Inventories: accounting and reporting. Material Accounting Inventories Examples
Inventories include the following assets:
Used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services);
Intended for sale (including finished goods; goods purchased for resale);
Used for the management needs of the organization.
In accounting inventories are reflected in the following accounts and sub-accounts:
1) materials (balance sheet account 10), including:
Raw materials and materials (sub-account 10/1);
Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts (subaccount 10/2);
Fuel (sub-account 10/3);
Container and container materials (sub-account 10/4);
Spare parts (sub-account 10/5);
Other materials - production waste (stumps, trimmings, shavings, etc.), irreparable rejects, material values obtained from the disposal of fixed assets and unsuitable for further use (scrap metal, waste materials, etc.), worn out tires, waste rubber (sub-account 10/6);
Materials transferred for processing to the outside (subaccount 10/7);
Building materials for customers-developers (sub-account 10/8);
Inventory and household supplies (subaccount 10/9);
2) goods purchased for further resale (balance sheet account 41), including:
Goods in warehouses (subaccount 41/1);
Retail goods (sub-account 41/2);
Containers under the goods and empty (subaccount 41/3);
Purchased products (sub-account 41/4) - for non-trade organizations;
3) finished goods (balance sheet account 43).
The organization chooses the accounting units of inventories (by type, group, purpose) independently and fixes it in. This can be a stock number, batch, homogeneous group, etc.
Formation of the actual cost of inventories
Accepted for accounting by actual cost.
The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, excluding VAT and other reimbursable taxes (except as provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).
TO actual costs for the purchase of inventories include:
1) amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);
2) amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the purchase of inventories;
3) customs duties;
4) non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventories;
5) remuneration paid to the intermediary organization through which the inventories were acquired;
6) costs for procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use:
For procurement and delivery of inventories;
For transport services for the delivery of inventories to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price established by the contract;
Accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan);
Insurance expenses;
7) the costs of bringing the inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes. This includes the costs of the organization for additional work, sorting, packing and improving the technical characteristics of the received stocks, not related to the production of products, the performance of work and the provision of services;
8) general business and other similar expenses directly related to the purchase of inventories;
9) other costs directly related to the purchase of inventories.
Transportation and procurement costs can be accounted for on a special subaccount to account 10 and distributed at the end of the month between stocks written off for production and stock balances in warehouses.
Example ... The opening balance for subaccount 10/1 "Materials at contractual prices" - 3800 rubles, for subaccount 10/11 "Transport and procurement costs" - 2700 rubles.
In the reporting period:
Materials for the amount of 60,000 rubles were received. (VAT is not included);
Paid for the services provided by the transport organization for the delivery of materials to the warehouse of the organization - 1180 rubles, incl. VAT - 18%;
Paid for the services of intermediaries for the purchase of materials - 4720 rubles, incl. VAT - 18%;
Material assets were released into production at negotiated prices in the amount of 55,000 rubles.
We will determine the actual cost of the harvested material assets for the reporting period and calculate the share of transport and procurement costs related to the materials released into production, as well as draw up accounting records for these business transactions (Tables 14 and 15).
Table 14
Actual cost of material assets for the reporting period
Indicators |
Materials, |
Transport- |
Balance at the beginning of the month |
||
Received in a month |
1 000 |
|
Total receipt, taking into account the remainder |
||
Percentage of TOR of the cost of materials |
(7700: 63 800) x 100 = 12.07% |
|
Released for production |
||
Balance at the end of the month |
Table 15
Accounting records for completed transactions
Operation |
Sum, |
||
Received materials |
|||
Services provided by a transport organization |
|||
VAT charged by the transport organization |
|||
Purchase intermediary services |
|||
VAT charged by intermediaries |
|||
Materials released into production |
|||
Written off TKR attributable to materials, |
|||
Paid for the services of a transport organization |
|||
Services of intermediaries paid |
Sales organizations may not include in the actual cost of goods purchased the costs of procurement and delivery of goods made before the transfer of goods for sale. The trading company may include these costs as part of selling expenses (clause 13 of PBU 5/01).
When purchasing inventories for a fee, the costs associated with this are reflected directly in the debit of inventory accounts: 10 "Materials", 11 "Animals in growing and fattening", 15 "Procurement and purchase of material assets", 41 "Goods".
Account 15 is used in cases where organizations use planned and estimated (accounting) prices, which are developed and approved by the organization and are intended for use only within the organization. On the debit of the balance sheet account 15, they reflect the actual cost of the inventory received (D-t 15 K-t 60, 76, 71), and on the credit - the cost of the inventory in planned and estimated prices (D-t 10 K-t 15). Deviations of the planned and estimated prices from the actual cost of inventories are written off to the debit or credit of the balance sheet account 16 "Deviation in the cost of tangible assets":
D-t 15 K-t 16 - the excess of the book price over the actual cost of inventories has been written off
or D-t 16 K-t 15 - the excess of the actual cost of inventories over the book price has been written off.
At the end of the month, the total amount of deviations accumulated on account 16 is distributed between the value of written off (retired) inventories and the value of their balance in warehouses. Examples of calculating the distribution of deviations (normal and simplified) are given in Appendix No. 3 to Methodical Instructions No. 119n.
Actual cost of inventories when they are manufactured by the organization itself, it is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these stocks. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories are carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of the corresponding types of products.
Example ... Sugar is the main product of a sugar refinery for outsourcing. The sugar factory includes a confectionery shop. Sugar of our own production is used as raw material for this workshop. Finished goods in the part intended for own consumption are accepted for accounting on account 43 "Finished goods" at their actual cost, equal to the sum of the actual costs of their production.
In March, the actual production cost of sugar was 10 rubles. for 1 kg of finished products. A total of 150,000 kg of sugar were produced in March. Of the products manufactured in March, 900 kg of sugar were transferred to the confectionery shop.
The following entries were made in the accounting records of the sugar refinery in March:
D-t 20 K-t 02, 10, 70, 69, 60, 76, etc. - 1,500,000 rubles. - reflects the actual cost of making sugar in March;
D-t 43 K-t 20 - 1,500,000 rubles. - reflects the actual cost of sugar produced;
D-t 10 K-t 43 - 9000 rubles. - reflects the cost of finished products transferred to the confectionery shop for use as raw materials (900 kg x 10 rubles).
Inventory accounting
Items for resale, are reflected in accounting and reporting:
At purchase prices in wholesale trade organizations (debit balance on balance sheet account 41);
At the actual cost of finished products - in non-trade organizations selling finished products through their own retail outlets (debit balance on account 41);
At purchase or sale prices in retailers. If the organization accounts for the goods at purchase prices, when drawing up financial statements, the balance sheet reflects the debit balance on balance sheet account 41, and if at selling (retail) prices, the balance sheet reflects the debit balance on account 41 minus the credit balance on account 42. This is due to with the fact that when selling prices are applied, the trading margin is reflected on the credit of the balance sheet account 42 "Trade margin":
D-t 41 K-t 60 - the goods are capitalized at the prices of the supplier;
D-t 41 K-t 42 - the trade margin is reflected;
At the cost of purchase, which includes purchase prices and transportation costs for the delivery of goods;
At the cost of acquisition, including purchase prices, transportation costs for the delivery of goods and other costs associated with the purchase of goods.
Selected method of determining the cost of goods the organization fixes it in the accounting policy.
If the organization does not reflect transport costs for delivery in the cost of the purchased goods, in order to bring accounting and tax accounting closer together, these costs can be written off according to the rules established by Art. 320 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, i.e. include in the distribution costs of the reporting month in the share attributable to goods sold this month. In this case, the calculation of transport costs for the balance of goods is made according to the formula:
TP = Co x (TPn + TPT) / (Cn + Co),
where TR - transportation costs for the remainder of the goods at the end of the reporting month;
ТРн - the amount of transportation costs for the balance of goods at the beginning of the reporting month (transportation costs not charged to the cost of sales in the previous reporting period);
TRt - transportation costs of the current reporting month;
Co - the cost of the remainder of the inventory at the end of the reporting month in discount prices;
Cn - the cost of goods sold for the reporting month (the cost of goods sold in book prices).
Example ... Let's look at an example of reflecting inventory in a trade organization. Please note how shipping costs are determined.
Table 16
Organization's operations to reflect inventory
Product, rub. |
Transport |
|
1. Balance at the beginning of the month |
||
2. Received in a month |
||
3. Items sold per month |
||
4. Balance of goods at the end of the month |
||
5. Indicator for calculating the proportion |
2 000 000 |
220 000 |
6. Percentage of transportation costs for the remainder of the goods: |
||
7. Transport costs for the remainder of the goods (item 4 x item 6) |
||
8. Transportation costs to be written off in the current |
Accounting for finished products
Finished products taken into account by name with separate accounting for distinctive features (brands, articles, standard sizes, models, styles, etc.). Finished goods are accounted for at their actual production cost. The cost of production is the cost of production and sale, expressed in monetary terms.
The costs of manufacturing finished products are grouped:
At the place of origin - in production workshops, areas, other structural divisions;
By types of products (works, services) - to determine the cost of specific types of products (works, services);
By types of expenses - by cost elements and calculation items. Elements of production costs - material costs (excluding returnable waste), labor costs, social deductions, depreciation of fixed assets, other costs (postage, telephone, travel, etc.). Costing objects are individual products, their groups, semi-finished products, the cost of which is determined. A typical grouping of costs by calculation items is shown in table. 17.
Table 17
Typical grouping of costs by costing items
Article title |
|
Raw materials and supplies |
|
Returnable waste (deductible) |
|
Purchased products, semi-finished products and manufacturing services |
|
Fuel and energy for technological needs |
|
Production workers wages |
|
Social contributions |
|
Preparation and development costs |
|
General production costs |
|
General running costs |
|
Losses from marriage |
|
Other production costs |
|
Production cost of production (amount of lines 1 - 11) |
|
Business expenses |
|
Full cost of production (amount of pages 1 - 12) |
For accounting of finished products (FP), the following are applied discount prices... The following may be used as the discount price of SOEs:
Actual production cost;
Standard cost;
Contractual prices;
Other types of prices.
The choice of the accounting price is fixed in the accounting policy.
When using the standard cost or contractual prices, the organization takes into account the deviations of the standard cost from the actual on a special subaccount to balance sheet account 43 "Finished goods". Deviations are taken into account in the context of the nomenclature or individual groups of finished products, or for the organization as a whole. The excess of the actual cost is reflected in the debit of the deviation subaccount to account 43 and the credit of the cost accounting account (20, 23 or 29). If the actual cost is lower than the carrying amount, the difference is reflected in a reversal entry.
If the write-off of finished products at the time of shipment (release, etc.) is made at discount prices, deviations are written off to the sales account in proportion to the cost of the sold products in discount prices. In any case of using discount prices, the following relationship is always fulfilled:
Cost of finished goods in book prices + Variance = Actual production cost of finished goods.
When accounting for finished goods at the standard (planned) cost, balance account 40 "Release of finished goods" can be used. In this case, the debit reflects the actual cost of the finished product, and the credit reflects the standard cost of the manufactured product. The excess of the standard cost over the actual (savings) is reflected by a reversal entry: D-t 90/2 K-t 40. The excess of the actual cost over the standard (overrun) is reflected by posting D-t 90/2 K-t 40. Please note: balance sheet account 40 at the end of the month has no balance.
Example ... According to the accounting policy of the organization:
Finished goods are accounted for at the standard cost without using the balance sheet account 40;
The actual costs of manufacturing a unit of production are determined at the end of the month;
Finished products are accounted for on subaccount 43/1;
Deviations in the cost of production are reflected in subaccount 43/2;
Deviations are taken into account for the enterprise as a whole.
Table 18
Initial data
Indicator |
To the beginning |
Finally |
|
Unfinished production |
|||
Finished products |
|||
Implementation |
|||
Selling price with VAT |
|||
The sum of the variances in the balance of the finished |
|||
Standard unit cost |
|||
Actual unit cost |
Objective: to reflect the production and sale of products in accounting. The following entries will be made in accounting:
D-t 43/1 K-t 20 - 3,000,000 rubles. - finished products were accepted for accounting at standard cost (3000 units x 1000 rubles);
D-t 90/2 K-t 43/1 - 2,700,000 rubles. - the standard cost of finished products sold was written off (2,700 units x 1,000 rubles);
D-t 43/2 K-t 20 - (30,000 rubles) - reversal of deviations in the cost of production ((990 - 1000) rubles x 3000 units).
Table 19 shows the distribution of deviations.
Table 19
Distribution of deviations
Indicator |
Accounting |
The actual |
Deviations, |
|
Balance of finished products for |
||||
Received from production |
||||
Deviation ratio,% |
||||
Goods shipped |
2 683 125 |
16 875 |
||
Balance of finished products for |
496 875 |
3 125 |
An entry will be made in accounting:
D-t 90/2 K-t 43/2 - (16 875 rubles) - reversal of deviations attributable to sold products.
Example ... Let's change the conditions of the previous example in terms of accounting policy: the organization accounts for finished products at standard cost using balance sheet account 40. The following entries should be reflected in accounting:
D-t 43 K-t 40 - 3,000,000 rubles. - finished products were accepted for accounting at standard cost (3000 units x 1000 rubles);
D-t 62 K-t 90/1 - 4,779,000 rubles. - reflects the sale of finished products (2700 units x 1770 rubles);
D-t 90/3 K-t 68 - 729,000 rubles. - VAT calculated on products sold (RUB 4,779,000 x 18/118);
D-t 90/2 K-t 43 - 2,700,000 rubles. - the standard cost of finished products sold was written off (2,700 units x 1,000 rubles);
D-t 40 K-t 20 - 2,970,000 rubles. - reflects the actual cost of products manufactured per month (3000 units x 990 rubles);
D-t 90/2 K-t 40 - (30,000 rubles) - reversal of the excess of the standard cost over the actual one (2,970,000 - 3,000,000).
Write-off of inventories
In accounting and reporting, the subsequent cost of inventories is formed depending on the accepted in the organization method of estimating retired stocks: at the cost of each unit, at the average cost or at the cost of the first in the time of purchase of inventories (FIFO). The organization can apply different methods of writing off inventories by their groups (types).
Example ... The main raw material for the bakery is flour. Table 20 shows an extract from the balance sheet of the flow of flour for December.
Table 20
Extract from the balance sheet of the bakery
Remainder, |
||||||
Quantity, |
Price, |
Price, |
Quantity, |
|||
Balance on |
||||||
Let's consider the possible ways of assessing the inventories written off for production, and therefore their balances at the end of the month.
Option 1. Average cost method (weighted estimate):
1) let's determine the average price of flour received in December (taking into account the remaining flour at the beginning of December):
RUB 921 600 : 84,000 kg = 10.97 rubles;
2) determine the cost of flour released in December for production:
78,000 kg x 10.97 rubles. = 855 660 rubles;
3) determine the cost of the remaining flour:
921 600 - 855 660 = 65 940 rubles.
In the balance sheet at the end of the year (December 31, 2010) the cost of flour, reflected in the debit of balance sheet account 10, will be 65,940 rubles.
Option 2. Average cost method (rolling valuation)... The cost of retired inventories is determined at each date of their release into production. The calculation of the cost of flour written off into production is presented in table. 21.
Table 21
Calculation of the cost of flour written off for production
Quantity, |
Price, |
Price, |
Quantity, |
Price, |
Price, |
|
Balance on |
||||||
Balance on |
(10 000 + |
|||||
Balance on |
(10 250 + |
|||||
Balance on |
10 250 + |
(20 930 + |
||||
Balance on |
20 930 + |
(10 840 + |
||||
Balance on |
10 840 + |
(22 370 + |
||||
Balance on |
22 370 + |
(11 060 + |
||||
Balance on |
11 060 + |
(44 510 + |
||||
Balance on |
44 510 + |
When using the rolling valuation, the cost of flour written off for production in December was 854,530 rubles, and the cost of flour stocks at the end of the year was 67,070 rubles.
Option 3. FIFO method.
With this method, the stocks that were in balance at the beginning of the month are first written off, then - in the sequence of receipt of stocks: from the first batch, then from the second batch, etc.
Raw materials are called natural and artificial materials used in industry for the production of products.
Raw materials are one of the most important production elements that affect the technology and product quality. The efficiency of the industry depends on the provision of raw materials and their quality. Raw materials are an object of labor that has undergone a certain change in the process of its extraction or production.
Thus, viscose fiber obtained from wood is a raw material in the textile industry; iron ore is a raw material in the metallurgical industry.
Raw materials as one of the main elements of the production process largely determine the economy of industrial production. Suffice it to say that in the total costs of industrial production, the cost of raw materials and supplies is more than 70%.
Natural raw materials are characterized by the fact that it is obtained in finished form from the bowels of the Earth, from various rocks, plants.
It can also be the result of the vital activity of different animals.
Artificial raw materials characterized by the fact that it is obtained from various natural materials. This class includes chemical fibers, synthetic rubbers, etc.
According to their origin, all types of raw materials can be divided into two large groups: industrial and agricultural raw materials.
Industrial raw materials include:
a) raw materials obtained directly from the mining industry: ores, fuel, building materials, etc.;
b) raw materials obtained in some branches of the manufacturing industry (cast iron, steel, rolled metal, cement) and going to other branches of industry (mechanical engineering, agriculture, construction).
Agricultural raw materials include:
a) raw materials obtained directly from agriculture - primary crop products - grain, industrial crops, etc. and animal husbandry - milk, wool, leather, etc .;
b) raw materials obtained as a result of industrial processing of primary agricultural raw materials - flour, processed textile raw materials, processed leather, etc.
The widespread development of science and the latest chemical production methods makes it possible to significantly expand the range of industrial raw materials, to attract a wide variety of materials to industrial processing.
All types of raw materials used for industrial processing are divided into:
· Primary types of raw materials - mineral, plant and animal raw materials, water and air;
· Secondary industrial raw materials - by-products of industrial processing.
Mineral raw materials(including fossil fuels) is represented by a variety of types of minerals. the largest specific gravity as a raw material is occupied by the elements most common in the earth's crust (aluminum, 3 iron, calcium, etc.)
Vegetable raw materials, used for industrial processing, represented by a variety of food and industrial crops of agriculture, wood, various types of plants (oilseeds, aromatic and medicinal herbs).
Animal raw materials undergoes complex processing to obtain food and industrial consumer goods.
The characteristic economic features of plant and animal raw materials are their constant renewability and the possibility of distribution in many economic regions.
Water- (sea, lake and river) in industry is increasingly used not only as a necessary auxiliary material, but also as an important source of raw materials in the electrochemical and chemical industries.
Raw materials and materials are divided into basic and auxiliary.
Basic materials make up the material basis of manufactured products - iron ore - cast iron; textile fibers - fabrics; metal - machines; machine tools, wood - furniture.
To the class of auxiliary materials include those materials that do not form the material basis of the manufactured product, but give it certain properties and qualities, ensure the operation of equipment and the normal course of the technological process.
For example, dyes give fabrics a certain color, fuel, lubricating oils make equipment work.
There are objects of labor used in production as semi-finished products. Semifinished is a product made in one area of production and used for production in another area. A semi-finished product often acts as a finished product. So, yarn is a finished product of the spinning industry, and at the plant, where it is processed into fabric, it is a semi-finished product.
Raw material quality is a combination of its technological, physical and chemical properties, which ensure a high level of the technological process and the quality of the products. The type and quality of raw materials predetermine the mode of operation and productivity of the equipment, the nature of the technology, and affect the quality and cost of products.
So, in the metallurgical industry, for the production of pig iron, ores with different iron contents are used. With a high iron content in ores, the costs of preparing the ore for smelting are reduced and coke consumption is reduced. The increased content of waste rock and harmful impurities in ores leads to a decrease in the productivity of smelting plants, an increase in fuel consumption, fluxes and a decrease in the quality of cast iron.
Conventional and fast-setting cements are used in construction. The use of fast-setting cements helps to speed up the technological process of manufacturing concrete and reinforced concrete products and structures.
Nylon monofilament of large thickness is used instead of natural bristles for the manufacture of brush products, thin nylon fiber is used instead of cotton threads in the manufacture of hosiery. The release of chemical rope fiber of small weight made it possible in the textile industry to create a one-process method for producing yarn directly from a rope. Thus, the type and quality of raw materials determine the technology, the type of equipment and the quality of the products.
Under product quality the set of its properties is understood to determine the suitability to satisfy certain needs of the consumer or society.
The quality of products at the stage of their manufacture is determined by three components that closely interact with each other in the labor process: the quality of labor of the manufacturers of these products, the quality of the source material (raw materials, semi-finished products, components), the quality of the means of labor (machines, installations, machine tools and other equipment ).
Quality as a factor of competitiveness extends to the entire national economy. It promotes the rational use of resources.
Thus, raw materials and materials are one of the most important factors shaping quality. So the analysis of the influence of various factors on the quality of woolen, cotton and linen fabrics showed that the probability of these fabrics significantly depends on the quality of the raw materials - wool, flax, cotton. In this case, the degree of this dependence is greater than the dependence on all other factors affecting the quality of the fabric: the perfection of machines, the rhythm of production, labor and technological discipline. It should be noted that all factors that determine the quality of products - technological, economic, social, technical - act in an inextricable connection with each other in the production process.
An inadequate level of quality has economic, social and environmental consequences.
To the economic consequences relate: additional costs for the repair of equipment, additional time spent by the population on the repair of household appliances, additional costs of material and labor resources for the implementation of a multi-link and multi-stage system of technical control bodies. Lost foreign exchange earnings due to the low share of exports of finished products.
To social consequences :
Scarcity of domestic products;
Insufficient satisfaction of the needs of the production, technical and personal plan;
Decrease in the growth rate of the well-being of the population;
Deterioration of the moral climate in the team, etc.
To environmental consequences relate:
Additional costs for cleaning the air basin, water basin, land resources;
Additional costs for measures to improve the health of the population;
Loss of productivity of agricultural products due to insufficient quality of air, water, soil, etc.
Closely related to the concept of quality is the concept of the technical level of products - the relative characteristics of product quality, based on a comparison of the values of indicators that determine the technical perfection of the evaluated product with the corresponding basic indicators, their values.
The role of raw materials and materials in the formation of product quality depends on the type of product. The simpler the product, the more obvious the relationship between the quality of raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials and the quality of the products. The quality of materials, being the material basis of the properties of the final product, affects these properties in different ways, depending on the technological process of manufacturing this product. For example, in the production of such a complex product as an electronic watch, the quality of components (cases, capacitors, integrated circuits, etc.) depends directly on the materials. In turn, the characteristics of electronic (technical, economic, aesthetic, etc.) depend on the materials from which these watches are made, indirectly, but the properties of these materials are of decisive importance here.
The influence of materials on the quality of the final product depends on the degree of conformity of the material properties to the requirements that are imposed on them, the perfection of the technological process of manufacturing this product, the quality of the product design and other factors.
Expansion of the rights of enterprises in economic management, industry-specific features of production require alternative, and sometimes multivariate approaches in solving specific issues of methods and techniques for keeping records of inventories.
Enterprises now have the opportunity to choose different methods:
Organization of accounting for the procurement and purchase of materials;
- Reflection of the cost of materials left on the way at the end of the month or not removed from the suppliers' warehouses;
- revealing deviations of the actual cost of material assets from the book prices and their subsequent distribution between materials consumed in production and their balances in warehouses.
Production stocks (raw materials, materials, fuel, etc.) are items to which human labor is directed in order to obtain finished products. Unlike the means of labor, which retain their form in the production process and transfer value to the product gradually, the objects of labor are consumed entirely and completely transfer their value to this product and are replaced after each production cycle. In industry, the consumption of commodities in production is gradually increasing. This is due to the expansion of production, a significant share of material costs and an increase in prices for resources. In the context of the transition to a market economy, it is important to improve the quality indicators of the use of inventories. The improvement of resource supply is facilitated by the streamlining of primary documentation, the widespread introduction of standard unified forms, an increase in the level of mechanization and automation of accounting and computing operations, ensuring a strict procedure for the acceptance, storage and consumption of raw materials, materials, components, etc., limiting the number of officials entitled to signatures of documents for the issuance of particularly scarce and expensive materials. To ensure the safety of inventories, the correct acceptance, storage and release of valuables, it is important that the enterprise has a sufficient number of warehouse facilities equipped with weighing and measuring instruments, measuring containers and other devices. It is also necessary to introduce effective forms of preliminary and current control over the observance of inventory standards and the expenditure of material resources, to pay more attention to improving the reliability of the operational accounting of the movement of semi-finished products, components, parts and assemblies in production. The data should contain information for finding reserves for reducing the cost of production in terms of the rational use of materials, reducing consumption rates, ensuring proper storage and preservation.
In this regard, the following tasks are facing the accounting of production stocks:
Correct and timely documentary reflection of all operations for the procurement, receipt and issue of materials; identification and reflection of the costs associated with their procurement; calculation and write-off of deviations by directions of costs;
control over the safety of material values in places of their storage and at all stages of movement;
constant monitoring of compliance with the established norms of production stocks;
systematic control over the use of materials in production on the basis of reasonable rates of their consumption;
control over technological waste and losses and their use;
timely receipt of accurate information on the amount of savings or cost overruns of material resources in comparison with the established limits;
timely settlement of accounts with suppliers of material resources, control over values in transit, non-invoiced deliveries.
Classification of inventories
The bulk of the inventories is used as objects of labor and in the production process. They are entirely consumed in each production cycle and completely transfer their value to the value of the products produced.Depending on the role played by various industrial stocks in the production process, they are divided into the following groups:
1) raw materials and basic materials;
2) auxiliary materials;
3) purchased semi-finished products;
4) waste (returnable), fuel;
5) containers and container materials, spare parts;
6) inventory and household supplies.
Raw materials and basic materials- objects of labor from which the product is made and which form the material (material) basis of the product. Raw materials are products of agriculture and extractive industries (grain, cotton, livestock, milk, etc.), and materials are products of the manufacturing industry (flour, fabric, sugar, etc.).
Supporting materials are used to influence raw materials and basic materials, to impart certain consumer properties to the product, or to maintain and care for labor tools and facilitate the production process (spices in sausage production, lubricants, cleaning materials, etc.).
It should be borne in mind that the division of materials into basic and auxiliary is conditional and often depends only on the amount of material used for the production of various types of products.
Purchased semi-finished products- raw materials and materials that have passed certain stages of processing, but are not yet finished products. In the manufacture of products, they play the same role as the basic materials, i.e. constitute their material basis.
Returnable production waste- Remains of raw materials and materials formed in the process of their processing into finished products, which have completely or partially lost the consumer properties of raw materials and materials (sawdust, shavings, etc.).
Due to the peculiarity of their use, fuel, containers and container materials, spare parts are separately distinguished from the group of auxiliary materials.
Fuel subdivided into technological (for technological purposes), motor (fuel) and economic (for heating).
Container and container materials- items used for packaging, transportation, storage of various materials and products (bags, boxes, boxes).
Spare parts are used to repair and replace worn parts of machinery and equipment.
Inventory and household supplies- this is a part of the organization's inventories used as a means of labor for no more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months (inventory, tools, etc.).
Moreover, materials are classified according to technical properties and are divided into groups: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, pipes, etc.
The specified classifications of inventories are used to construct synthetic and analytical accounting, as well as to leave a statistical report on balances, receipt and consumption of raw materials and materials in production and operational activities.
To account for inventories, the following synthetic accounts are used:
10 "Materials" with the corresponding sub-accounts;
11 "Animals for growing and fattening";
15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets";
16 "Deviation in the value of material assets";
41 "Products";
43 "Finished goods".
Off-balance sheet accounts:
002 "Inventories accepted for safekeeping";
003 "Materials accepted for processing";
004 "Goods accepted for commission";
Off-balance sheet account "Special equipment handed over to operation."
The following sub-accounts can be opened to the "Materials" account:
1. "Raw materials and materials";
2. "Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts";
3. "Fuel";
4. "Container and container materials";
5. "Spare parts";
6. "Other materials";
7. "Materials transferred for processing to the outside";
8. "Building materials";
9. "Inventory and household accessories", etc .;
10. "Special equipment and special clothing in stock";
11. "Special equipment and special clothing in service."
In small businesses, all production stocks can be accounted for on one synthetic account 10 "Materials".
Within each of the listed groups, material values are divided into types, varieties, brands, standard sizes. Each name, grade, size is assigned a short numerical designation (nomenclature number) and recorded in a special register, which is called a price nomenclature. In the nomenclature-price tag also indicate the fixed valuation price and the unit of measure for materials.
PBU inventories
Inventories (inventories) make up a significant part of organizations. From January 1, 2002, their accounting must be carried out in accordance with PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.01 N 44n). The composition of inventories includes: raw materials, materials, etc., used in the production of products for sale, assets used for management needs, finished products intended for sale, as well as goods purchased or received from others. legal entities or individuals or held for sale.Low-value and high-wear items previously related to the MPZ are not mentioned in PBU 5/01. Assets whose useful life exceeds 12 months, used in the production of products, in the performance of work (provision of services, for the management needs of the organization), are referred to (clause 4 of PBU 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30 .01 N 26n). Moreover, regardless of their initial cost.
In addition to the previously used nomenclature number, the accounting unit of the inventories can be a batch, a homogeneous group, etc. In this case, the selected unit must ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about stocks, as well as proper control over their availability and movement.
PBU 5/01 does not apply to:
Assets used in the manufacture of products, the performance of work or the provision of services or for the management needs of the organization for a period exceeding 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;
- assets characterized as work in progress.
Accounting for inventories
To carry out the main activity, in addition to premises and equipment and other fixed assets, your company needs to have certain production stocks.Inventories (raw materials, materials, fuel, etc.), being objects of labor, provide, together with the means of labor and labor, the production process of the enterprise, in which they are used once. Their cost price is completely transferred to the newly created product.
The main tasks of accounting in this area:
Control over the safety of material assets in places of their storage and at all stages of processing;
correct and timely documentation of all operations for the movement of material assets; identification and reflection of the costs associated with their procurement; calculation of the actual cost of consumed materials and their balances by storage locations and balance sheet items;
systematic control over the observance of the established norms of stocks, identification of surplus and unused materials, their implementation;
timely settlements with suppliers of materials, control over materials in transit, non-invoiced deliveries.
The previously indicated classifications of inventories are used to construct synthetic and analytical accounting, as well as to compile state statistical observation (report) on balances, receipt and consumption of raw materials and materials in production and operating activities.
Organization of inventory accounting
The accounting of inventories is regulated by the Regulations on the accounting of inventories, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 09.06.01 No. 44n (hereinafter - PBU 5/01).To successfully complete the tasks facing the accounting of materials, you must:
Have a nomenclature - a price tag;
- to establish a clear system of documentation and workflow;
- to carry out, in accordance with the established procedure, an inventory and control random checks of the remains of materials, to reflect their results in the accounting in a timely manner.
Within each of the listed groups, industrial stocks are subdivided into types, grades, brands, standard sizes.
For the correct organization of accounting of materials at enterprises, a price list is being developed.
Nomenclature - a systematized list of the names of materials, semi-finished products, spare parts, fuel and other material values used in a given enterprise. The nomenclature of material assets should contain the following data about each material: technically correct name (in accordance with all-Union standards - GOST); full description (brand, grade, size, unit of measurement, etc.); nomenclature number is a conventional designation that essentially replaces the listed features. If the inventory price of each type of materials is indicated in the nomenclature, then it is called the nomenclature-price tag.
Subsequently, when issuing each document on the movement of materials, it contains not only the name of the material, but also its stock number, which helps to avoid mistakes when making entries in the warehouse and accounting of materials.
Forms of primary documentation
Inventory accounting is carried out on the basis of the following primary documents: a receipt note, a power of attorney, an act of acceptance of materials, a limit pick-up card, requirements, an internal transfer invoice, an invoice for the release of materials, a warehouse inventory card, a statement of material balances in the warehouse.Unified primary accounting documents were approved by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation No. 71a "On Approval of Unified Forms of Primary Accounting Documents for Accounting for Labor and Payments, Fixed Assets and Materials, Low-value and Wearing Items, Work in Capital Construction".
Power of attorney(Forms No. M-2 and No. M-2a) are used to formalize the right of a person to act as a trustee of the organization upon receipt of material assets released by the supplier alongside, invoice, contract, order, agreement.
Form No. M-2a is used by organizations in which the receipt of material assets by proxy is massive. The issuance of these powers of attorney is recorded in a pre-numbered and laced journal of the issued powers of attorney.
Receipt order(Form No. M-4) is used to record materials coming from suppliers or from processing. The receipt order in one copy is drawn up by the financially responsible person on the day the valuables arrive at the warehouse. A receipt warrant must be issued for the actually accepted amount of values.
Acceptance of materials(Form No. M-7) is used to register the acceptance of material assets that have a quantitative and qualitative discrepancy, as well as a discrepancy in the assortment with the data of the accompanying documents of the supplier; is also compiled upon acceptance of materials received without documents; is a legal basis for making a claim to the supplier, sender.
Limit fence card(Form No. M-8) is used if there are limits for the release of materials for registration of the release of materials that are systematically consumed in the manufacture of products, as well as for monitoring compliance with the established limits for the release of materials for production needs and is a supporting document for writing off material assets from the warehouse.
To reduce the number of primary documents, where appropriate, it is recommended to issue the release of materials directly in the material accounting cards (Form No. M-17). In this case, expenditure documents for the issue of materials are not drawn up, and the operation itself is carried out on the basis of limit cards, issued in one copy, and not relevant accounting documents. The vacation limit can be specified in the card itself. The representative of the structural unit, upon receipt of materials, signs directly on the materials accounting cards, and the storekeeper signs on the limit-fence card.
The limit-fence card also keeps records of materials not used in production (return). At the same time, no additional documents are drawn up.
Over-limit supply of materials and replacement of some types of materials with others is allowed only with the permission of the head of the organization, the chief engineer or persons authorized to do so.
The change in the limit is made by the same persons who have been granted the right to establish it.
Requirement - invoice(Form No. M-11) is used to record the movement of material assets within the organization between structural units or financially responsible persons.
Invoice for the issue of materials to the side(Form No. M-15) is used to account for the release of material assets to the farms of its organization located outside its territory, or to third-party organizations, on the basis of contracts and other documents.
Material accounting card(Form No. M-17) is used to record the movement of materials in the warehouse for each grade, type and size; is filled in for each stock list number of the material and is maintained by the financially responsible person (storekeeper, warehouse manager). Entries in the card are made on the basis of primary receipts and expenditures on the day of the transaction.
The act of posting material assets received during the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures(Form No. M-35), is used to register the posting of material assets obtained during the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures suitable for use in the production of work.
Registration card of low-value and wearing out items(Form No. MB-2) is used to record low-value and quick-wear items issued for an employee for long-term use.
The act of disposal of low-value and wearing out items(Form No. MB-4) is used to register breakage and loss of low-value and wearing items.
The certificates of disposal are subsequently attached to the certificates of write-off.(form No. MB-8).
Register of the issuance of overalls, special footwear and safety devices(Form No. MB-7) is used to record the issuance of overalls, footwear and safety devices to employees for individual use. (Used for automated processing of credentials.)
Act for the write-off of low-value and wearing out items(Form No. MB-8) is used to write off worn-out and unsuitable for further use low-value and wearing out items.
The life cycle of production stocks at an enterprise consists of three stages: receipt - issue into production - return from it.
In this regard, the following groups of accounting transactions are distinguished in the accounting of industrial stocks:
Receipt accounting
accounting of vacation in production and return from it
Accounting for material resources at any manufacturing enterprise is entrusted to the financially responsible person or a team of financially responsible persons. The materially responsible person can be either the warehouse manager or any other employee who has reached the age of 18, with whom a full contract has been concluded. The list of persons with whom it is possible to conclude an agreement on full material liability and a standard agreement on full individual material liability is approved by the Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2002 N 85 "On approval of the lists of positions and jobs replaced or performed by employees with whom the employer can conclude written agreements on full individual or collective (team) liability, as well as standard forms of agreements on full liability. "
If the number of employees of your company is small and the nomenclature of production stocks is small, you may not have full-time warehouse workers, and delegate their functions for receiving and dispensing materials, ensuring the safety of production stocks to workers whose activities are directly related to the use of materials in the order of combining.
It is necessary to conclude an agreement on full financial responsibility with these employees. As the materials are received, they are assigned to the financially responsible person.
You can choose a balance or inventory method of accounting for production stocks for your enterprise.
With the balance accounting method, the quantitative accounting of materials is carried out in the warehouse, and in the accounting department - the cost accounting. The data of primary documents on the receipt and consumption of materials in the warehouse are entered into inventory cards, in which the balance of materials is calculated in kind. Then, on the basis of these documents, turnover sheets are drawn up. At the end of the month, the balances from the cards are transferred to the balance books, the value of the balances is calculated and the totals are compared with the turnover sheets.
With the inventory method, at the beginning of each month, an inventory of the remaining materials in the warehouse is carried out by a financially responsible person with the participation of an accountant. Based on the results of the inventory, an act is drawn up and a calculation is drawn up for writing off to the production costs of each of the types of materials consumed for a given period. This act and calculation, signed by the materially responsible person and the accountant and approved by the head of the enterprise, are the basis for entry in the accounting registers.
Assessment of inventories
In accordance with PBU 5/01, inventories are accepted for accounting at their actual cost.The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual acquisition costs, excluding tax and other reimbursable taxes (except as provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).
The actual costs of acquiring inventories can be:
Amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);
amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
customs duties and other payments;
non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the purchase of a unit of inventories;
remuneration paid to the intermediary organization through which the inventories were acquired;
costs of procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including costs;
other costs directly related to the purchase of inventories.
General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring inventories, unless they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.
The actual cost of inventories when they are manufactured by the organization is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories is carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of the corresponding types of products.
The actual cost of inventories contributed to the contribution to the authorized (pooled) capital of the organization is determined on the basis of their monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The actual cost of inventories received by the organization free of charge is determined based on them as of the date of their acceptance for accounting.
The actual cost of inventories purchased under contracts that provide for (payment) with non-monetary funds is determined based on the cost of goods (valuables) transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The cost of goods (values) transferred or to be transferred is established on the basis of the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the cost of similar goods (values).
The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except for the cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and provided for by this Regulation.
Inventories, for which the price has decreased during the year, or which have become obsolete or partially lost their original quality, are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year at the price of possible sale, if it is lower than the initial cost of procurement (acquisition), with the transfer of the difference to prices for the financial results of the organization.
In accordance with PBU 5/01, when inventories are released into production and otherwise disposed of, their assessment is carried out by the organization (goods accounted for at the selling (retail) value) using one of the following methods:
- at the average cost;
- at the cost of the first purchase of inventories (FIFO method);
- at the cost of the most recent acquisition of inventories (LIFO method).
Application of one of the methods by type (group) of stocks is carried out during the reporting year.
Inventories used by an organization in a special order (precious metals, precious stones, etc.), or inventories that cannot be substituted for each other in the usual way, can be measured at the cost of each unit of such inventories.
Inventories can be assessed by the organization at the average cost, which is determined for each type (group) of inventories as a quotient from dividing the total cost of the type (group) of inventories by their quantity, respectively, summed up from the cost price and quantity by the balance at the beginning of the month and by the received inventories this month.
The cost of the materials consumed is estimated by the formula:
P = O n + P - O k, where
P is the cost of the materials consumed;
ON and O to - the cost of the initial and final balances of materials;
P is the cost of the materials received.
Evaluation of inventories can be made at the cost of the first in the time of purchase of inventories (FIFO method).
With the FIFO method (from the English "FIFO - first in - first out"), the rule is applied, enclosed in its English name: the first batch in the arrival - the first batch in the expense
The FIFO valuation of reserves is based on the assumption that material resources are used within a month and another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e. resources that are the first to enter production (in trade - on sale) should be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions taking into account the cost of inventories at the beginning of the month. When using this method, the assessment of material resources in stock (in stock) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the most recent acquisitions, and the cost of sales of products (works, services) takes into account the cost of early acquisitions.
Evaluation of inventories can be made by the organization at the cost of the most recent purchase of inventories (LIFO method).
With the LIFO method (from the English "LIFO - last in - first out"), another rule is applied: the last batch in the receipt - the first batch in the expense
The LIFO valuation of inventories is based on the assumption that the resources that are first put into production (sold) should be valued at the cost of the latter in the sequence of acquisition. When using this method, the valuation of material resources in stock (in stock) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the early acquisition, and the cost of sale of products (work, services) takes into account the cost of the later acquisition.
The organization can apply during the reporting year as an element of accounting one valuation method for each separate type (group) of inventories.
Evaluation of inventories at the end of the reporting period (except for low-value and quick-wear items and goods accounted for at the sales (retail) value) is made depending on the accepted method of evaluating inventories at their disposal, that is, at the cost of each unit of inventory, average cost, cost first or last acquisitions.
Calculation using the average cost method:
The cost of consumed goods and materials 1218 = 200 + 1140/110 х100
Accounting for the movement of inventories
To account for the presence and movement of inventories, the following accounting accounts are used: 10 "Materials", 14 "Provisions for the depreciation of material assets", 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets", 16 "Deviations in the cost of material assets", 41 "Goods" , 42 "Trading".Account 10 "Materials" active has the following structure:
On account 10 "Materials", only materials belonging to the enterprise on the basis of ownership, full economic management, operational management are taken into account. Materials in safe custody are accounted for on off-balance sheet account 002 "Inventories accepted for safekeeping", raw materials and materials of customers accepted for processing, but not paid for (tolling raw materials), are recorded on off-balance sheet account 003 "Materials accepted for processing ".
Materials are accounted for by subaccounts: 10-1 "Raw materials and materials", 10-2 "Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures, parts", 10-3 "Fuel", 10-4 "Containers and container materials", 10-5 "Spare parts", 10-6 "Other materials", 10-7 "Materials transferred for processing to the outside", 10-8 "Construction materials", 10-9 "Inventory and household accessories" and others by types of materials.
Materials are accounted for on account 10 "Materials" at the actual cost of their purchase (procurement) or discount prices. Analytical accounting for account 10 "Materials" is carried out at the places of storage of materials and their individual names (types, grades, sizes, etc.).
Depending on the accounting organization adopted by the enterprise, the receipt of materials can be reflected using accounts 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets".
Account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" has the structure:
Account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" is intended to summarize information on the procurement and acquisition of material assets related to funds in circulation.
The debit of account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" includes the purchase value of material assets for which the company received the settlement documents of the suppliers. In this case, records are made in correspondence with accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", etc. ... depending on where these or those values came from, and on the nature of the costs of procurement and delivery of materials to the enterprise.
In the credit of account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" in correspondence with account 10 "Materials" includes the cost of actually received at the enterprise and capitalized material assets.
The amount of the difference in the cost of purchased material assets, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices, is debited from account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" to account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets".
Account 16 "Deviations in the value of material assets" has the following structure:
Account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets" is intended to summarize information about the differences in the cost of purchased material assets, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and book prices. This account is used by enterprises that account for materials on account 10 "Materials" at discount prices.
The amount of the difference in the cost of purchased material assets, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices, is debited or credited to account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets" from account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets".
Accumulated on account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets" the difference in the cost of purchased material assets, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement), and discount prices are written off (reversed - in case of a negative difference) to the debit of accounts for accounting for production costs (sales costs) or other relevant invoices in proportion to the value at the book prices of materials consumed in the production.
Analytical accounting for account 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets" is carried out for groups of material assets with approximately the same level of these deviations.
To account for the value added tax attributable to inventories, subaccount 19-3 "Value added tax on purchased inventories" is applied:
Account 14 "Provisions for depreciation of material assets" is intended to summarize information on reserves for deviations in the cost of raw materials, materials, fuel and other values, determined on the accounts of the accounting, from the market value. The formation of the reserve is reflected in the accounting for the credit of account 14 and the debit of account 91. At the beginning of the period following the period in which the formation of the reserve was made, the reserved amount is restored by reverse posting: debit 14 and credit 91.
Analytical accounting for account 14 "Reserves for the decline in the cost of material assets" is maintained for each reserve.
Inventories purchased for sale are accounted for on the active account 41 "Goods":
Account 41 "Goods" is intended to summarize information about the availability and movement of inventory items purchased as goods for sale. This account is mainly used by supply, sales and trade enterprises, as well as catering establishments.
At industrial and other manufacturing enterprises, account 41 "Goods" is used in cases when any products, materials, products are purchased specifically for sale or when the cost of finished products purchased for assembly at industrial enterprises is not included in the cost of manufactured products, but is subject to refundable by buyers separately.
Supply, sales, trade enterprises on account 41 "Goods" also take into account purchased containers and containers of their own production, except for inventory, serving for production or economic needs and recorded on account 01 "Fixed assets".
Goods accepted for safekeeping are recorded on off-balance sheet account 002 "Inventories accepted for safekeeping." Goods accepted for commission are recorded on off-balance account 004 "Goods accepted for commission".
In supplying, sales and trade enterprises, goods are accounted for on account 41 "Goods" at purchase or sale prices. When accounting in retail outlets for goods at sales prices, the difference between the purchase price and the cost at sales prices (discounts, capes) is reflected separately on account 42 "Trade margin". The expenses for the procurement and delivery of goods are recorded on account 44 "Sales expenses".
Sub-accounts can be opened to account 41 "Goods":
41-1 "Goods in warehouses",
41-2 "Goods in retail trade",
41-3 "Containers under the goods and empty",
41-4 "Purchased Items", etc.
Goods transferred for processing to other enterprises are not debited from account 41 "Goods", but are accounted for separately.
Analytical accounting for account 41 "Goods" is carried out by responsible persons, names (grades, batches, bales), and, if necessary, by places of storage of goods.
Account 42 "Trade margin" is intended to summarize information about trade margins (discounts, capes) for goods in retail outlets, if they are recorded at sales prices.
At catering establishments, this account takes into account the amount of trade discounts and capes for food and goods located in pantries, buffets, in the kitchen, as well as the amount of markups added in a fixed amount to the cost of kitchen and buffet products at sales prices.
Accounting for unbilled deliveries
Uninvoiced deliveries are considered deliveries for which tangible assets arrived at the enterprise without a payment document. They arrive at the warehouse, writing out an acceptance certificate, which is sent to the accounting department. Here, the materials according to the act are regarded at discount prices, are recorded in the journal-order No. 6 as values received at the warehouse, in the same amount are referred to the group of materials and in. Unbilled deliveries are registered in the journal - order No. 6 at the end of the month (in column B “Account number” the letter H is put), when the possibility of receiving a payment document has disappeared. They are not subject to payment in the reporting month, since the basis for payment by the bank is payment documents (which are absent). As payment requests for this delivery in the next month are received, they are accepted by the enterprise, paid by the bank and registered by the accounting department in the journal-order No. 6 in the free line for the group of materials and in the "acceptance" column in the amount of the payment request, and on the line (unfinished settlements) the previously recorded amount at the discount prices is reversed also for the group and in the “acceptance” column. Settlements with suppliers, therefore, for this delivery will be completed.The procedure for accounting for materials in transit
Materials in transit are such deliveries for which the company has accepted payment documents, but the materials have not yet arrived at the warehouse. Accepted payment documents are accepted for accounting, regardless of whether they were paid by the bank or not.In the journal-order No. 6, the payment documents are registered within a month in the column "For non-arrived cargo" and in the column "acceptance". At the end of the month, the company is obliged to accept these values on the balance sheet, i.e. write down by belonging to a material group (conditionally capitalize), but the beginning of the next month, the settlements for these deliveries will not be completed. Upon receipt of values, the accounting department will receive receipts from warehouses, post them to the warehouse and to the group (without acceptance, since it was already given at the time of receipt of payment requests, and maybe these invoices have already been paid) according to the registration line of this account in unfinished at the beginning of the month calculations. When you close the journal-order No. 6, at the end of the month, this delivery for the material group will be reversed as being capitalized twice.
VAT accounting for incoming material stocks
Value added tax on incoming material assets is accounted for in accordance with the second part.According to Art. 171. of the Tax Code deductions are subject to the tax amounts presented to the taxpayer and paid by him when purchasing goods (works, services) for the implementation of production activities or other operations recognized as objects of taxation or for the resale of purchased goods.
According to Art. 172 tax deductions are granted subject to the following conditions:
Goods (works, services) are taken into account;
goods (works, services) have been paid for;
an invoice has been issued.
If the materials are used in the manufacture of products (works. Services), then the amount of VAT on these materials is charged to:
Features of purchasing materials for cash
Due to the fact that a sales tax has been introduced on the territory of Moscow, the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of the Russian Federation, by letter No. 11-14 / 17391, explains that the amounts of sales tax paid upon the acquisition of property are included in its cost and are included in the cost of production ( works, services) or and circulation in the case when the use of this property is associated with the process of production and sale.Federal Law N 148-FZ "On Amendments and Additions to Part Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and Article 20 of the Law of the Russian Federation" On the Fundamentals of the Tax System in the Russian Federation "Chapter 27" Sales Tax "of Part Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation becomes invalid from January 1, 2004.
Release of inventories
When inventories (except for goods recorded at sales value) are released into production and otherwise disposed of, their assessment is made in one of the following ways:
at the average cost;
at the cost of the first in the time of acquisition of inventories (FIFO method);
at the cost of the most recent acquisition of inventories (LIFO method).
The application of one of these methods for a group (type) of inventories is made on the basis of the assumption of the sequence of application of accounting policies.
Inventories used by the organization in a special order (precious metals, precious stones, etc.), or inventories that cannot be substituted for each other in the usual way, can be valued at the cost of each unit of such inventories.
Evaluation of inventories at the average cost is made for each group (type) of inventories by dividing the total cost of the group (type) of inventories by their number, which are summed up, respectively, from the cost price and the amount of the balance at the beginning of the month and the inventory received during the given month.
Evaluation at the cost of the first in the time of acquisition of inventories (FIFO method) is based on the assumption that inventories are used within a month and another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e. the inventory that is the first to enter production (sale) should be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions taking into account the cost of inventory at the beginning of the month. When using this method, the assessment of inventories in stock (in the warehouse) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the most recent acquisitions, and the cost of the earliest acquisitions is taken into account in the cost of goods, products, works, and services sold.
The valuation at the cost of the most recent inventory acquisition (LIFO method) is based on the assumption that the inventory that is the first to enter production (sale) should be valued at the cost of the latter in the acquisition sequence. When using this method, the assessment of inventories in stock (in the warehouse) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the early acquisition, and the cost of the goods, products, works, services sold takes into account the cost of the late acquisition.
For each group (type) of inventories during the reporting year, one assessment method is applied.
Evaluation of inventories at the end of the reporting period (except for goods recorded at sales value) is made depending on the accepted method of evaluating inventories at their disposal, i.e. at the cost of each unit of inventory, the average cost, the cost of the first or most recent acquisitions.
Inventory of inventories
Inventories (industrial stocks, finished products, goods, other stocks) are entered in the inventory for each individual item indicating the type, group, quantity and other necessary data (article, grade, etc.).Surplus inventories revealed as a result of the inventory carried out are reflected in the accounting of commercial organizations as non-operating income (debit account 10 "Materials", credit account 91 "Other income and expenses"), and in non-profit organizations are referred to an increase in income.
If the facts of shortages, damage to materials are revealed, their actual cost or part of it (in the event of damage to materials) is debited from the credit of account 10 "Materials" to the debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to values".
From account 94, the cost of missing and spoiled materials is written off to the accounts of production and circulation costs (if the losses are within the limits), to the debit of account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations", subaccount "Calculations for compensation for material damage" (when identifying specific culprits) , in the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" (in the absence of specific culprits or if the court refused to recover the missing or damaged valuables). In non-profit organizations, shortages in excess of the norms of loss in the absence of culprits are written off to an increase in expenses.
The cost of materials lost as a result of natural disasters or other force majeure circumstances is debited from the credit of account 10 "Materials" to the debit of account 99 "Profits and losses". Materials used in the elimination of the consequences of natural disasters are also debited from account 10 to account 99.
Write-off of inventories to production
At enterprises, situations often arise when the same materials are purchased at different prices from different suppliers, the amount of expenses included in the cost of inventories may also differ. This leads to the fact that the actual cost of different lots of the same materials may be different. Often, when writing off materials for production, it is impossible to determine exactly from which batch these materials are, especially with a large range of materials. Therefore, the organization must select and consolidate in the accounting policy the method of writing off inventories in production.Clause 16 of PBU 5/01 and clause 73 "Methodological guidelines for the accounting of inventories" establish the following methods for assessing inventories during release to production and other disposal:
At the cost of each unit;
at the average cost;
by the FIFO method (at the cost of the first materials to be purchased);
by the LIFO method (at the cost of the materials that were most recently purchased).
It should be noted that for accounting purposes, an organization can use different write-off methods for different groups of inventories.
Let's take a closer look at each of these methods.
Write-off of inventories at the cost of each unit
The method of writing off materials at the cost of each unit is convenient for use in cases where an organization uses a small range of materials in production and it is easy to track which batch the materials are written off from, and their prices remain fairly stable over a long period. In this case, accounting is kept for each batch of materials separately, and materials are written off exactly at the prices at which they are accepted for accounting.In addition, this method should be applied to assess the following types of MPZ:
Materials that are used in a special order - precious metals, precious stones, radioactive substances and other similar materials;
- Stocks that cannot replace each other in the usual way.
Clause 74 of "Methodological guidelines for the accounting of inventories" proposed two options for writing off materials at the price of each unit:
1) The unit cost includes all costs associated with the acquisition of these inventories. This method is used when it is possible to accurately determine the amount of acquisition costs that relate to different materials.
2) A simplified method according to which only the cost of inventory at contractual prices is included in the unit cost, and transportation and other costs associated with their acquisition are accounted for separately and written off in proportion to the cost of materials written off for production, in contractual prices. This method is used when it is impossible to establish exactly what proportion of transportation and procurement costs relates to each specific batch of purchased materials.
At the beginning of the month, the organization had paint residues in the amount of 120 kg in the amount of 3,600 rubles at the actual cost.
Two batches of paint were purchased within a month:
1) 150 kg, the cost of the batch is 3,200 rubles. Transportation costs amounted to 1000 rubles.
2) 200 kg, the cost of the batch is 5 600 rubles. Transportation costs amounted to 1000 rubles.
Accounting for materials is carried out with the inclusion of transport and procurement costs in the actual cost. For simplicity of calculations, all amounts are shown without VAT.
The actual cost of the paint is:
Balance at the beginning of the month: 3 600: 120 = 30-00 rubles.
The first batch: (3,200 + 1,000): 150 = 28-00 rubles per 1 kg.
The second batch: (5,600 + 1,000): 200 = 33-00 rubles per 1 kg
During the month spent:
100 kg of paint from the remainder at the beginning of the month;
90 kg of paint from the first batch;
120 kg of paint from the second batch.
The cost of the used paint is: 100 x 30-00 + 90 x 28-00 + 120 x 33-00 = 9 480 rubles
The main advantage of the method of writing off inventories at the cost of each unit is that all materials are written off at their real cost without any deviations. However, this method is applicable only in cases where the organization uses a relatively small range of materials, when it is possible to determine exactly which materials are discarded.
In those cases where it is impossible to accurately track the materials from which particular batch were released into production, it is advisable to use one of the three methods described below.
Write-off of inventories at average cost
The method of writing off inventories at the average cost is as follows. For each type of material, the average unit cost is determined as the quotient of dividing the total cost of these materials (the sum of the cost of materials at the beginning of the month and received during the month) by the amount of these materials (the sum of the balance at the beginning of the month and received during the month).The cost of materials written off for production is determined by multiplying their quantity by the average cost. The cost of the remainder at the end of the month is determined by multiplying the amount of material on the remainder by the average cost price. Thus, the average cost per unit of materials can vary from month to month. The balance on the inventory accounts of inventories is reflected at the average cost.
At the beginning of the month, the rest of the fabric in the organization is 1,500 m, the average cost is 95 rubles per 1 m 2. Within a month, the fabric was received:
1st batch: 1,000 m at a price of 89-50 rubles per 1 m;
2nd batch: 500m at the price of 100 rubles per 1m;
3rd batch: 1200m at the price of 80 rubles per 1m.
Within a month, it was spent on the production of 3,500m of fabric.
The average cost of fabric is:
(1500 x 95 + 1000 x 89-50 + 500 x 100 + 1200 x 80): (1500 + 1000 + 500 + 1200) = 90 rubles. for 1m
The cost of fabric written off into production is: 3,500 x 90-00 = 315,000 rubles
Remaining fabric at the end of the month: (1,500 + 1,000 + 500 + 1,200) - 3,500 = 700 m
The cost of the rest of the fabric at the end of the month: 700 x 90-00 = 63,000 rubles
Write-off of inventories according to the FIFO method
The FIFO method (from the English First In First Out) is also called the conveyor model. It is based on the assumption that materials are written off to production in the order in which they are purchased. Materials from subsequent batches are not written off until the previous one is consumed. With this method, materials released into production are valued at the actual cost of materials, the first in terms of the time of purchase, and the balance of materials at the end of the month is evaluated at the cost of the latest in terms of the time of acquisition.In the event that the first purchases of the batch are cheaper, and the subsequent ones are more expensive, the use of the FIFO method leads to the following results:
Materials are written off to production at a lower cost, respectively, the cost of production is lower and the profit is higher.
- The balance of materials on account 10 is reflected at higher prices.
If prices for materials tend to decrease, then, on the contrary, if the FIFO method is applied, the profit will decrease.
In the literature, two methods have been proposed for determining the cost of materials written off for production using the FIFO method.
1) First, materials are written off at the cost of the first purchased batch, if the amount of materials written off is more than this batch, the second is written off, etc. The remainder of the materials is determined by subtracting the cost of written off materials from the total cost of materials received during the month (taking into account the remainder at the beginning of the month).
2) The balance of materials at the end of the month is determined at the price of the latest in time of purchase. The cost of materials written off for production is determined by subtracting the resulting value from the total cost of materials received during the month (taking into account the balance at the beginning of the month).
Received within a month:
The total cost of the received paint is: 120 x 40-00 + 80 x 45-00 + 100 x 50-00 = 13 400-00 rubles
During the month, 270 cans of paint were written off into production, the remainder at the end of the month is 130 cans.
Option 1
A total of 270 cans of paint were written off, and at first the balance at the beginning of the month is written off completely (100 cans), then the first batch (120 cans) is written off. Since the total quantity is greater, the remaining quantity is deducted from the second batch: 270 - (100 + 120) = 50 cans
The cost of the written off paint is: 100 x 35-00 + 120 x 40-00 + 50 x 45-00 = 10 550-00 rubles
The average cost of one can of discarded paint is: 10 550-00 / 270 = 39-07 rubles
The cost of the rest of the paint is: (3 500-00 + 13 400-00) - 10 550-00 = 6 350-00 rubles.
With this option, it is necessary to accurately determine which materials from which batches make up the balance at the end of the month, since they will be written off first next month.
The remainder is:
From the second batch: 80 - 50 = 30 cans for the amount of 30 x 45-00 = 1,350-00 rubles;
The third batch remains at the end of the month in full: 100 x 50-00 = 5,000-00 rubles.
Option 2
The balance at the end of the month is 130 cans, and the third batch (100 cans) is fully registered on the balance, since this is not enough, 30 cans from the second batch are also included in the balance.
The cost of the balance at the end of the month is: 100 x 50-00 + 30 x 45-00 = 6 350-00 rubles
The cost of the written off paint is: (3 500-00 + 13 400-00) - 6 350-00 = 10 550-00.
The average cost of one can of discarded paint is: 10 550-00 / 270 = 39-07 rubles.
Thus, the cost of the written-off materials and the remainder are the same when using both options. In the second option, it is enough to accurately determine the materials from which batches make up the balance in the warehouse, and the cost of the written-off materials is determined by calculation without the obligatory assignment to a specific batch, while in the first option it is necessary to precisely determine from which batches the materials are written off and remain at the end months. This option becomes very time consuming if the purchases of materials are made quite often during the month.
Write-off of inventories by the LIFO method
The LIFO method (from the English Last In First Out) is also called the barrel model. It is based on the assumption that materials are written off to production in the reverse order of purchase. Materials from previously purchased lots are not written off until the last one is consumed. With this method, materials released into production are valued at the actual cost of materials that are the latest in terms of purchase, and the remainder of materials at the end of the month is evaluated at the cost of the first in terms of acquisition.In the event that the first purchases of the batch are cheaper, and the subsequent ones are more expensive, the use of the LIFO method leads to the following results:
Materials are written off to production at a higher cost, respectively, the cost of production is higher and the profit is lower.
? The balance of materials on account 10 is reflected at lower prices.
If the prices for materials tend to decrease, then, on the contrary, if the LIFO method is applied, the profit will decrease.
In the literature, two methods have been proposed for determining the cost of materials written off for production using the LIFO method.
1) First, materials are written off at the cost of the last purchased batch, if the amount of materials written off is more than this batch, the previous one is written off, etc. The remainder of the materials is determined by subtracting the cost of written off materials from the total cost of materials received during the month (taking into account the remainder at the beginning of the month).
2) The balance of materials at the end of the month is determined at the price of the first ones at the time of purchase. The cost of materials written off for production is determined by subtracting the resulting value from the total cost of materials received during the month (taking into account the balance at the beginning of the month).
Example
Let's use the conditions of the previous example.
At the beginning of the month, the rest of the paint was 100 cans at a price of 35-00 rubles per can.
The balance at the beginning of the month is: 100 x 35-00 = 3,500 rubles
Received within a month:
1 batch: 120 cans at a price of 40-00 rubles per can;
2nd batch: 80 cans at a price of 45-00 rubles per can;
3rd batch: 100 cans at a price of 50-00 rubles per can.
The total cost of the received paint: 120 x 40-00 + 80 x 45-00 + 100 x 50-00 = 13 400-00 rubles. During the month, 270 cans of paint were written off into production, the remainder at the end of the month is 130 cans.
Option 1
A total of 270 cans of paint were written off, and first the third batch (100 cans) is completely written off, then the second batch (80 cans) is written off. Since the total quantity is greater, the remaining quantity is deducted from the first batch: 270 - (100 + 80) = 90 cans
The cost of the written off paint: 100 x 50-00 + 80 x 45-00 + 90 x 40-00 = 12 200-00 rubles
The average cost of one can of discarded paint is: 12,200-00 / 270 = 45-19 rubles
The cost of the rest of the paint is: (3 500-00 + 13 400-00) - 12 200-00 = 4 700-00 rubles.
With this option, it is necessary to accurately determine which materials from which batches make up the balance at the end of the month, since these data are needed to correctly assign materials to specific batches when writing off in subsequent months.
The remainder is:
From the first batch: 120 - 90 = 30 cans for the amount of 30 x 40-00 = 1 200-00 rubles;
The paint, which was the remainder at the beginning of the month, is fully credited to the remainder and at the end of the month: 100 x 35-00 = 3,500-00 rubles.
Option 2
The balance at the end of the month is 130 cans, and the paint that was on the balance at the beginning of the month (100 cans) remains unused at the end of the month, since this is not enough, 30 cans from the first batch are also included in the balance.
The cost of the balance at the end of the month is: 100 x 35-00 + 30 x 40-00 = 4 700-00 rubles
The cost of the written off paint is: (3 500-00 + 13 400-00) - 4 700-00 = 12 200-00.
Average cost of one can of discarded paint: 12,200-00 / 270 = 45-19 rubles.
Thus, with the LIFO method, the cost of written off materials and the remainder are also the same when using both options. In the second option, it is enough to accurately determine the materials from which batches make up the balance in the warehouse, and the cost of the written-off materials is determined by calculation without the obligatory assignment to a specific batch, while in the first option it is necessary to precisely determine from which batches the materials are written off and remain at the end months. With frequent purchases of materials, the first option is inconvenient due to the complexity of the calculations
Comparison of different methods of writing off inventories
When using the methods of writing off inventories - at average cost, FIFO or LIFO - the calculated values of the cost of materials written off and balances at the end of the period differ from each other. This, in turn, affects the cost of production, the amount of profit. Therefore, when choosing a method for disposing of materials, it is necessary to determine which criteria are most important.Received within a month:
1 batch: 500 units at a price of 130-00 rubles per unit for the total amount:
500 x 130-00 = 65,000-00 rubles;
2 batch: 600 units at a price of 170-00 rubles per unit for the total amount:
600 x 170-00 rubles = 102,000-00 rubles;
3rd batch: 200 units at a price of 180-00 rubles per unit for the total amount:
200 x 180-00 = 36,000-00 rubles.
The total number of materials (balance at the beginning of the month and received): 300 + 500 + 600 + 200 = 1 600 units.
The total cost of materials: 33,000-00 + 65,000-00 + 102,000-00 + 36,000-00 = 236,000-00 rubles
The average unit cost is: 236,000-00 / 1,600 = 147-50 rubles
The cost of written off materials is: 1 200 x 147-50 = 177 000-00 rubles
The balance at the end of the month is: 400 x 147-50 = 59,000-00 rubles
B) FIFO method
Balance at the end of the month: 200 x 180-00 + 200 x 170-00 = 70,000-00 rubles
The cost of written off materials: 236,000-00 - 70,000-00 = 166,000-00 rubles
Average unit cost of written off materials: 166,000-00 / 1,200 = 138-33 rubles
Average unit cost of materials on the balance: 70,000-00 / 400 = 175-00 rubles
C) LIFO method
Balance at the end of the month: 300 x 110-00 + 100 x 130-00 = 46,000-00 rubles
The cost of written off materials: 236,000-00 - 46,000-00 = 190,000-00 rubles
Average unit cost of written off materials: 190,000-00 / 1,200 = 158-33 rubles
Average unit cost of materials on the balance: 46,000-00 / 400 = 115-00 rubles
Thus, we see that under the condition of a constant increase in prices for materials when using the FIFO method, the cost of written off materials is the lowest, and the cost of materials on the balance is maximum. In this case, the cost of production is lower and, accordingly, the profit from the sale of products is higher.
When using the LIFO method, the cost of written-off materials is maximum, while the cost of production increases and, accordingly, the profit decreases. The cost of materials on the remainder is less.
When using the method of write-off at the average cost, the cost of written-off materials and, therefore, the cost of production are less determined by price fluctuations and can remain at a fairly stable level.
Hence, we can draw the following conclusion: the LIFO method is convenient for minimizing income tax. The FIFO method is most disadvantageous for these purposes, since in this case taxes increase. However, if the organization aims to maximize profits and, therefore, increase the amount of dividends paid, it is more convenient to apply the FIFO method. In addition, this method allows you to obtain more reliable data on the cost of materials written off and the cost of production, since in practice, materials are usually written off in the order of receipt.
These findings hold true if material prices rise. If prices for materials tend to decrease, then the FIFO method becomes more convenient to minimize taxes, and the LIFO method is least suitable for these purposes. The average cost method still gives the average.
To demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of various methods for disposing of inventories, we considered options in which prices for materials are either constantly increasing or constantly decreasing. In practice, material prices can both rise and fall. In this case, the differences between the methods are not so obvious.
Let's change the conditions of the previous example.
At the beginning of the month, the balance of materials was 300 units at a price of 110-00 rubles per unit for the total amount: 300 x 110-00 = 33,000-00 rubles.
Received within a month:
1 batch: 500 units at a price of 170-00 rubles per unit for the total amount:
500 x 170-00 = 85,000-00 rubles;
2 batch: 600 units at a price of 180-00 rubles per unit for the total amount:
600 x 180-00 rubles = 108,000-00 rubles;
3rd batch: 200 units at a price of 130-00 rubles per unit for the total amount:
200 x 130-00 = 26,000-00 rubles.
Total number of materials (balance at the beginning of the month and received):
300 + 500 + 600 + 200 = 1,600 units.
The total cost of materials: 33,000-00 + 85,000-00 + 108,000-00 + 26,000-00 = 252,000-00 rubles
During the month, 1,200 units were consumed.
Remaining at the end of the month: 1,600 - 1,200 = 400 units.
A) Average cost method.
The average unit cost is: 252,000-00 / 1,600 = 157-50 rubles
The cost of written off materials is: 1 200 x 157-50 = 189 000-00 rubles
The balance at the end of the month is: 400 x 157-50 = 63,000-00 rubles
B) FIFO method
Balance at the end of the month: 200 x 130-00 + 200 x 180-00 = 62,000-00 rubles
The cost of written off materials: 252,000-00 - 62,000-00 = 190,000-00 rubles
Average unit cost of written off materials: 190,000-00 / 1,200 = 158-33 rubles
Average cost per unit of materials on the balance: 62,000-00 / 400 = 155-00 rubles
C) LIFO method
Balance at the end of the month: 300 x 110-00 + 100 x 170-00 = 50,000-00 rubles
The cost of written off materials: 252,000-00 - 50,000-00 = 202,000-00 rubles
Average unit cost of written off materials: 202,000-00 / 1,200 = 168-33 rubles
Average unit cost of materials on the balance: 50,000-00 / 400 = 125-00 rubles
Let's combine the obtained results into a table.
As you can see, under the conditions of this example, all three methods give similar results, and when using the methods of average cost and FIFO, the obtained values are practically the same. Depending on the dynamics of prices, situations may arise when the methods of average cost and LIFO, or FIFO and LIFO, or all three methods will lead to the same results.
Basic transactions for the write-off of raw materials and materials
Basic Inventory Posting
Documenting and operational accounting of the movement of inventories
Materials are stored in the warehouse under the responsibility of the storekeeper, with whom an agreement on full liability has been concluded.At the buyer's warehouse, the storekeeper checks, weighs and recalculates the accepted values. For the actual quantity of received materials, the storekeeper draws up a receipt order (one-line, multi-line).
If there is a shortage of material, an acceptance certificate is drawn up. A commission is created to draw up an act. It should include a representative of the supplier, transport organization or a third, uninterested party.
In the event that a shortage is found due to the fault of the supplier or the transport organization, this act is the basis for filing a claim.
Acceptance of valuables by the storekeeper can be carried out from the forwarder (employee of the given enterprise) or from the supplier's representative. The forwarder is preliminarily issued a power of attorney, according to which he receives the goods at the supplier's warehouse or from a transport organization.
The materials accepted according to receipt orders or acts, the storekeeper reflects in the warehouse accounting card. The inventory card is a register for the analytical accounting of production stocks. For each individual type, brand, standard size of material, a separate card is entered.
The card is issued by the accountant of the material department and transferred to the warehouse by the storekeeper. Entries in the card are made on the basis of primary documents. According to the values received, their quantity is reflected in the receipt column and the balance is immediately displayed on this line.
Materials stored in the warehouse are constantly released for production and other needs of the enterprise. Each release operation is necessarily recorded in the primary document.
There are two main types of consumable documents: requirement, limit-fence card.
The requirement is used to register a one-time supply of materials, most often auxiliary materials, as well as spare parts. Requirements can be single-line or multi-line. Requirements are written out by the shop in duplicate. Then they are checked in the supply department in order to clarify the item number. Upon release, the storekeeper reflects the actually released quantity of goods in two copies of the requirement. One copy of the request remains with the storekeeper, and the other - with the representative of the shop.
The intake limit card is used for multiple dispensing of the same material within a month. It is issued by the planning department before the beginning of the month in duplicate for the shop and warehouse. Based on the production program, it defines a monthly limit for the release or collection of materials. Each vacation operation is recorded in two copies of the card and the rest of the limit is immediately noted. The convenience of limit-fence cards is that the number of issued consumables is reduced and the actual issue of materials is controlled.
If, during the release of materials, various kinds of deviations arise (replacement of one material with another, over-limit vacation for elimination of accidents), then a “signal” requirement is issued with a visa of the chief engineer.
The release of materials to the outside in the order of sale is reflected in the invoices, which are issued by the sales department. The waybill is issued in three, four or five copies, two of which remain at the given enterprise: one at the storekeeper, and the second at the checkpoint.
The warehouse inventory card is a register for the analytical accounting of materials; it can be kept by the storekeeper only in quantitative or quantitative-sum terms. From the cards, a card index is compiled, which is located in the warehouse at the storekeeper.
Every day or with the frequency established in the organization, the storekeeper submits to the accounting department for verification all the primary documents that justify his actions with the materials, as well as the register of documents.
At the end of the month, the storekeeper fills out the balance sheet, and for each type, size of materials (that is, for each item number), the quantitative balances from the inventory cards are entered into it.
The balance sheet is set up for a year and filled out once a month. If the warehouse keeps records in terms of quantity and value, then instead of the balance sheet, the storekeeper fills in the turnover sheet. The balance sheet is transferred to the accountant of the material department for control.
Inventory audit
One of the most difficult and voluminous areas of accounting and, therefore, audit is the accounting of inventories.On April 23, 2004, the Ministry of Finance of Russia approved Methodological Recommendations for the collection of audit evidence of the reliability of indicators of inventories c.
The rule (standard) of auditing activities "Study and assessment of accounting and internal control systems during audit", approved by the Auditing Commission under the President of the Russian Federation, instructs the auditor to study and evaluate the accounting and internal control systems of the auditee.
The study of these systems occurs, as a rule, by visual acquaintance with the documents and interviews of personnel involved in ensuring the functioning of the accounting system used by the audited economic entity. It is impossible to get acquainted with the entire set of document flow of a large enterprise. Typically, spot checks are used, with the main focus on the internal control system. The better the internal control system is organized, the less can be the risk of non-detection of errors during a random check, the less time the auditor will spend on the quality performance of his work. However, if the audited organization does not have a separate internal control department, then often ordinary accounting employees do not have a clear idea of the existing control.
If the proportion of inventories is more than 5% of the balance sheet asset, then you should be very careful about checking, since the cost of materials takes up a significant part in the cost of production. Often, the financial result of the entire enterprise directly depends on the solution of issues related to the procurement and delivery of materials. In addition, errors made in accounting lead to incorrect formation of the cost of finished products, to distortion of the financial result, taxable profit. Therefore, it is important to identify all the features of the synthetic and analytical accounting of materials at the audited enterprise. It should be noted that analytical information on the composition, cost, movement of materials used in production is important for ensuring control over their safety, as well as for making optimal management decisions.
According to the accounting of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise and the Instructions for its use, the accounting of materials can be carried out in two ways:
At actual prices on account 10 "Materials";
- at planned and accounting prices on account 10 using account 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials".
If the contract provides for the transfer of ownership of the materials as they are paid for, then the received but unpaid values should be accounted for on the off-balance sheet account 002 "Inventories accepted for safekeeping." Likewise, unbilled deliveries of materials and materials in transit are taken into account.
To ensure the safety of materials, agreements on material liability (individual or collective) are concluded with employees, orders are issued on the appointment of materially responsible persons of the enterprise, and inventories are carried out.
When starting to check the materials, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the accounting policy of the enterprise, which should reflect the issues of the order of acquisition and procurement, the assessment of materials when they are written off to production and circulation costs.
When determining the turnovers and balances on account 10, it is necessary to compare the current balance and the balance for a number of previous reporting periods, i.e. identify the change in the balance of account 10 in dynamics, calculate the proportion of the balance in account 10 in the balance sheet asset and also consider this indicator in dynamics.
In accordance with clause 2 of article 10 of the Federal Law of November 21, 1996. 129-ФЗ "On accounting" (as amended and supplemented) business transactions should be reflected in the accounting registers in chronological order and grouped according to the corresponding accounting accounts.
By familiarizing themselves with the inventory records and collation lists, they check the correctness of the reflection in the accounting of the results of the inventory.
In accordance with the Regulation on accounting "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01), approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001. No. 44n, the actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual acquisition costs, excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes.
Actual costs are recognized:
Amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);
- amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
- customs duties and other payments;
- non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of inventories;
- fees paid to the intermediary organization,
- costs of procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs.
When materials are disposed of, their assessment is carried out in one of the following ways:
At the cost of each unit;
- at the average cost;
- at the cost of the first purchase of materials (FIFO);
- at the cost of the most recent acquisition of materials (LIFO).
In the order on accounting policy, different valuation methods may be used for different names of materials.
According to clause 82 of the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998. No. 34n, in the event of any disposal of property from the company's balance sheet (except for writing off to the cost of finished products), the loss or income is charged to the financial results of a commercial organization or an increase in expenses (income) of a non-profit organization.
This loss does not deduct taxable profit.
Account 28 "Defect in production" serves to summarize information about the product, which, due to the defects in it, cannot be used for its intended purpose. Losses from marriage are recognized costs that the company must incur to correct the marriage, losses that it has incurred or will have to incur due to the inability to use the rejected product for its intended purpose. A special commission should be created at the enterprise, which, upon detection of a defect, draws up an appropriate act, on the basis of which the accounting department makes the appropriate entries.
The amounts collected on the debit of account 28 are divided into reducing losses from marriage and written off to the cost price as losses from marriage. Losses from marriage can be reduced due to the possible use of rejected products, amounts to be collected from suppliers for the supply of substandard materials, as a result of which a marriage was allowed to be withheld from the perpetrators, if any
VAT on defective materials written off through account 28 on production and distribution costs is subject to reimbursement from the budget.
1. Existence. You need to make sure that all the reported materials actually exist.
2. Rights and obligations. You must make sure that the organization's rights to the materials reflected in the reporting are documented and not limited by the rights of third parties.
3. Occurrence. It is necessary to make sure that the transactions for the acquisition and disposal of materials recorded in the accounting records took place during the reporting period.
4. Completeness. It is necessary to make sure that there are no materials that should have been reflected in accounting and reporting, but were not reflected in it.
5. Cost estimate. Make sure that:
Inventories are reflected in the accounting and reporting in a correct assessment: at the actual cost or at the market value, if it is lower than the actual cost;
- the method of assessing inventories when they are released into production or otherwise disposed of is applied in accordance with the accounting policy adopted by the organization.
6. Measurement. It is necessary to ensure that purchases and disposals of materials are accounted for in the correct valuation and in the relevant reporting period.
7. Presentation and disclosure. Make sure that:
Materials are correctly classified in the reporting as raw materials and supplies, finished goods, goods for resale;
- transactions with materials are reflected in the accounting records in accordance with the regulations governing the accounting procedure in the Russian Federation;
- all material information about the materials is disclosed in the statements.
The collection of audit evidence is carried out by conducting audit procedures, which are carried out in three stages.
1st stage... Audit preparation and planning procedures.
2nd stage. Substantive procedures.
3rd stage. Final procedures (analysis of errors, formation of an opinion on the reliability of indicators).
Thus, the auditor must have sufficient knowledge, skills and abilities in accounting, in, navigate the legislation. Having developed schemes for all accounting accounts, it seems expedient to create on their basis a computerized system, using which the auditor can significantly reduce the verification time and increase its quality.
Material accounting
Accounting for inventories is regulated by the regulation on accounting 5/01 - accounting for inventories and guidelines for accounting for inventories. These documents regulate the definition, assessment, accounting of movement and reflection of information on inventories in accounting and reporting.
Inventories are assets used as raw materials, materials, in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, assets held for sale (goods, finished products), as well as other assets used for the management needs of the organization.
Inventories are used in economic circulation only once.
As a unit of accounting for inventories, an item number, batch or homogeneous group of stocks is typed. The enterprise chooses the accounting units of the refinery independently.
Depending on their role in the production process, refineries are divided into the following groups:
Container and container materials
Spare parts
Other materials
Raw materials and supplies
Purchased semi-finished products
Raw materials and basic materials form the material basis of products and are consumed in the production process. Auxiliary materials are used to improve the consumer properties of manufactured products. Auxiliary materials can also be consumed in the process of maintenance of production and repair of fixed assets.
Purchased semi-finished products are materials that have passed certain stages of processing, but are not finished products.
Fuel. According to the purpose and conditions of use, the fuel is divided into energy, technological, propulsion and economic.
Containers and container materials are used for packaging, transportation and storage of various materials and products.
Spare parts are intended for repairs, replacement of worn-out parts of machines, equipment and vehicles.
Other materials include production waste, irreparable waste, etc.
Materials are accepted for accounting at their actual cost, which includes all actual costs associated with the purchase of materials, excluding VAT and other reimbursable taxes. The composition of the actual costs also includes the costs associated with the transportation of material and bringing them to a condition suitable for use. Costs do not include general production and other similar costs unless they are directly related to the acquisition of inventory.
If materials are produced in-house, then the actual cost of materials is determined by the actual costs associated with the production of these stocks. The actual cost of materials is not subject to change, except as provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Materials that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or orders, in accordance with the terms of the contract, are accepted for accounting on off-balance sheet accounts in the assessment provided for in the contract.
When materials are released into production or otherwise disposed of, they are evaluated in one of the following ways:
At the cost of each unit
Average cost
At the cost of the first acquisitions (FIFO method)
Materials used by the organization in a special order (precious metals and precious stones) or inventories that cannot in the usual way replace each other are valued at the cost of each unit.
Materials of a homogeneous type (inventory group) are valued at average cost.
FIFO method: materials that come first are written off first.
Materials that are morally obsolete or have completely or partially lost their original properties, or the current sales value of such materials has significantly decreased in accounting for such materials, it is allowed to form a reserve for a decrease in the cost of material assets. In the balance sheet, the cost of such materials will be reflected less the amount of the reserve. The provision is made for the difference between the current market value and the actual cost of materials. The amount of reserves is charged to and included in other expenses.
Accounting for materials in the warehouse and in the accounting department
Analytical accounting of materials involves the use of unified forms of primary accounting documents: power of attorney, receipt order, act of acceptance of materials, limit fence card, invoice requirements, invoice for the release of materials to the side, material accounting card. To store materials, the organization creates warehouses, which must be provided with appropriate equipment. Materials are stored in containers, on racks, on shelves by groups, grades, sizes, which ensures acceptance, dispensing and control over their availability. The accounting of materials in the warehouse is carried out by materially responsible persons - storekeepers, with whom an agreement on full material responsibility is concluded. The accounting of the movement of materials is carried out in kind in the cards of the warehouse accounting of materials. The card is opened in the accounting department for each stock number of the material, is registered in the register and is handed over to the storekeeper against receipt. The storekeeper, as materials are received and issued, makes entries in the card and displays the balance as of the reporting date. The accountant regularly checks the correctness of the cards and confirms this with his signature. At the same time, the storekeeper hands over, and the accountant accepts income and expense documents for materials according to the register of a standard form.
If the enterprise has pantries, then the materially responsible persons on a monthly basis draw up and submit to the accounting department a report on the delivery and movement of materials, which contains data on the balances at the beginning of the month, the receipt of materials for the month, the consumption of materials for the month and data on the balances for end of the reporting month.
Accounting for materials in accounting can be organized by various methods:
Maintaining analytical accounting cards, in which, on the basis of primary documents, transactions on the movement of materials in kind and in value terms are reflected according to the data of the cards at the end of the reporting month, the quantitative and total turnover statements of analytical accounting are compiled. The data of these statements are reconciled with the balances of the synthetic accounts.
Keeping turnover sheets. All incoming and outgoing documents are grouped by item numbers and at the end of the month, the totals calculated from the documents on the movement of each type of materials are recorded in the turnover sheet. The data of turnover lists is verified with the data of cards in the warehouse.
Salt method. With the balance method, accounting for the movement of materials is carried out by groups only in value terms.
In the accounting service, regardless of the adopted method of analytical accounting, synthetic accounting of the movement of materials in value terms should be kept for the corresponding synthetic accounts, and within accounts for warehouses, materially responsible persons and groups of materials. The storekeeper displays the balances of materials in kind on the 1st day of each month. The balances are recorded in the balance sheet or book. An employee of the accounting service checks the balances against this balance book. Generalization and grouping and information about the movement of materials is maintained in the lists of the movement of materials (accumulative lists). They are formed monthly, separately for each warehouse or for other storage locations. On the basis of cumulative statements, a consolidated statement is formed.
Organization of synthetic accounting. To account for materials, use account 10, to which sub-accounts can be opened:
10.1 - raw materials and supplies
10.2 - purchased semi-finished products, components, structures and parts
10.3 - fuel
10.4 containers and container materials
10.5 - spare parts
10.6 - other materials
Materials come to the organization from suppliers, accountable persons, founders, free of charge from legal entities and individuals, and can also be produced by the organization itself. On account 10, materials can be reflected either at actual cost or at discount prices.
Hose operation |
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Accepted for payment of suppliers' invoices for received inventories |
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Paid for the received materials |
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Written off to reduce the debt to the budget the amount of VAT (VAT offset) |
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Materials purchased through an accountable person |
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Accepted for payment of invoices of transport organizations related to the transportation of materials |
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Accrued wages for loading and unloading operations |
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Insurance premiums accrued |
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Reflected other expenses related to the purchase of inventories |
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Reflected in the cost of materials transferred by the founders as a contribution to the authorized capital |
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Recorded materials at market value received free of charge |
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Issue of materials to production is reflected |
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The inventories are written off for general production needs |
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Writing off to the general farm needs |
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Material released to correct marriage |
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Materials released for packaging and transportation |
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The lack of materials is reflected at the actual cost |
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Reflects the market value of the materials to be recovered by the perpetrators |
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The amount of the reserve for the reduction in the cost of the MH is reflected |
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NON-STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTION
WESTERN SIBERIAN INSTITUTE OF FINANCE AND LAW
Faculty of Economics
Department of Accounting, Analysis and Auditing
COURSEWORK
Discipline:Accounting (financial) accounting
Topic:Material accounting
Completed by: Babikova T.I.
Group B-731
Checked by: Senior Lecturer
Borzova A.S
Nizhnevartovsk
20 09
Introduction
1. Theoretical foundations of materials accounting
1.1 Concept of materials and their classification
1.2 Methods for evaluating materials transferred to production
2. Organization of materials accounting
2.1 Documenting the receipt and consumption of materials
2.2 Accounting for materials in warehouses and accounting
2.3 Material Inventory
3. Features of the reflection of business transactions for the accounting of materials of LLC "PlastMontazh"
3.1 Brief description of LLC "PlastMontazh"
3.2 Business transactions for accounting and movement of materials
Conclusion
List of used literature
Applications
Introduction
Accounting - the main link in the formation of economic policy, a business tool, one of the main mechanisms for managing production processes and selling products - contributes to improving the organization of production, operational and long-term planning, forecasting and analysis of economic activities.
Accounting of materials of the enterprise occupies one of the main places in accounting for the enterprise as a whole.
Materials represent one of the constituent parts of the property of the enterprise, necessary for the normal implementation and expansion of its activities.
Materials serve the sphere of production and are its material basis. They are necessary to ensure the production process, value creation.
The efficiency of the enterprise largely depends on the correct determination of the need for materials. The optimal supply of materials leads to minimization of costs, improvement of financial results, to the rhythm and coherence of the enterprise. Overestimation of the amount of materials leads to slowdown and freezing of resources. Among other things, it is costly for the company, since there are additional costs for storage and warehousing, for the payment of property tax. Understatement of materials can lead to interruptions in the production and sale of products, to the late fulfillment of its obligations by the enterprise. In both cases, the consequence is an unstable financial condition, irrational use of resources, leading to loss of benefits.
The main tasks of materials accounting are: control over the safety of material resources, compliance of warehouse stocks with standards; control over the implementation of plans for the supply of materials; identification of the actual costs associated with the procurement of materials; control over the observance of norms of production consumption; correct distribution of the cost of materials used in the production of costing objects; rational assessment of materials.
The aim of the course work is to study accounting materials.
This topic has been comprehensively studied in the work from the concept of materials and their classification, methods of material assessment to the organization of accounting for materials both in warehouses and in the accounting department, and the practical part is presented in the form of a study of accounting of materials on the example of PlastMontazh LLC.
In connection with this goal, the following tasks have been implemented in the work:
The concept of materials and their classification is considered;
Methods for evaluating materials transferred to production are considered;
The organization of accounting of materials in warehouses and in the accounting department, inventory of materials has been studied;
The organizational and economic characteristics of LLC "PlastMontazh"
Considered business transactions for accounting and movement of materials of the investigated object
The object of the research is PlastMontazh LLC.
The subject of the research is the accounting of materials of the considered enterprise.
Course work consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliography and applications.
The work contains 42 pages, 10 appendices.
1. Theoretical foundations of materials accounting
1.1 The concept of materials and their classification
One of the necessary elements of the production process of any industrial enterprise are objects of labor, which are ready-made natural or pre-processed material resources: raw materials and materials, semi-finished products, fuel, spare parts, etc. product of consumption.
In accordance with the definition of materials, which is given to them in the regulatory documents on accounting (Regulation on accounting "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01), approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation Order of June 9, 2001 N 44n) to accounting assets are accepted as inventories:
Used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services);
Intended for sale;
Used for the management needs of the organization.
Finished products are part of the inventories intended for sale (the end result of the production cycle, assets completed by processing (packaging), the technical and quality characteristics of which correspond to the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents, in cases established by law).
The goods are part of inventories acquired or received from other legal or natural persons and held for sale.
Unlike fixed assets, material resources participate in the production process once and transfer their value to the created product completely. Therefore, after each production process, they have to be renewed.
At manufacturing enterprises, material resources in the cost of manufactured products occupy a significant share. Therefore, their accounting, storage and rational use in the production process is important in increasing the efficiency of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.
The main tasks of accounting for material resources are:
Correct and timely documenting of all operations on the movement of material resources;
Control over the safety of material resources in places of their storage and at all stages of movement;
Monitoring compliance with the established rates of consumption of material resources in the production process;
Timely identification of surplus material resources to be sold to other enterprises, etc.
The necessary conditions for effective control over the safety and rational use of material resources at the enterprise are:
Correct organization of material and technical supply;
Good condition of the warehouse and weighing facilities;
Use of progressive rates of consumption of material resources;
A set of persons who are financially responsible for the reception, preservation and release of material resources.
For the correct organization of the accounting of material resources, their scientifically based classification, assessment and selection of the accounting unit are important.
In the production process, materials are used in different ways. Some of them are completely consumed in the production process (raw materials and materials), others only change their shape (lubricants, paints), others enter the product without any external changes (spare parts), the fourth only contribute to the manufacture of products, are not included in their mass or chemical composition.
Depending on the functional role and purpose in the production process, they are divided into groups: raw materials and materials; purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts; fuel; container and container materials; spare parts; Other materials; outsourced materials; Construction Materials; inventory and household supplies.
In accordance with the chart of accounts of accounting, all materials of the enterprise are accounted for on account 10 "Materials"
Account 10 "Materials" is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of raw materials, materials, fuel, spare parts, inventory and household accessories, containers, etc. values of the organization (including those in transit and processing).
Materials are accounted for on account 10 "Materials" at the actual cost of their purchase (procurement) or discount prices.
Account 10 "Materials" is divided into several groups. For each of the groups on account 10 "Materials" there is a separate subaccount:
10-1 "Raw materials and materials";
10-2 "Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts";
10-3 "Fuel";
10-4 "Containers and container materials";
10-5 "Spare parts";
10-6 "Other materials";
10-7 "Materials outsourced for processing";
10-8 "Building materials";
10-9 "Inventory and household accessories";
10-10 "Special equipment and special clothing in stock";
10-11 "Special equipment and special clothing in operation", etc.
The group "Raw materials and materials" is further subdivided into subgroups: "Raw materials and basic materials" and "Auxiliary materials".
Raw materials and basic materials constitute the material basis of the manufactured products. Raw materials are products of agriculture (grain, wool, cotton, fruits, berries, vegetables) and extractive industries (oil, ore, gas, etc.). The main materials are considered products of the manufacturing industry (flour, sugar, fabric, metal, leather, etc.).
Supporting materials are not materially included in the manufactured products, but are used for the operation of technological equipment (lubricants and cleaning materials), for household needs and maintenance (nails, paints, etc.), for office needs (paper, forms of documents and registers, pens, pencils and others), for medical care (medicines, bandages).
It should be borne in mind that the division of materials into main and auxiliary is possible only at a specific enterprise. This is due to the fact that one and the same material at one enterprise can be attributed to the composition of the main materials, and at another - auxiliary. For example, fuel in a power plant for technological purposes is the main material, and in a manufacturing enterprise for heating premises it is an auxiliary material; starch in the confectionery industry is part of the main materials, and in the textile industry - auxiliary.
Purchased semi-finished products, components, structures and parts are objects of labor manufactured by another enterprise and intended for further processing at this enterprise. In the manufacture of products, they play the same role as the basic materials, i.e. constitute their material basis.
Recyclable waste of production - the remains of raw materials and materials formed in the process of their processing into finished products, completely or partially lost the consumer properties of raw materials and materials (sawdust, shavings, etc.).
According to their functional role in the production process, they are the main materials (various fillings in the confectionery industry, malt in brewing, yarn in the textile industry, motors in mechanical engineering). The need to separate them into a separate accounting group is due to an increase in their share in large enterprises in connection with the development of specialization and cooperation in production.
Enterprises can also have semi-finished products of their own production, which are accounted for either on special account 21 "Self-made semi-finished products", or as part of work in progress.
Fuel according to its functional role and purpose in the production process, it is one of the types of auxiliary materials. Due to its significant share in the total mass of auxiliary materials and its great national economic importance, it is allocated to a separate accounting group.
Fuel is divided into three groups: process fuel used for the manufacture of products, for example, for baking ovens; energy fuel used for steam generation in steam power facilities and electricity at plant substations; economic used for space heating.
Container and container materials used for packaging, transportation and storage of materials, semi-finished products and finished products.
The conditions for the delivery of goods may provide for certain types of packaging that are subject to mandatory return to suppliers or delivery to tare-collecting and tare-repair enterprises. Reusable containers mainly include reusable containers. In some cases, in order to ensure the timely return of the packaging, the supplier collects a deposit from the buyer, which is credited to him after the delivery of the packaging during the final settlement. Such a container is called collateral.
Depending on the cost and service life, the container is accounted for either as part of fixed assets or as part of inventories.
Inventory and household items are part of the organization's inventory that is used as a means of labor for no more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months (inventory, tools, etc.).
Spare parts purchase and use for the repair and replacement of worn-out parts of machinery, equipment, vehicles, etc.
At manufacturing enterprises, a special group is allocated Other materials , which include: production waste (trimmings, shavings, flap, etc.); material assets received from the liquidation of fixed assets that cannot be used as materials, fuel or spare parts at this enterprise (scrap metal, waste materials); worn out tires and scrap rubber, etc.
In addition, materials are classified according to their technical properties and are divided into groups: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, pipes, etc.
The specified classifications of inventories are used to construct synthetic and analytical accounting, as well as to compile a statistical report on balances, receipt and consumption of raw materials and materials in production and operational activities.
On the hotel subaccount of account 10 "Materials" are taken into account outsourced materials ... The cost of such materials is later included in the cost of products obtained from processing.
Construction Materials used by developers directly in the process of construction and installation work.
At manufacturing enterprises, inventory and household accessories are also taken into account on a separate subaccount, that is, means of labor, which are included in the composition of funds in circulation.
In manufacturing plants, in addition, materials that do not belong to them may be taken into account. Accounting for such materials is kept on off-balance sheet accounts: 002 "Inventories accepted for safekeeping"; 003 "Materials accepted for processing".
The above groupings are still insufficient for comprehensive control over the state and movement of materials. Their accounting and control should be carried out not only by groups, subgroups, but also by each name, type, size, grade, etc. Therefore, the general classification of materials is detailed in the nomenclature-price tag.
The nomenclature-price tag is a systematized list of materials used in the enterprise. Usually it contains the stock list number of the material, name, grade, size and other characteristics, as well as the unit of measure and the accounting price. The nomenclature-price tag is used as a reference by almost all departments of the enterprise (department of material and technical supply, etc.). In the nomenclature-price tag also indicate the fixed valuation price and the unit of measure for materials. When using computers in accounting, the content of the price-list item can be significantly expanded by introducing into it indicators of the stock rate, numbers of synthetic accounts and sub-accounts, and some other permanent characteristics. The coding of a price-tag item is usually carried out according to a mixed serial-serial system, using seven to eight-digit codes. The first two characters indicate a synthetic account, the third defines a sub-account, one or two of the following characters mean a group of materials, the rest are various signs, characteristics of the material. The information contained in the items-price tags refers to the conditionally constant. It is written to machine media and reused to produce the required output.
Analytical accounting of materials is organized in strict accordance with the construction of the nomenclature reference book, and the assigned nomenclature number must be affixed to all documents related to the registration of receipt and release of the corresponding materials.
1.2 Methods for evaluating materialstransferredinto production
Evaluation is of great importance in organizing the accounting of materials.
In accordance with the Regulation on accounting "Accounting for inventories" PBU 5/01 Materials are accepted for accounting at their actual cost.
The actual cost of materials is the amount of actual costs of the organization for the acquisition.
The actual costs of acquiring inventories include:
Amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier;
The costs of transportation, storage and delivery of materials to the warehouse of the enterprise;
Expenses for information and consulting services related to the purchase of materials;
Customs duties;
Remuneration to intermediary organizations;
Non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the purchase of materials (customs duties);
The cost of bringing materials to a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes. These costs include the costs of the organization for processing, sorting, packing and improving the technical characteristics of the received stocks, not related to the production of products, performance of work and provision of services;
Other costs directly related to the purchase of inventories.
The actual cost of materials does not include the amount of value added tax (VAT) paid to suppliers, transport and other organizations.
General operating and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of purchasing inventories, except for cases when they are directly related to the purchase of inventories.
The actual cost of inventories when they are manufactured by the organization is made up of the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories.
The stocks contributed to the account of the contribution to the authorized (pooled) capital of the organization is determined on the basis of their monetary value, agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The actual cost of inventories received by the organization under a donation agreement or free of charge is determined based on their market value as of the date of posting, and inventories acquired in exchange for other property (except for cash), based on the value of the property being exchanged, which is set based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, an entity would normally determine the value of similar items.
Materials for which the current market value has decreased during the year, or which have become obsolete, have completely or partially lost their original quality, are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year minus the provision for depreciation of tangible assets.
Inventories that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the contract, are accepted for accounting on off-balance sheet accounts in the assessment provided for in the contract.
The actual cost of material resources is determined based on the costs of their acquisition, including the payment of interest for the purchase on credit provided by the supplier of these resources, accrued interest on borrowed funds attracted for the acquisition of stocks (before they are accepted for accounting), mark-up (markup), commission , paid to supplying, foreign economic organizations, customs duties, costs of transportation, storage and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, if they are not included in the purchase price, costs of bringing stocks to a state suitable for use at planned prices, other costs directly related to the purchase of materials.
Actual costs for the acquisition of materials are determined taking into account the amount differences that arise before the inventory is accepted for accounting, in cases where payment is made in rubles in an amount equivalent to the amount in foreign currency (conventional monetary units).
Calculation of the actual cost of procurement of each type of raw materials and materials requires a significant investment of labor and time. Therefore, the actual cost of procurement is calculated by only a small part of organizations for the main types of raw materials or materials. In most organizations, the current accounting of material assets is carried out at fixed accounting prices - at average purchase prices, at the planned cost, etc. Deviations of the actual cost of materials from the average purchase price or from the planned cost are recorded on separate analytical accounts for groups of materials. With the advent of computers and electronic marking, more and more possibilities are created for calculating the actual cost of certain types of material resources.
It should be noted that the organization of the current accounting of materials at the actual cost requires significant labor and time. With a large range of materials used, their actual cost can be calculated only at the end of the month, when the accounting department will have all the necessary information (invoices, payment documents) about the received and capitalized materials. The movement of materials at the enterprise occurs daily, and it should be reflected in the accounting in a timely manner. This makes it necessary to use conditional, so-called discount prices in the current accounting of materials. The planned cost of purchase (procurement), average purchase prices, standard cost, etc. can be used as such prices.
Application of discount prices in practice greatly simplifies and facilitates accounting work. Operations and accounting workers get used to them, which limits the possibility of errors. In addition, full correspondence between quantity and amount strengthens the control functions of accounting, since dividing the amount by the price can check the quantity of materials, and multiplying the quantity by the price - the amount. Such techniques are used in the process of checking the totals of goods movements for the reporting period.
When using the established accounting prices in the current accounting, the amounts and percentages of deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at such prices are calculated monthly. Adding deviations (plus or minus) to the cost of materials at book prices gives their actual cost.
The use of accounting prices in the practice of enterprises is provided for by the chart of accounts of accounting and instructions for its use, in accordance with which synthetic accounting of materials at accounting prices is allowed to be carried out on account 10 "Materials". In this case, the deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at discount prices are entered into a separate synthetic account 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials".
With an insignificant nomenclature and the possibility of organizing analytical accounting of materials in batches, manufacturing enterprises can use the prices of the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) as accounting prices. In this case, the price per unit of material is determined by dividing the total actual cost of purchasing (procurement) materials by their quantity. At these prices, materials are released into production.
When inventories are released into production, their assessment is made in one of the following ways:
At the cost of each unit;
At the average cost;
At the cost of the first purchase of inventories (FIFO method);
It should be borne in mind that a manufacturing enterprise during the entire reporting year can apply only one of the above methods, which is recorded in its accounting policy.
Method of valuation of materials at the cost of each unit based on an individual inventory estimate representing the acquisition cost of a specific item. First of all, this applies to materials used by the company in a special order (precious metals, precious stones, explosives, etc.), and materials that cannot replace each other.
Method for evaluating materials at average cost traditional for domestic accounting practice. During the reporting month, material resources, regardless of the prices at which they were purchased, are accounted for and written off for production, as a rule, at fixed discount prices. At the end of the month, the corresponding share of deviations of the actual cost of material resources from their cost at discount prices is also written off here.
When evaluating materials using the FIFO method apply the first-come, first-out rule. This means that regardless of which batch of materials is released into production, materials are first written off at the price (cost) of the first purchased batch, then at the price of the second batch, etc., in order of priority, until the total quantity of consumed materials is received. per month.
The use of these assessment methods orients production enterprises to the organization of analytical accounting of materials not only by their types, but also by individual batches.
An analysis of the use of the above methods for assessing materials allows us to draw the following conclusions.
The FIFO method assumes that materials should be written off at the cost of the respective parties in chronological order of their receipt. In conditions of inflation, it causes an underestimation of the cost of resources allocated for production, an overestimation of their balance in the balance sheet, and, consequently, an overestimation of the financial result from core activities and an improvement in liquidity indicators. It is advisable to use this method for organizations planning to make capital investments at their own expense and enjoying the corresponding incentives for income tax.
The method of the average cost price makes it possible to estimate the supplied resources at the average cost price. It is moderate in terms of its impact on the tax base and liquidity compared to the FIFO method.
2. Organization of materials accounting
2.1 Documenting the receipt and expenditure of materials
Primary documents on the receipt and consumption of materials play an important role in the organization of material accounting, as they are its basis. Directly according to the primary documents, preliminary, current and subsequent control over the movement, safety and rational use of materials is carried out.
Primary documents on the movement of materials must be carefully drawn up, must contain the signatures of the persons who performed the operations, and the codes of the corresponding accounting objects. Control over compliance with the rules for registering the movement of material resources is entrusted to the chief accountant and the heads of the relevant departments.
Documenting the receipt of materials.
The receipt of materials at the enterprise is controlled by the forwarder, who monitors the fulfillment of contractual obligations by suppliers, makes them claims for the quality and shortages of materials, searches for goods if they did not arrive at the enterprise on time. The materials are also delivered to the warehouse by a freight forwarder. If a shortage or damage to the cargo is found, an act is drawn up not the right to submit claims to the transport organization or supplier.
At the time of delivery of materials to the warehouse by the forwarder, the financially responsible person checks the conformity of the quantity, quality and assortment of the received materials to the supplier's documents.
Some of them reflect the amount of the shipped cargo (plumb lines, waybills), others - quality (certificates, licenses, etc.). If the number of actually received values is in full compliance with the supplier's documents, the financially responsible person writes out a receipt order (form No. M-4).
In the case of centralized delivery of materials by road from the warehouse, the supplier issues a consignment note (form No. M-5 and M-6) in four copies:
a) to the buyer - for posting materials instead of a receipt slip;
b) to the supplier - to write off values;
c) for calculating wages for drivers of vehicles;
d) for presentation to the bank for payment;
the act of acceptance of materials (form No. M-7) is used to register the received material assets without payment documents and in case of discrepancies with the data of the accompanying documents of the supplier. The act is drawn up by the selection committee with the obligatory participation of a representative of a disinterested organization, a warehouse manager and a representative of the supply department of the enterprise. An act is drawn up in two copies: the first is transferred to the accounting department of the enterprise as the basis for accounting entries on the accounts and the calculation of the amounts of shortages or surpluses; the second goes to the marketing department to make claims to the supplier or inform him about the submission of a payment request for surplus. The presence of an act excludes an extract of a credit slip.
Incoming documents are drawn up on the day of receipt of materials.
In addition to the listed documents, invoices are drawn up - requirements for the issue of materials (form No. M-11) during the internal movement of materials from warehouse to warehouse. The financially responsible person writes out invoices in duplicate; one for the shop, the other for the warehouse - for their posting.
Production stocks of materials are replenished due to their deliveries by enterprises, suppliers or other organizations on the basis of contracts. The contracts provide for: name of materials, quantity, price, delivery time, procedure for settlements with suppliers, method of transportation, sanctions for non-compliance with the terms of the contract, procedure for acceptance. Enterprises - suppliers for the shipped products write out payment orders-orders and invoices, transfer them or send them by mail to the buyer, the latter transfer them to their bank for payment. The forwarding agent carries out operational accounting of the fulfillment of contractual obligations at the enterprise, therefore, payment orders and invoices first of all come to him. He verifies the compliance of their contracts, registers in the register of incoming goods (form No. M-1), makes a note in the book of accounting for the fulfillment of contracts and accepts, i.e. agrees to payment. After registration, payment documents receive an internal number (registration) and are transferred to the company's accounting department for payment. As the cargo arrives at the warehouse, a receipt order is issued, then at the register it is submitted to the accounting department, where it is taxed and attached to the payment document. As the bank pays for this document, the accounting department receives an extract from the current account on the write-off of funds in favor of the supplier.
During the reporting month, the company's accounting department receives payment documents from suppliers, accepted by the forwarder, accepts receipts and acceptance certificates from warehouses, receives extracts from the company's settlement and other accounts. This allows you to conclude calculations, finish them, enter the fulfillment of each party's obligations.
Deliveries for which material values arrived at the enterprise without a payment document are considered to be un-invoiced. They arrive at the warehouse, an acceptance certificate is issued, which is sent to the accounting department at the register. Here, the materials according to the act are regarded at discount prices, are recorded in the journal-order No. 6 as values received at the warehouse, in the same amount are attributed to the amount of materials in acceptance. Unbilled deliveries are registered in the journal - order No. 6 at the end of the month (in column B "Account number" the letter H is put), when the possibility of receiving a payment document in this month has disappeared. They are not subject to payment in the reporting month, since the basis for payment by the bank is payment documents (which are absent). As payment documents for this delivery in the next month are received, they are accepted by the enterprise, paid by the bank and registered by the accounting department in the journal - order No. 6 in the free line for the group of materials and in the "acceptance" column in the amount of the payment request, and on the balance line, the previously recorded amount for discount prices are also reversed for the group and in the "acceptance" column.
Documenting the expenditure of materials.
Materials are released from the warehouse of the organization for production consumption, household needs, on the side for processing and in order to sell surplus and illiquid materials.
To ensure control over the expenditure of materials and its correct documentary registration, enterprises carry out appropriate organizational measures. An important condition for monitoring the rational use of materials, for example, is their rationing and release based on established limits. The limits are calculated by the supply department based on data on the volume of production and the consumption rates of materials per unit of production.
All services of the enterprise must have a list of officials who are granted the right to sign documents for the receipt and release of materials from the warehouse, as well as issue permits for the export of materials from the enterprise. Dispensed materials must be accurately weighed, measured and counted.
The procedure for documenting the release of materials depends primarily on the organization of production, the direction of consumption and the frequency of the release of materials.
The consumption of materials released for production and for other needs is processed daily limit fence cards . They are issued by the relevant service in duplicate for one or how many types of materials and, as a rule, for a period of one month. Quarterly and semi-annual limit pick-up cards with detachable monthly coupons for actual vacation can be used. They indicate: the type of operations; number of warehouse issuing materials; recipient workshop; cost cipher;
stock list number and name of issued materials; unit of measure and limit of monthly consumption of materials, which is calculated in accordance with the production program for a month and current consumption rates.
One copy of the limit-fence card is handed over to the recipient workshop, the other - to the warehouse. The storekeeper writes down the amount of the issued material and the rest of the limit in both copies of the card and signs on the card of the receiving workshop. The representative of the shop signs for the receipt of materials in the card located in the warehouse.
Issue of materials from warehouses is carried out within the established limit. Over-limit supply of materials and the replacement of one material with another (in the absence of material in the warehouse) is drawn up with an extract of a separate invoice requirement. When replacing in the limit-intake card of the material, an entry is made: "Replacement, see requirement No. ____", - and the rest of the limit is reduced. Materials not used in production and returned to the warehouse are recorded in the limit fence card without drawing up any additional documents.
The use of limit fence cards significantly reduces the number of one-time documents. In the presence of modern computer technology, it is advisable to calculate limits and issue limit-fence cards by machines, which will increase the validity of the calculated limits and reduce the complexity of drawing up cards.
If materials from the warehouse are released infrequently, then the leave is issued with invoice requirements. Requirements are written out by the recipient workshops in duplicate. One of them with a receipt from the storekeeper remains in the shop, the second with a receipt from the recipient - with the storekeeper.
The release of materials to third-party organizations or their farms located outside the enterprise is issued invoices for the issue of materials on the side . They are issued by the supply service in duplicate on the basis of orders, contracts and other documents. The first copy of the invoice remains in the warehouse and is the basis for analytical and synthetic accounting of materials, the second is transferred to the recipient of the materials. If the materials are released with subsequent payment, then the first copy also serves for the accounting department to issue settlement and payment documents.
When transporting materials by road, a consignment note is used instead of a waybill.
On the established days, documents on the arrival and consumption of materials are handed over to the accounting department of the enterprise according to the register of acceptance and delivery of documents, drawn up in duplicate. The first of them is handed over to the accounting department against the accountant's receipt in the second copy, the second remains in the warehouse.
In small, especially non-production, organizations, the release of materials for the production of products and the provision of services is carried out without registration with special documents. The actually consumed materials by their types are reflected in acts or reports on the release and sale of finished products. Acts are drawn up, as a rule, every ten days by an employee of the organization responsible for the acceptance, storage and sale of products. After approval by the head of the organization, the act serves as the basis for writing off the relevant materials.
2.2 Accounting for materials in warehouses and accounting
Accounting for materials in warehouses.
To provide the production program with appropriate material resources in large organizations, specialized warehouses are created for storing basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, spare parts and other materials. In addition to central warehouses, various structural divisions of an organization may have storerooms that serve as intermediate warehouses. Each warehouse is assigned a permanent number by order of the organization, which is subsequently indicated on all documents related to the operations of this warehouse. Warehouses must be provided with serviceable scales, measuring instruments and measuring containers.
In warehouses (in storerooms) of any size organization, material values are placed in sections, and inside them - in groups, type and size sizes in stacks, boxes, containers, on racks, shelves, cells, pallets, which ensures their quick acceptance, release and control over the compliance of the actual availability with the established norms of the stock (limit).
Accounting for materials in the warehouse is carried out by the warehouse manager (storekeeper), who is the materially responsible person. He is hired by agreement with the chief accountant of the organization. A standard agreement on full individual financial responsibility is concluded with the storekeeper in the prescribed form.
If the position of the warehouse manager is absent in the organization's staffing table, then his duties can be assigned to any employee of the organization with his consent with the obligatory conclusion of an agreement on individual material liability. A storekeeper can be dismissed from his position only after a complete inventory of inventory items and their transfer according to an act approved by the head of the organization.
For each stock list number of materials, the storekeeper fills out a material label and attaches it to the storage location of the materials. The material label indicates the name of the materials, item number, unit of measure, price and material availability limit.
Varietal accounting of materials... Accounting for the movement and residues of materials is carried out in material accounting cards . A separate card is opened for each nomenclature number. Such accounting, called grade accounting, is carried out only in kind.
The cards are opened in the accounting department and the following data are recorded in them: warehouse number, name of materials, their brand, grade, profile, size, unit of measure, stock number, accounting price and limit. After that, the cards are transferred to the warehouse, where the storekeeper fills in the columns of receipt, expense and remaining materials.
The storekeeper makes an entry in the cards on the basis of primary documents (receipt orders, claims, invoices, etc.) on the day of the operation. After each entry, the remainder of the materials is displayed. Thanks to this, the warehouse has operational information about the state of stocks of materials. If the remainder of the materials is higher or lower than the established stock rate, the warehouse manager is obliged to report this to the supply service.
In the conditions of computerization and automated warehouse management, instead of material accounting cards, systematically compiled bill of movement and remains of materials . On the basis of primary documents, they reflect the same data as in the cards for accounting for materials. However, in contrast to numerous cards, machine-log sheets are kept only in warehouses and financially responsible persons. Machine charts are used to control the movement and condition of materials in the warehouse and operational management of production.
Primary documents, after recording their data in material accounting cards, are transferred to the accounting department. Limit fence cards are transferred as the limit is used, but no later than the 1st day of the next month. The delivery of documents is drawn up by the register, in which the name and numbers of the documents to be submitted are indicated.
In workshops that have pantries, as well as in accountable services and divisions (points, departments), financially responsible persons (heads of points and departments, foremen) make up monthly reports on balances and movement of materials in the subreport and submit them to the accounting department. The reports contain information about the balances of materials at the beginning of the month of their receipt, consumption and the balance at the end of the month. Along with the actual consumption of materials, they indicate their consumption at the rate. The standard consumption of materials is calculated in the accounting department, where, in addition, the taxation of the report is carried out.
When using material reports, there is no need to draw up other documents for the consumption of materials. At the same time, it simplifies the accounting of materials in the subreport, since the reports of financially responsible persons are used as analytical accounting registers.
Accounting for materials in accounting.
All primary documents on the movement of materials from warehouses and departments of the organization are sent to the accounting department. It is at this stage of the accounting process that accounting employees are required to exercise effective control over the legality, expediency and correctness of documenting operations on the movement of materials. After verification, the primary documents are subject to taxation (multiplying the quantity of materials by the price).
There are several options for posting materials in accounting. In the first option, in the accounting department, for each type and grade of materials, analytical accounting cards are opened, in which operations on the receipt and consumption of materials are recorded on the basis of primary documents. These cards differ from warehouse accounting cards only in that they keep records of materials not only in kind, but also in monetary terms. At the end of the month, according to the final data of the cards, varietal quantitative-total turnover statements of analytical accounting are compiled and compared with the turnover and balances on the corresponding synthetic accounts and data of warehouse accounting cards.
In the second option, all incoming and outgoing documents are grouped by item numbers, and at the end of the month, the final data on the receipt and consumption of each type of materials calculated according to the documents is recorded in turnover sheets , compiled in kind and in monetary terms for each warehouse separately in the context of the corresponding synthetic accounts and sub-accounts.
In the second option, the complexity of accounting is significantly reduced, since there is no need to maintain analytical accounting cards. But accounting in this case also remains cumbersome, since hundreds, and sometimes thousands of nomenclature numbers of materials have to be recorded in the turnover sheet.
Balance method of accounting for materials.
More progressive is the operational accounting, or balance, method of accounting for materials. With the balance method, the accounting department does not duplicate warehouse varietal accounting either in separate analytical accounting cards or in turnover lists, but uses material accounting cards kept in warehouses as analytical accounting registers.
Every day or at other established times (as a rule, at least once a week), the accounting employee checks the correctness of the entries made by the storekeeper in the material accounting cards and confirms them with his signature on the cards themselves. At the end of the month, the warehouse manager, and in some cases, the accounting employee transfers quantitative data on balances to the 1st day of the month for each stock list number of materials from material accounting cards to inventory balance sheet (without turnovers of income and expense).
After checking and approval by the accounting employee, the balance sheet is transferred to the accounting department, where the balances of materials are taxed at discount prices and their results are displayed for individual accounting groups of materials and for the warehouse as a whole.
With the balance method of accounting for materials, the primary documents on the movement of materials received by the accounting department after their verification and taxation are laid out in the control card index separately for income and expense in the context of warehouses and nomenclature groups of materials. According to the data of the control card index of documents, reports are drawn up according to the forms of state statistical observation. In addition, after a month, the card index is used to compile group turnover statements in sum terms for each warehouse separately. There are several tens of such groups in large organizations (instead of thousands of titles of materials). The data of these statements are compared with the cost data of the balance sheet and with the totals of entries in the synthetic accounting registers.
The balance method of accounting for materials is one of the most effective.
When using computers, all the necessary registers for the balance method of accounting for materials (group turnover statements, balance sheets, balance-collation statements) are compiled on machines.
Analytical accounting of materials in accounting using computer technology can also be carried out by compiling varietal turnover lists by nomenclature numbers on the basis of incoming primary documents. In this case, inventory reconciliation is done manually. When transferring data from warehouse accounting cards to a computer, a varietal turnover-collation sheet is developed on their basis, in which the outgoing balance of materials (in quantitative and total terms) is compared according to primary documents, according to warehouse accounting cards, and deviations between these data are identified.
Both of the above options for analytical accounting of materials using a computer have significant drawbacks, since with the balance method, it is laborious to develop group and balance-collation statements for reconciliation of accounting and warehouse accounting data directly using machines. When compiling only the balance sheet, reconciliation with warehouse accounting cards is done manually, which greatly complicates the search and detection of errors.
When compiling varietal turnover lists on a computer, control over the conduct of warehouse accounting and the conduct of warehouse management is weakened. In this regard, it is advisable to use a combined method of analytical accounting of materials, combining the progressiveness of the balance method and less laboriousness of developing registers and searching for errors in the second option.
With the combined method, constant control over warehouse accounting is carried out and varietal turnover (circulating-collation) statements are drawn up. The data on the opening balances and turnover for each item number make it easier to find errors and discrepancies.
2.3 Inventorymaterials
In operating organizations, the inventory of materials is carried out in accordance with the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (before the preparation of annual financial statements, except for stocks, the inventory of which was carried out not earlier than October 1 of the reporting year).
An inventory is also mandatory in the following cases:
When changing financially responsible persons (on the day of acceptance and transfer of cases);
When establishing the facts of theft or abuse, as well as damage to valuables;
In cases of fire, natural disasters or other emergencies caused by extreme conditions;
In other cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation or regulations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
In addition, in order to control the safety of materials, the conditions of their storage and the state of warehouse accounting in the inter-inventory periods, it is advisable to carry out systematic checks and sample inventories of materials. Moreover, the number of such inventories in the reporting year is established by the head of the organization.
Inventory of materials is carried out by inventory commissions with the obligatory participation of financially responsible persons. By the beginning of the inventory, all operations on the movement of materials should be reflected in the inventory control cards; for each of them, the balances are displayed on the day of the inventory; primary documents on the movement of materials must be submitted to the accounting department and subjected to accounting processing. The fact of delivery of all documents to the accounting department and the absence of unrecorded or unwritten values shall be confirmed by financially responsible persons in writing.
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