Problems, image, theme and central idea of the story “Makar Chudra. Analysis of the story "Makar Chudra" (M
The story "Makar Chudra" was written in 1892 and belongs to the early period of Gorky's work. Here his romantic ideals were especially clearly manifested. The narration is conducted on behalf of the narrator. Framing - a description of the sea and a conversation with an old gypsy. Inside the text, there is a legend about the love of two gypsies, which Makar Chudra recalls. Thus, we have before us a story in a story. Below you will find an analysis of the story "Makar Chudra" by Gorky.
Traits of romanticism in the story "Makar Chudra"
The main feature of romanticism as literary direction there is a double world: the division of the world into real and ideal. The story depicts the ideal world of freedom, beauty, songs and music, wonderful freedom-loving people. Already in the exposition, Makar Chudra opposes the eternal vegetation of the inhabitants, their shameful slavery to freedom and understanding of the world. People, according to the hero, are not born to "dig the earth." He reflects on a person: “Knows his will? Is the steppe width clear? Does the sea wave speak to his heart? " This is the meaning and purpose of life: in understanding the world, knowing its secrets. What else becomes clear when we analyze the story "Makar Chudra"?
The center of attention in romanticism is an exceptional hero, free, beautiful, standing above the surrounding routine. Such heroes in the story are Loiko Zobar and Radda. Most of all, they value the ideal of freedom. Heroes are guided by feelings, passion, not reason.
Landscape in romanticism is not just a background of action, it carries a special semantic load. The love of romantics for sea and mountain views is well known. It is in the endless expanses of the sea and mountains that the free and passionate soul of an exceptional hero can find a response. The main technique for depicting nature is personification: “the sea sang a gloomy and solemn hymn”, “the mist of the autumn night shuddered” and shyly moved away. Makar Chudra, a philosopher, a wise old gypsy, is in complete unity with the surrounding world, the quiet lapping of the waves, the beauty of the sea.
In the finale, the narrator seems to plunge into an ideal world: the melody of the sea draws him to the place where the proud Loiko Zobar and the beautiful Radda are circling in an eternal dance.
Analysis of the story "Makar Chudra" - conflict
V little story Gorky touches on several serious topics. These are questions about freedom and slavery, the meaning of human life, the beauty of nature and the world in general, about love and pride.
At the heart of the conflict is the antithesis of freedom - slavery. For Makar Chudra, freedom is the opportunity to enjoy life, the absence of any restrictions. Loiko and Radda value primarily personal freedom, independence from other people, not only external, but also internal. They put will above everything, even above love. This is the main conflict. For heroes, to fall in love means to submit to another person, and they cannot do this, this is contrary to their nature. Therefore, a vicious circle situation arises. It is no coincidence that Radda says: “Will, Loiko, I love more than you. And I can’t live without you, just as you can’t live without me. ” Even brief analysis the story "Makar Chudra" allows you to clearly understand this idea.
A beautiful gypsy woman is capable of falling in love only with a strong man, whom she cannot make obedient to herself, but, having fallen in love, she will not obey herself. She gives a task to her beloved in order to test him, and knows in advance that Loiko will not fulfill the condition to bow to her in front of the whole camp. Therefore, when the gypsy stabs her with a knife, Radda, smiling, says that she knew what he would do. She smiles because the hero passed the test of strength of character and love of freedom, he turned out to be worthy of love Raddy. But the paradox is that love and pride turned out to be incompatible, so the heroes die.
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The story "Makar Chudra", the analysis of which is given in this article, is one of the most famous works Soviet writer Maxim Gorky. It was first published in 1892 in the Kavkaz newspaper. Signed by the pseudonym M. Gorky.
History of creation
The story "Makar Chudra", the analysis of which you can read in this article, was written by Alexei Peshkov in 1892, when he was in Tiflis. At that time, the writer was actively communicating with members of the revolutionary movement, first of all, with Alexander Kalyuzhny.
Kalyuzhny always listened attentively to the young man's stories about his wanderings, each time he invited him to write them down so that later he could form a story or a story. Kalyuzhny was one of the first to whom Peshkov showed the manuscript of the story "Makar Chudra". The revolutionary took advantage of his acquaintances among journalists and added the work to the magazine "Kavkaz". The decisive role in this was played by the publicist Tsvetnitsky.
Many years later, in 1925, Gorky fondly recalled his literary debut in a letter to Kalyuzhny. He noted that he owes a lot to him, that he received an impetus, thanks to which he has faithfully and faithfully serve Russian art for 30 years.
The story "Makar Chudra" begins with a description of a romantic night by the sea. A bonfire is burning on the shore, an old gypsy named Makar Chudra sits near the fire. It is he who tells the writer a fascinating story about the free gypsy people. At the same time, Makar in every possible way encourages others to beware of love. According to him, having fallen in love once, a person loses his will forever. In confirmation of his words, he tells the story, which formed the basis of this story.
In the story "Makar Chudra" the main character is a young gypsy named Loiko Zobar. He was known in many European countries, in which he was known as a noble horse thief. In the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia, many dreamed of taking revenge for the horses they had taken away and even killing him. Horses were his main passion in life, he earned money easily, did not appreciate it, he could immediately give it to anyone in need.
Events began to develop around the camp, which stopped in Bukovina. There was a beautiful girl named Rudd, who had broken more than one heart. Her beauty could not be described in words, many young people dreamed of her, and one rich man even threw wads of money at her feet, begging to marry him. It was all in vain. Rudda has always said only one thing. An eagle has no place in a crow's nest.
Zobar arrives at the camp
From this article you will learn the plot of the story "Makar Chudra". The content is described in sufficient detail. Once Zobar came to this camp. He was handsome. Gorky writes that his mustache fell on his shoulders, mixed with curls, and his eyes burned like clear stars, while his smile was like the sun. The impression was that it had been forged from a piece of iron. He also played the violin, so much so that many immediately began to cry.
And this time he played, impressing everyone around him, even Radda. She praised his abilities, and he replied that his violin was made from the chest of a young girl, and the strings were twisted by the best craftsmen from her heart. The girl was not in the least imbued with this romantic comparison, noting only that people, obviously, lie, arguing about the mind of Zobar. The young man had no choice but to marvel at the sharp tongue of this girl.
For the night the gypsies stayed overnight at Danila, Radda's father. In the morning, he hit everyone around him by coming out with a rag that was tied around his head. To all the questions he answered that he was stabbed by a horse. But everyone around him thought that the matter was completely different, all Rudd's fault.
Meanwhile, Loiko stayed with the camp, in which things were going very well at that time. He conquered everyone with his wisdom, as if he had lived for more than a dozen years, and played the violin in such a way that everyone's heart sank. In the camp, he came to the court so much that, at times, it seemed, people were ready to give their lives for him, loved and appreciated him. Everyone except Radda. And Zobar fell in love with the girl dearly. So that I could not think of anything else. The surrounding gypsies saw everything, understood, but could do nothing. We only remembered the words of our ancestors that if two stones roll on top of each other, then it is better not to stand between them, otherwise you can be mutilated.
Song of the Zobar
One evening Zobar sang a new song, from which everyone was delighted, they began to praise him. But Rudd remained in her repertoire - she made fun of Zobar. Her father had already intended to teach her a lesson with a whip, but Loiko himself did not allow him. Instead, he asked Danila to give her to him as a wife.
Although he was surprised at this request, he agreed, saying, take it if you can. After that, Zobar approached the girl and admitted that she won his heart and now he takes her as his wife. The only condition is family life, she should never, under any circumstances, contradict his will. Zobar said that he is a free man and will always live the way he wants. At first, Rudda pretended to be resigned, but then imperceptibly wrapped a whip around Loiko's legs and jerked sharply. Zobar fell as if knocked down. She only smiled maliciously, stepped aside and lay down on the grass.
On the same day, the frustrated Zobar fled to the steppe. Makar went after him, fearing that in such a state he might do something stupid. He watched Loiko from a distance, without giving himself away. But he did nothing at all, but only sat motionless for three hours. After this time, Radda appeared in the distance. She went up to Zobar. The offended Loiko immediately tried to stab her, but in response she put a gun to his head and announced that she had come here not to quarrel, but to make peace, because she also loved him. But at the same time she admitted that she loves freedom even more than Zobara.
The girl promised Loiko a night of love and hot caresses, but only on one condition. If he is in public, in front of the whole camp he will kneel before her and kiss her right hand, recognizing her seniority in the family. The annoyed Zobar shouted in powerlessness throughout the steppe, but his love for the girl was so great that he agreed to this condition, which was supposed to put an end to his love of freedom and respect in society.
Return to the camp
When Zobar returned to the camp, he approached the elders and confessed that he carefully looked into his own heart, but did not see there either the former free and free life, nothing at all. There was only one Rudda in it. Therefore, he accepts her condition and in the near future bow to her feet in front of the whole camp and kiss her right hand. In conclusion, he only noted that he would check whether the girl really had such a strong heart, which she so loves to brag about in front of everyone.
Neither the elders, nor the rest of the gypsies had time to understand what these last words of Zobar meant. He grabbed a knife and stuck it right into the heart of the beauty, up to the handle. Rudda immediately tore the knife from her chest, plugged the bleeding wound with her long and beautiful hair, saying that she was expecting just such a death.
The knife was picked up by her father Danilo and stabbed Loiko right in the back, opposite his heart. Radda remained on the ground, clutching her wound with her hand, from under which blood was rapidly oozing, and the body of the dying Zobar was spread at her feet. This concludes the story that Makar Chudra told the writer.
The story ends with the recognition of the writer that after what he heard he could not sleep all night. He could not close his eyes and stared at the sea in front of him. Soon it began to seem to him that he saw the regal Radda, who was walking on the waves, and Loiko Zobar was floating behind her, arms outstretched, right on her heels. They seemed to be spinning in the darkness of the night, silently, slowly and smoothly. But no matter how hard Loiko tried, he could not catch up with Radda, all the time staying behind her.
Analysis of the story
First of all, it should be noted that the story "Makar Chudra", the analysis of which is given in this article, is the first printed work published by Alexey Peshkov. He signed it with a pseudonym, under which he eventually became known all over the world. Now everyone knows that the author of the story "Makar Chudra" is Gorky.
Before publishing his first work, Peshkov wandered around the country for several years. He strove to get to know Russia better, to meet and communicate with as many people as possible. He set himself an ambitious task, to understand the secret of a huge country in which there are so many poor and disadvantaged people. He dreamed of understanding why the Russian people were suffering.
By the end of this journey, he had dozens of fascinating stories to his credit, which he willingly shared with numerous fellow travelers and people who met on his way. At the same time, during the journey itself, the future writer did not always have even a piece of bread in the bag, not to mention something more significant. But there was always a thick notebook in which he kept notes and observations about everything he saw and heard. He recorded his meetings with interesting people, the events that happened, the stories that they told him. Later, it was from these notes that numerous stories and poems of the writer were born, many of which he managed to publish. This is how Gorky's "Makar Chudra" appeared.
The romanticism of the writer
It should be noted that the key direction in the story "Makar Chudra" is romanticism. This is typical for all early works of Alexei Peshkov. In the center of the story we see a typical romantic hero - Loiko Zobar. For him, as for the narrator Makar, the most important thing in this life is freedom. Personal freedom, which he is never ready to exchange for anything.
In his work, Gorky describes a typical view of the life and the world around him of most of the gypsies who met on his way. They sincerely believed that peasants were slaves who were born only to poke around in the ground, and at the end of their lives die, without even having time to dig a grave for themselves.
Their maximalist striving for freedom is embodied in the heroes of this legend, which is given in the pages of the story "Makar Chudra". An analysis of this work helps to better understand this people, for whom freedom at a certain moment became more valuable than even life itself.
Heroes of the story
The main female character of the story "Makar Chudra" is Rudda. This is a young, charming and beautiful gypsy woman. Loiko Zobar, a famous violinist and horse thief, is also crazy about her. Young people love each other, but cannot afford to be together. Because in this case they will lose the most important thing that they have. Their personal freedom. In a relationship, you still have to choose which of the partners will be the leader and who will remain the follower. In this story, love and freedom are the main themes. Makar Chudra himself adheres to the same position in life, therefore, like most other residents of the tabor, he understands young people well.
Personal freedom means so much to them that they even look at their pure love as a chain that will still fetter their independence. Each of them, confessing their love, sets conditions, tries to dominate.
As a result, all this leads to a fatal conflict that ends tragic death both heroes. They sort out their relationship in front of the whole camp. Loiko initially obeys the girl, kneels before her, recognizing her superiority, and this is considered by the gypsies, perhaps, the most terrible humiliation. But as soon as he recognizes her independence, he immediately grabs a dagger and kills his beloved. Zobar himself, a minute later, dies at the hands of the girl's father, for whom this loss becomes a heavy and irreparable blow. Freedom and love in the story "Makar Chudra" become what distinguishes the heroes from the majority of those around them, sets them apart from the crowd, but at the same time destroys ahead of time.
Features of the composition
The main feature of the composition of this work is that the author puts the story in the mouth of the protagonist, who leads the story. The events of a romantic legend unfold before us, which helps to better understand the inner world of the heroes and their value system.
In the story "Makar Chudra", problems are raised, relevant both at that time and now. What is more important for a person - love or personal freedom? For most of the characters in this work, freedom is even more important than their own life.
The narrator Makar is convinced that love and pride are two wonderful feelings. But when they reach their highest expression, they are no longer able to reconcile with each other. In his view, a person must necessarily preserve his personal freedom, even at the cost of his life.
Another one compositional feature- a narrator who is almost invisible. We only know that Makar Chudra tells his story to him. The meaning that the author puts into this feature of the composition is that he does not agree with his hero. At the same time, he does not directly object to the gypsy. But at the end of the story, when he admires the sea, he shows his own opinion on this matter. He admires the pride and independence of the heroes, but at the same time he cannot come to terms with the fact that these traits mean for them loneliness and the inability to be happy. The writer, and after him the author himself, believe that they are slaves of freedom.
Artistic techniques
To better convey his ideas to readers, the author uses a large arsenal of artistic techniques. For example, a seascape frames the entire storyline of a story. The image of the sea is directly related to the state of mind of the characters. At the beginning of the story, it is calm and peaceful, but over time everything changes, and when it starts to rain, the sea really rumbles. Deaf and angry.
A striking feature of this work is its musicality. Throughout the story, Zobar plays the violin, conquering everyone around him.
“Makar Chudra” is the first printed work of A. M. Peshkov. It appeared in the Tiflis newspaper Kavkaz in 1892 and was signed by a pseudonym that was destined to soon become known to the whole world - Maxim Gorky. The publication of the first story was preceded by years of the author's wanderings across Russia, into which he was pushed by an irrepressible desire to learn about Russia, to unravel the mystery of a huge destitute country, to understand the cause of the suffering of its people. In the bag of the future writer there was not always a loaf of bread, but there was always a thick notebook with notes about interesting events and people he met on the way. Later, these notes turned into poems and stories, many of which have not reached us.
In their early works, including in "Makar Chudra", Gorky appears before us as a romantic writer. The main character- old gypsy Makar Chudra. For him, the most important thing in life is personal freedom, which he would never exchange for anything. He believes that the peasant is a slave who was born only to dig the earth and die, not even having time to dig his own grave. His maximalist desire for freedom is also embodied in the heroes of the legend he tells. A young, beautiful gypsy couple - Loiko Zobar and Rad-da - love each other. But both have a desire for personal freedom so strong that they even look at their love as a chain that fetters their independence. Each of them, confessing their love, sets their own conditions, trying to dominate. This leads to a tense conflict that ends in the death of the heroes. Loiko yields to Radda, kneels down in front of her in front of everyone, which the gypsies consider a terrible humiliation, and at the same moment kills her. And he himself perishes at the hands of her father.
A feature of the composition of this story, as already mentioned, is that the author puts a romantic legend in the mouth of the protagonist. It helps us to better understand his inner world and value system. For Makar Chudra Loiko and Radd are the ideals of love of freedom. He is sure that two beautiful feelings, pride and love, brought to their highest expression, cannot be reconciled. A person worthy of imitation, in his understanding, must preserve his personal freedom at the cost of his own life. Another feature of the composition of this work is the presence of the image of the narrator. It is almost invisible, but we can easily guess the author himself in it. He doesn't quite agree with his character. We do not hear direct objections to Makar Chudre. But at the end of the story, where the narrator, looking into the darkness of the steppe, sees how Loiko Zobar and Radda “whirled in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently, and the handsome Loiko could not catch up with the proud Radda”, his position appears. The independence and pride of these people, of course, delight and attract, but these same traits doom them to loneliness and the impossibility of happiness. They are slaves to their freedom, they are not able to sacrifice even for the people they love.
To express the feelings of the heroes and his own, the author widely uses the technique of landscape sketches. Seascape is a kind of frame for the whole storyline story. The sea is closely connected with the state of mind of the heroes: at first it is calm, only the “damp, cold wind” carries “across the steppe the brooding melody of the splash of the waves running ashore and the rustle of coastal bushes”. But then the rain began to drizzle, the wind grew stronger, and the sea rumbled dully and angrily and sang a gloomy and solemn hymn to a proud pair of handsome gypsies. Generally characteristic feature this story is its musicality. Music accompanies the entire story of the fate of lovers. “About her, this Rudda, words can’t say anything. Perhaps her beauty could be played on a violin, and even then to someone who knows this violin as his soul ”.
This first work of the young Gorky attracted attention immediately with its topical issues, brightness of images and language and heralded the birth of a new, outstanding writer.
A romantic night by the sea, a fire is burning, an old gypsy Makar Chudra tells the writer a story about free gypsies. Makar advises to beware of love, for having fallen in love, a person loses his will. This is confirmed by the story told by Chudra.
There was Loiko Zobar, a young gypsy. Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovenia knew him. Dexterous was a horse thief, many wanted to kill him. He only loved horses, he did not value money, he could give it to everyone who needed it.
There was a gypsy camp in Bukovina. Danila the soldier had a daughter, Rudd, a beauty, not to say in words. Rudd broke a lot of hearts. One tycoon threw any money at her feet, asked to marry him, but Radda replied that an eagle had no place in a crow's nest.
Once Zobar came to the camp. He was handsome: “The mustache fell on his shoulders and mixed with the curls, his eyes shine like clear stars, and the smile is the whole sun. As if it was forged from one piece of iron with a horse. " He began to play the violin, and many began to cry. Radda praised Zobar's violin, he plays well. And he replied that his violin was made from the chest of a young girl, and the strings from her heart were entwined. Radda turned away, saying that people lie when they talk about Zobar's mind. He marveled at the girl's sharp tongue.
Zobar visited Danila, went to bed, and the next morning he went out with a rag tied on his head, said that the horse had hurt him. But everyone understood that it was Rudda, they thought that wasn’t worth Loiko Rudda? "Well, I do not! The girl, no matter how good she is, but her soul is narrow and shallow, and even though you hang a pound of gold around her neck, it’s still better than what she is, not to be her! ”
The camp lived well at that time. And Loiko is with them. He was wise as an old man, and played the violin in such a way that his heart sank. If Loiko wanted, then people would give their lives for him, they loved him so, only Radda did not love. And he loved her dearly. The people around him only looked, they knew, "if two stones roll at each other, you cannot stand between them - they will mutilate."
Once Zobar sang a song, everyone liked it, only Radda laughed. Danilo wanted to teach her a lesson with a whip. But Loiko did not allow, asked to give her to him as a wife. Danilo agreed: "Yes, take it if you can!" Loiko approached Rudda and said that she filled his heart, that he took her as his wife, but she should not contradict his will. "I AM free man and I will live the way I want. " Everyone thought that Rudda had resigned herself. She wrapped her whip around Loiko's legs, pulled, and Zobar fell as if knocked down. And she walked away and lay down on the grass, smiling.
Zobar fled to the steppe, and Makar watched him, as if the guy did not do something over himself in the heat of the moment. But Loiko only sat motionless for three hours, and then Rudda came to him. Loiko wanted to stab her, but she put a gun to his forehead and said that she had come to make up, loves him. And she also told Rudda that she loves freedom more than Zobara. She promised Loiko hot caresses if he agreed to bow at her feet in front of the whole camp and kiss her right hand, like the eldest. Zobar shouted at the entire steppe, but agreed to Rudda's terms.
He returned to the Loiko camp and told the old people that he looked into his heart and did not see the former free life there. "One Radda lives there." And he decided to do her will, bow at her feet, kiss her right hand. And he also said that he would check if Radda had such a strong heart as she boasts.
Everyone did not have time to guess, but he stuck a knife into her heart right up to the handle. Rudda pulled out the knife, plugged the wound with her hair and said that she expected such a death. Danilo raised the knife thrown by Radda aside, examined it and stuck it in Loiko's back, right against the heart. Rudda is lying, clutching the wound with his hand, and the dying Loiko is spread at her feet.
The writer couldn't sleep. He looked at the sea, and it seemed that he saw the regal Radda, and Loiko Zobar was sailing at her heels. "They both swirled in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently, and the handsome Loiko could not catch up with the proud Radda."
“Makar Chudra” is the first printed work of A. M. Peshkov. It appeared in the Tiflis newspaper Kavkaz in 1892 and was signed by a pseudonym that was destined to soon become known to the whole world - Maxim Gorky. The publication of the first story was preceded by years of the author's wanderings across Russia, into which he was pushed by an irrepressible desire to learn about Russia, to unravel the mystery of a huge destitute country, to understand the cause of the suffering of its people. In the bag of the future writer there was not always a loaf of bread, but there was always a thick notebook with notes about interesting events and people he met on the way. Later, these notes turned into poems and stories, many of which have not reached us.
In his early works, including in “Makar Chudra”, Gorky appears before us as a romantic writer. The main character is an old gypsy Makar Chudra. For him, the most important thing in life is personal freedom, which he would never exchange for anything. He believes that the peasant is a slave who was born only to dig the earth and die, not even having time to dig his own grave. His maximalist desire for freedom is also embodied in the heroes of the legend he tells. A young, beautiful gypsy couple - Loiko Zobar and Radda - love each other. But both have a desire for personal freedom so strong that they even look at their love as a chain that fetters their independence. Each of them, confessing their love, sets their own conditions, trying to dominate. This leads to a tense conflict that ends in the death of the heroes. Loiko yields to Radda, kneels down in front of her in front of everyone, which the gypsies consider a terrible humiliation, and at the same moment kills her. And he himself perishes at the hands of her father.
A feature of the composition of this story, as already mentioned, is that the author puts a romantic legend in the mouth of the protagonist. It helps us to better understand his inner world and value system. For Makar Chudra Loiko and Radd are the ideals of love of freedom. He is sure that two beautiful feelings, pride and love, brought to their highest expression, cannot be reconciled. A person worthy of imitation, in his understanding, must preserve his personal freedom at the cost of his own life. Another feature of the composition of this work is the presence of the image of the narrator. It is almost invisible, but we can easily guess the author himself in it. He doesn't quite agree with his character. We do not hear direct objections to Makar Chudre. But at the end of the story, where the narrator, looking into the darkness of the steppe, sees how Loiko Zobar and Radda “whirled in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently, and the handsome Loiko could not catch up with the proud Radda”, his position appears. The independence and pride of these people, of course, delight and attract, but these same traits doom them to loneliness and the impossibility of happiness. They are slaves to their freedom, they are not able to sacrifice even for the people they love.
To express the feelings of the heroes and his own, the author widely uses the technique of landscape sketches. The seascape is a kind of frame for the entire storyline of the story. The sea is closely connected with the state of mind of the heroes: at first it is calm, only the “damp, cold wind” carries “across the steppe the brooding melody of the splash of the waves running ashore and the rustle of coastal bushes”. But then the rain began to drizzle, the wind grew stronger, and the sea rumbled dully and angrily and sang a gloomy and solemn hymn to a proud pair of handsome gypsies. In general, the characteristic feature of this story is its musicality. Music accompanies the entire story of the fate of lovers. “About her, this Rudda, words can’t say anything. Perhaps her beauty could be played on a violin, and even then to someone who knows this violin as his soul ”.
This first work of the young Gorky attracted attention immediately with its topical issues, brightness of images and language and heralded the birth of a new, outstanding writer.
The hero of Gorky's first story "Makar Chudra" reproaches people for their slavish psychology. The freedom-loving natures of Loiko Zobar and the beautiful Rada are opposed to slave people in this romantic story. The thirst for personal freedom for them is so strong that they even look at love as a chain that fetters their independence. Loiko and Rada surpass everyone around them with their spiritual beauty and power of passion, which leads to a tense conflict that ends in the death of the heroes. The story "Makar Chudra" affirms the ideal of personal freedom.