The Caucasus in the life and work of L. Tolstoy (presentation)
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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy " Prisoner of the Caucasus“And just as I believed then that there was that green stick on which it was written, something that should destroy all evil in people and give them great good, so I believe now that there is that truth and that it will be revealed to people and will give them what she promises. L.N. Tolstoy
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What stories by L.N. Do you know Tolstoy? What does a writer value in people and what does he reject? Why does the author appeal to children?
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The author claims that people different nationalities can find mutual understanding because universal human values are united moral values– love of work, respect for people, friendship, honesty, mutual assistance. And on the contrary, evil, enmity, selfishness, self-interest are inherently inhuman. Love is hampered by various kinds of social foundations, ossified national barriers, protected by the state and generating false values: the desire for rank, wealth, career - everything that seems familiar and normal to people. What problems does the author raise in the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus”?
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Can people live in peace and friendship? What separates them and what connects them? Is it possible to overcome the eternal enmity of people with each other? Which people have these qualities and which do not?
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Different tempers, different destinies Zhilina and Kostylina. Zhilin Kostylin Who was the first to decide to ride ahead of the squad? Why? He understands danger well and relies only on his strength, agility, and the speed of his horse. Impatient, irresponsible, guided by his own whims, and not by knowledge of the situation. Capture Which of the heroes is braver? “Only agreement - not to leave.” “I won’t give in alive!” “His vision grew dim and he staggered.” “Instead of waiting, as soon as I saw the Tatars, I ran as fast as I could towards the fortress.” “The horse stopped under him, and the gun stopped short.” Conclusion: Zhilin resisted, but it was impossible to escape from the hands of the enemies. Conclusion: the officers were captured because of Kostylin’s frivolity and cowardice, who became cowardly in the face of danger.
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Why did Zhilin, seeing Kostylin’s betrayal, think: “This is bad. The gun is gone"? Ransom letter. “Eh, being timid with them is even worse.” “If he wants to scare me, then I won’t give a penny, and I won’t write. I wasn’t afraid, and I won’t be afraid of you dogs.” “Zhilin wrote a letter, but he wrote it wrong on the letter, so that it wouldn’t get through. He thinks: “I’ll leave.” “He wrote a letter home, five thousand coins will be sent.” Conclusion: Zhilin understands that paying the ransom can ruin his mother, he relies only on himself, and is actively looking for a way out. Conclusion: Kostylin accepts all the conditions of his enemies and hopes for help from home. Does not fight, passively submits to circumstances.
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The first month in captivity Looks out, tries to find out how he can escape.” “He walks around the village, whistling, or sits and does some handicrafts - or sculpts dolls from clay, or weaves braids from twigs.” “Zhilin was a master of all kinds of needlework.” “Kostylin wrote home again, he was still waiting for the money to be sent and was bored. He sits in the barn all day long and counts the days until the letter arrives; or sleeping." Conclusion: Zhilin is sociable, active, good master. But his main goal is to escape from captivity. Conclusion: Kostylin is weak-willed, indifferent to his surroundings, and passive.
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First escape. “If you peel your legs, they’ll heal, but if they catch up with you, they’ll kill you, worse.” “Get up, sit on your back, I’ll take it down if you can’t walk.” “And the devil dared me to take this deck with me. If I were alone, I would have left long ago.” “I caught a stone with my foot and it rattled.” “Cut up all his legs... he’s falling behind.” “I won’t get there, I can’t.” “I can’t, I don’t have the strength.” “Desalted” - weakened, tired. “As Kostylin screams: “Oh, it hurts!” “Go alone, why should you disappear because of me?” Conclusion: he is busy looking for the road, and all his behavior is subordinated to this goal: he notices everything around him, rejoices in his will, worries about the success of his escape, tries not to notice pain and fatigue; does not abandon his comrade in trouble.. Conclusion: Kostylin is weak-willed, does not want and does not knows how to fight, passively follows his comrade, all his thoughts are focused on himself. He does not see his surroundings and is afraid.
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Why did the escape fail? The escape failed due to Kostylin’s selfishness and effeminacy. He does not feel responsible to his comrade, is unrestrained, and impatient. - Why does the writer contrast Zhilin and Kostylin? The author shows how much in life depends on the person himself. In the same circumstances, some turn out to be heroes, others are unworthy to be called people. Before the second escape, “Well, Kostylin, let’s go and try last time; I’ll give you a lift” “No, obviously I can’t get out of here. Where will I go when I don’t have the strength to turn around?” Conclusion: despite all the hardships, Zhilin did not lose the will to live, the desire for freedom. Conclusion: Kostylin refuses to escape, does not believe in himself, surrenders to the mercy of his enemies.
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Zhilin and Dina. The spiritual closeness of people from warring camps. Affirmation of humanistic ideals in the story. There is a war going on in the Caucasus. IN AND. Dahl wrote: “Offensive war is when an army is led against a foreign state; defensive - when they meet this army to protect their own.” -Does the author condemn the highlanders for fighting the Russians? For the peoples living in the Caucasus, this war is defensive, the mountaineers desperately resist, not allowing the Russians into their territory, but the Russian army conquers the Caucasus and pays a high price with the lives of many thousands of Russian soldiers and officers. -Why is the old man in a turban angry with the Russians?
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How and why did the owner’s attitude towards the captives change? Zhilin evokes sympathy both from the owner with his courage and sense of human dignity, and from ordinary Tatars with his skill, hard work, and willingness to do good for people, and from Dina, who saw in him a kind and honest person. But after the escape attempt, the owner tightened living conditions. Zhilin is a prisoner for whom the owner will receive a ransom, and if this fails, he will kill him. Human relationships come into conflict with hostility and self-interest. After the officers escape, the owner does not laugh, talks to them in a hostile manner, and threatens to kill them. Conclusion: People could live in friendship, but this is prevented by national strife, which leads to war. Self-interest also gets in the way. -Which of the Tatars treated the captives with particular hostility? - How does this old man appear to us? Tell his story.
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What triumphs in the story? In the story of the war, it is not enmity and hatred that triumph, but the kindness and spiritual closeness of people from the warring camps.
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“Zhilin couldn’t get enough space for the horse, they shot at him from behind with guns and hit the horse. The horse hit with all its might and fell on Zhilin’s leg.”Slide 3
“Zhilin indicated with his lips and hands that they give him a drink. Black understood, laughed, called someone: “Dina!” A girl came running - thin, skinny, about thirteen years old and her face looked like a black one... Dressed in a long, blue shirt, with wide sleeves and without a belt...”Slide 4
“The next morning he looks, at dawn Dina came out of the threshold with a doll. And she has already removed the doll with red rags and rocks it like a child, she lulls it to sleep in her own way.” “Since then, Zhilin’s fame has spread that he is a master. They began to come to him from distant villages: some would bring him a lock, some would bring a watch.”Slide 5
“I began to look at the Russian side: there was a river under my feet, my village, gardens all around... Zhilin began to peer - something was looming in the valley, like smoke from chimneys. And so he thinks that this very thing is a Russian fortress.”Slide 6
“I climbed down the slope, took a sharp stone, and began to turn the lock off the block. And the lock is strong - it won’t knock down, and it’s awkward. Dina came running, took the stone and said: Give it to me. She sat down on her knees and began to twist. Yes, the little hands are as thin as twigs – there’s no strength whatsoever.”Slide 7
Zhilin Kostylin Mother Dina Mother of Tatara care help respect seeks help loves does not bother love, care kindnessSlide 8
Comparative characteristics Zhilina and Kostylina. kind (thinks about mother); relies on himself; active person; managed to settle down in the village; hard worker, cannot sit idle; helps everyone, even his enemies; generous, forgave Kostylin. ZILIN KOSTYLIN is a weak person, he does not rely on himself; capable of betrayal; became limp, lost heart; doesn't accept other people. DINA is kind, strives to help people; capable of self-sacrifice. TATARS are hard-working; are able to understand and appreciate a good personCaucasus
in life
and creativity
L.N. Tolstoy
Work completed
student of class 10 "A"
MKOU secondary school No. 6, Zaterechny village
Kislyakova Elena
Head – Krayushkina I.V.
HYPOTHESIS : The Caucasus had a great influence on the formation of the personality of L. N. Tolstoy, which is reflected in his work
GOALS :
- to find out the influence of his stay in the Caucasus on the worldview of Leo Tolstoy,
- determine how the theme of the Caucasus was reflected in his work
METHODS : search additional material, analysis, generalization.
MY RESEARCH:
- Leo Tolstoy's stay in the Caucasus.
- Interest in folklore and life of the Caucasians.
- Caucasian cycle of his work.
CONCLUSION:
I FOUND OUT :
In the forties of the 19th century - during the period of the rise of Russian democratic thought - Tolstoy came to the Caucasus as a young officer. He lived in Chechnya from May 1851 to January 1854 - almost constantly among the Chechens and Cossacks, among whom he made many friends. In the diaries and letters of this period there is evidence of Tolstoy’s deep interest in the life of the Chechens. He sought to “understand the spiritual structure of local peoples,” their morals and customs, and make his own judgments.
Tolstoy undoubtedly looked back and perceived Pushkin and Lermontov as his predecessors. He spoke about his love for the Caucasus in 1854 in expressions that literally coincided with Lermontov’s poems (from the introduction to “Ishmael Bey”): “I am beginning to love the Caucasus, albeit with a posthumous, but strong love.”
Tolstoy wrote about the influence of the Caucasus on his life and work in 1859: “... It was both painful and good time. Never, neither before nor after, have I reached such a height of thought as at that time... And everything that I found then will forever remain my conviction.”
I FOUND OUT :
In 1852 he recorded two Chechen folk songs- from the words of their Chechen friends Sado Misirbiev and Balta Isaev. He subsequently used these and other recordings in his works.
In December 1852, Tolstoy sent his first military story, “The Raid,” from the Caucasus to the St. Petersburg magazine Sovremennik, the progressive most popular magazine of that time. Before that, the story “Childhood” was published in the September issue of the magazine. When Tolstoy’s next Caucasian story, “Cutting the Forest,” appeared in Sovremennik, the editor of the magazine, N. A. Nekrasov, wrote to I. S. Turgenev; “Do you know what this is? These are essays on various types of soldiers (and partly officers), that is, a thing hitherto unprecedented in Russian literature. And how good!”
I DEFINED:
During his years of service in the Caucasus, Tolstoy paid a lot of attention to the collection and promotion of North Caucasian oral folk art, publications of Chechen folklore.
Love for the Caucasus and deep interest in the peculiarities of the life of the highlanders were reflected in many of Tolstoy’s works.
Tolstoy’s thoughts about the fate of the highlanders formed the basis of the Caucasian cycle of his work (“Raid. The Story of a Volunteer”, “Cutting Wood. The Story of a Junker”, “From Caucasian Memoirs. Demoted”, “Notes of a Marker”, “Notes about the Caucasus. Trip to Mamakai- Yurt").
In the Caucasus, Tolstoy saw war and people at war with his own eyes. Here he learned how peasant life could be arranged without serfdom depending on the landowner.
I DEFINED:
IN Caucasian stories the writer's general view of life, of war, of the world was formed - in other words, the philosophy of existence embodied in artistic images. War and peace are sharply opposed, and war is condemned, because it is destruction, death, separation of people, their enmity with each other, with the beauty of the entire “God’s world.”
In the Caucasus, Tolstoy's philosophy of love and selflessness was first developed - and these are the most cherished feelings of the Russian person.
CONCLUSION: GENERAL CONCLUSION -
The Caucasus had a great influence on the formation of the writer’s views and was reflected in his work.
RESOURCES:
- http://elbrusoid.org/content/liter_theatre/p137294.shtml - Songs of the Highlanders
- Independent newspaper from 06/01/2001 Original: http://www.ng.ru/style/2001-06-01/16_song.html
- "Tales and Stories" LN Tolstoy, Moscow, " Fiction", 1981, series "Classics and Contemporaries".
- "Leo Tolstoy", an essay on life and work; K.N. Lomunov, 2nd edition, Moscow, ed. "Children's Literature", 1984
- K. Kuliev “The poet is always with people”, M., 1986
“Tolstoy’s “Adolescence”” - Development of speech. Personification, epithets. Correlating the term with the concept. Facilities artistic expression. Describe any character. Lyubochka. The final game based on the work of Leo Tolstoy “Adolescence”. Continue the sentence. It will grind, there will be flour. Storm. Make a crossword puzzle. Race for the leader.
“Tolstoy’s Childhood” - 1. Essay - essay 2. Exhibition of drawings. Presentation results. Student of the Faculty of Philology, 342 Yankevichute Diana. Stages and timing of the project. Informational resources. Tolstoy's "Childhood". Tolstoy's "Childhood". Didactic goals. We will study the following chapters. What motivates you to live?
“Tolstoy’s “Swans”” - Generalization. Main part. Part of life. L.N. Tolstoy “Swans”. Lesson literary reading. He opened a school in Yasnaya Polyana. Swan sighed. The ending. Examination homework. Long interesting life. Fairy tales. Rough plan. Division into parts. What do you know about Leo Tolstoy? Acquaintance with the works of Leo Tolstoy.
“Tolstoy Two Brothers” - Run without looking back, very fast. L.N. Tolstoy creates “The ABC” and “Books for Reading”. My memory is strong. I am working. Everyone chooses their own path in life. I want to learn. L.N. Tolstoy participated in the defense of Sevastopol. To warm up. Written for laughs means it’s not true. I really want to study. Fairy tale by L. N. Tolstoy.
“The Lion and the Dog” by Tolstoy - Devotee. She tucked her tail. What was this friendship expressed in? Questions. Do everything yourself if possible. How the lion perceived the death of the dog. Guess the riddles. He tore off a piece of meat. Cover modeling. Love animals. Love, I thought stronger than death. Be careful. "The Lion and the Dog" Don't be annoying.
“Tolstoy Shark” - S. Yesenin F.I. Tyutchev A.S. Pushkin. Entrance towers to Yasnaya Polyana. Entry towers. All things, books, paintings here are original. A.S. Pushkin. Winter is still busy and grumbling about spring. One boy at first overtook his friend, but then began to fall behind. Both are like lizards. The little birds are cold, hungry, tired, and huddle closer together.
There are a total of 34 presentations in the topic
Slide 1
Lev Nikolaevich
Tolstoy
"Prisoner of the Caucasus"
1872
Literata.Ru
Slide 2
“Zhilin couldn’t get enough space for the horse, they shot at him from behind with guns and hit the horse. The horse hit with all its might and fell on Zhilin’s leg.”
Slide 3
“Zhilin indicated with his lips and hands that they give him a drink. Black understood, laughed, called someone: “Dina!” A girl came running - thin, skinny, about thirteen years old and her face looked like a black one... Dressed in a long, blue shirt, with wide sleeves and without a belt...”
Slide 4
“The next morning he looks, at dawn Dina came out of the threshold with a doll. And she has already removed the doll with red rags and rocks it like a child, she lulls it to sleep in her own way.”
“Since then, Zhilin’s fame has spread that he is a master. They began to come to him from distant villages: some would bring him a lock, some would bring a watch.”
Slide 5
“I began to look at the Russian side: there was a river under my feet, my village, gardens all around... Zhilin began to peer - something was looming in the valley, like smoke from chimneys. And so he thinks that this very thing is a Russian fortress.”
Slide 6
“I climbed down the slope, took a sharp stone, and began to turn the lock off the block. And the lock is strong - it won’t knock down, and it’s awkward. Dina came running, took the stone and said: Give it to me. She sat down on her knees and began to twist. Yes, the little hands are as thin as twigs – there’s no strength whatsoever.”
Slide 7
Zhilin
Kostylin
Mother
Dina
Mother
Tatars
care
help
respect
appeals
for help
loves
doesn't bother
love, care
kindness
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Comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin.
kind (thinks about mother);
relies on himself;
active person;
managed to settle down in the village;
hard worker, cannot sit idle;
helps everyone, even his enemies;
generous, forgave Kostylin.
ZILIN
KOSTYLIN
a weak person, does not rely on himself;
capable of betrayal;
became limp, lost heart;
doesn't accept other people.
DINA
kind, strives to help people;
capable of self-sacrifice.
TATARS
hard workers;
are able to understand and appreciate a good person
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