regions of Belarus, and for winter holidays - in the north and central part of the country. Plays an important role in assessing recreational resources relief . The hills of the Belarusian ridge and Poozerie are favorable for skiing, and plains and small hills are favorable for summer hiking routes. Rest is associated with the presence forest areas . The optimal types of forests for all types of recreation in Belarus are considered to be pine, oak and broad-leaved pine with a forest cover of about 35%. The forests of central and northern Belarus rich in mushrooms and berries have the highest potential. The most important recreational resource in Belarus is bodies of water : rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Highest value they have in the summer.
For a recreational assessment of natural conditions, the length of the period with an average daily air temperature above +15 ° C and below –5 ° C, the duration of sunshine, the depth of snow cover, etc. is taken into account. The dissection of the relief determines the possibility of organizing hiking and ski trips. The value of the reservoirs depends on the quality of the water, the picturesqueness of the shores and the degree of their overgrowth, the condition of the beach strip, the richness of the reservoirs with fish and the temperature of the water.
Recreational resources of an educational nature include monuments of history, architecture and monumental art. Many historical and cultural sites have been preserved on the territory of our country. Their total number exceeds 17 thousand, and more than 2.5 thousand are classified as monuments of national importance. Among them are objects of folk architecture (economic buildings), buildings of religious (churches, cathedrals, churches), public (factories, mills) and palace and park (palaces, castles, estates) architecture. One of the most famous monuments, the Mir castle and park complex, was included by UNESCO in the List of World Cultural Heritage Sites in 2000 (Fig. 65). In 2011, the restoration of the Radziwill palace complex in Nesvizh was completed. Many different monuments, obelisks, memorial complexes associated with events Patriotic War 1812, World War I and World War II. The most famous of them are “Brest Hero Fortress”, “Khatyn”, “Breakthrough”, “Stalin Line”, etc.
65. Mir Castle
Recreational resources are resort, health, sports And excursion and tourist . But more often than not, territories perform several functions simultaneously. Their availability is important. For daily recreation, city parks and squares are used within a 15-20-minute walking distance. For weekly recreation - specialized parks within 30-minute transport accessibility, as well as suburban forests and recreation areas near reservoirs - within a 1-hour transport accessibility from populated areas. For long-term recreation, resorts, sanatoriums and tourist centers are used.
Recreation areas and resorts. Play an important role in restoring and promoting health recreation areas. Around cities, territories with favorable natural conditions have been allocated for the placement of health camps, dispensaries, and recreation centers. They refer to local recreation areas . Currently, there are almost 200 local recreation areas in the country. Suburban forests and forest parks, artificial reservoirs are also recreation areas. In total, more than 3 million people can simultaneously relax in the country’s local recreation areas without exceeding the permissible anthropogenic load on the natural environment.
Near lakes and reservoirs, on river banks, in forest areas located recreation areas of national significance . There are more than 10 such territories in Belarus: “Minsk Sea”, “Braslav”, “Lakes”, “Stolbtsy”, “Bridges”, “Vileika”, etc. About 400 thousand people can vacation in them at the same time. Nowadays, campsites, water parks, and cultural institutions are being built in recreation areas.
In the suburban area of Minsk, on the banks of the Zaslavskoye, Krinitsa, and Drozdy reservoirs, there is a recreation area “Minsk Sea”. More than 150 thousand people can relax in it at the same time (Fig. 66).
66. Recreation area "Minsk Sea"
In the north-west of Belarus, the Braslav recreation area has been created, which is part of the Braslav Lakes National Park. Picturesque lakes and pine forests on their shores are wonderful places to relax. Therefore, there are 4 recreation centers and health camps here (Fig. 67).
67. Tourist base "Drivyaty"
The large recreation area “Vileika” is located on the banks of the Vileika Reservoir. Pine forests and reservoirs rich in fish contribute to the creation of health camps and recreation centers. On the picturesque banks of the Neman there is a recreation area “Stolbtsy”, which includes the tourist complex “Vysoky Bereg”, health camps, and the Kolasovsky memorial reserve.
The areas richest in recreational resources are identified as resort areas . In Belarus there are now 5 resorts of republican and 5 local significance. These are mainly climatic resorts, favorable for recreation and treatment. There are more than 100 sanatoriums and health centers operating mainly within the resorts of Belarus.
The oldest climatic and balneological resort in the republic, Zhdanovichi, is located in the Minsk Sea recreation area. It includes several sanatoriums (Krinitsa, Praleska, Lazurny, etc.), the Zhdanovichi children's rehabilitation and health center and other institutions. The most famous resort in the country is the Naroch resort (Fig. 68).
68. Resort “Naroch”
Around the lake there are sanatoriums, holiday homes, tourist and hotel complexes. Medicinal mud is used.
Resorts of republican significance also include “Novoelnya” with the “Radon” sanatorium, “Ushachi” with the “Forest Lakes” sanatorium and “Rogachev” with the “Pridneprovsky” sanatorium. Of local importance are the resorts “White Lake” (Brest region), “Lettsy” (near Vitebsk), “Sunny Beach” and “Chenki” (Gomel region, “White Vezha”, “Ozerny” (Grodno region), “Berezina” and etc.
Tourist complexes and routes. The rich cultural and historical heritage of Belarus and the beauty of its landscapes contribute to the organization of environmental, sports and health tourism. Now in Belarus, tourism organizations are dealing with this problem: Automated Tourism Technologies, Center Resort, etc. The largest among them is the Belarustourist company with a large number of hotels and bases. In regional cities, Pinsk and Polotsk, there are tourist and excursion centers of international importance. In many cities there are local tourist and excursion centers. The recreation areas are located tourist complexes and recreation centers. On the shore of Lake Losvido (25 km north of Vitebsk) the tourist complex “Losvido” is located; not far from Grodno, on the banks of the Neman, there is a recreation center "Neman", within National Park Pripyatsky - tourist complex "Doroshevichi". There are many of them in other picturesque places of Belarus, rich in historical and natural monuments.
The travel and excursion bureau organizes tourist and excursion routes to naturally, historically and culturally remarkable places in the country. From west to east (from Brest to Orsha), Belarus is crossed by roads and railways. These highways are figuratively called the “Belarusian equator”. In their coverage area there are cities and towns with historical monuments (Kossovo, Ruzhany, Mir, Nesvizh, Zaslavl, Borisov, etc.). The most famous tourist and excursion routes are: Minsk - Mir - Nesvizh, Minsk - Slonim - Zhirovichi, Minsk - Novogrudok - Berezovka - Lida, Minsk - Polotsk, Minsk - Mosar, Brest - Kamenyuki (to Belovezhskaya Pushcha), etc.
Prospects for the use of recreational resources. The recreational resources of Belarus are not fully used. This is especially true for the organization of international tourism.
In recent years, ecological and rural tourism has begun to actively develop in Belarus. For example, a rural tourism center has been created in Dudutki (Fig. 69).
69. Rural tourism center "Dudutki"
Forestry enterprises organize hunting for foreign tourists and create open-air cages. Within the national parks, hiking or water ecological routes have been developed.
Bibliography
1. Geography 10th grade/ Tutorial for 10th grade institutions of general secondary education with Russian as the language of instruction/Authors: M. N. Brilevsky- “From the authors”, “Introduction”, § 1-32; G. S. Smolyakov- § 33-63 / Minsk "People's Asveta" 2012
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