Peasant knight's urban dwelling layout and interior. Research work “Interior of a peasant hut”
Slide 2
Hut interior
The interior of the hut was distinguished by its simplicity and expedient placement of the objects included in it. The main space of the hut was occupied by the oven, which in most of Russia was located at the entrance, to the right or left of the door.
Slide 3
Bake
Slide 4
- There are many ideas, beliefs, rituals, and magical techniques associated with the stove. In the traditional mind, the stove was an integral part of the home; if a house did not have a stove, it was considered uninhabited. According to popular beliefs, a brownie lives under or behind the stove, the patron of the hearth, kind and helpful in some situations, capricious and even dangerous in others.
- In a system of behavior where such an opposition as “friend” - “stranger” is essential, the attitude of the owners towards a guest or stranger changed if he happened to sit on their stove; both the person who dined with the owner’s family at the same table and the one who sat on the stove was already perceived as “one of our own.” Turning to the stove occurred during all rituals, the main idea of which was the transition to a new state, quality, status.
Slide 5
- As for the stove, let’s think seriously about whether the “kind” and “honest” Empress Stove, in whose presence they did not dare say an abusive word, could
- the word under which, according to the concepts of the ancients, the soul of the hut lived - Domovoy - could it personify “darkness”? No way. It is much more likely to assume that the stove was placed in the northern corner as an insurmountable barrier to the forces of death and evil seeking to break into the home.
- The relatively small space of the hut, about 20-25 sq.m., was organized in such a way that a fairly large family of seven or eight people could comfortably accommodate it. This was achieved due to the fact that each family member knew his place in the common space. Men usually worked and rested during the day in the men's half of the hut, which included a front corner with icons and a bench near the entrance. Women and children were in the women's quarters near the stove during the day. Places for sleeping at night were also allocated. Old people slept on the floor near the doors, the stove or on the stove, on a cabbage, children and single youth slept under the sheets or on the sheets. In warm weather, adult couples spent the night in cages and hallways; in cold weather, on a bench under the curtains or on a platform near the stove.
Slide 6
- The stove was the second most important “center of holiness” in the house - after the red, God's corner - and maybe even the first.
- Part of the hut from the mouth to the opposite wall, the space in which all work was carried out women's work, associated with cooking, was called the stove corner. Here, around
- windows, opposite the mouth of the furnace, in every house there were hand millstones, which is why the corner is also called a millstone. In the corner of the stove there was a bench or counter with shelves inside, used as a kitchen table. On the walls there were observers - shelves for tableware, cabinets. Above, at the level of the shelf holders, there was a stove beam, on which kitchen utensils were placed and a variety of household utensils were stacked.
- On a holiday, the hut was transformed: the table was moved to the middle, covered with a tablecloth, and festive utensils, previously stored in cages, were displayed on the shelves.
Slide 7
Stove corner
- The stove corner was considered a dirty place, in contrast to the rest of the clean space of the hut. Therefore, the peasants always sought to separate it from the rest of the room with a curtain made of variegated chintz, colored homespun, or a wooden partition. The corner of the stove, covered by a board partition, formed a small room called a “closet” or “prilub.”
- It was an exclusively female space in the hut: here women prepared food and rested after work. During holidays, when many guests came to the house, a second table was placed near the stove for women, where they feasted separately from the men who sat at the table in the red corner. Men, even their own families, could not enter the women’s quarters unless absolutely necessary. The appearance of a stranger there was considered completely unacceptable.
- The traditional stationary furnishings of the home lasted the longest around the stove in the women's corner.
Slide 8
The table always stood in the corner, diagonally from the stove. Above it was a shrine with icons. There were fixed benches along the walls, and above them were shelves cut into the walls. In the back part of the hut, from the stove to the side wall under the ceiling, there was a wooden flooring - a floor. In the southern Russian regions, behind the side wall of the stove there could be a wooden flooring for sleeping - a floor, a platform. This whole immovable environment of the hut was built together with the house and was called a mansion outfit. The stove was playing main role in the internal space of the Russian home throughout all stages of its existence. It’s not for nothing that the room where the Russian stove stood was called “a hut, a stove.” The Russian stove is a type of oven in which the fire is lit inside the stove, and not on an open area at the top. The smoke exits through the mouth - the hole into which the fuel is placed, or through a specially designed chimney. The Russian stove in a peasant hut had the shape of a cube: its usual length is 1.8-2 m, width 1.6-1.8 m, height 1.7 m. The upper part of the stove is flat, convenient for lying on. Furnace combustion chamber comparatively large sizes: 1.2-1.4 m high, up to 1.5 m wide, with a vaulted ceiling and a flat bottom - bottom.
Slide 9
Red corner
All significant events family life marked in the red corner. Here, both everyday meals and festive feasts took place at the table, and many calendar rituals took place. In the wedding ceremony, the matchmaking of the bride, her ransom from her girlfriends and brother took place in the red corner; from the red corner of her father's house they took her to the church for the wedding, brought her to the groom's house and took her to the red corner too. During harvesting, the first and last ones were installed in the red corner. The preservation of the first and last ears of the harvest, endowed, according to folk legends, with magical powers, promised well-being for the family, home, and entire household. In the red corner, daily prayers were performed, from which any important undertaking began. It is the most honorable place in the house. According to traditional etiquette, a person who came to a hut could only go there at the special invitation of the owners. They tried to keep the red corner clean and elegantly decorated. The name “red” itself means “beautiful”, “good”, “light”. It was decorated with embroidered towels, popular prints, and postcards. The most beautiful household utensils were placed on the shelves near the red corner, the most securities, objects. Everywhere among Russians, when laying the foundation of a house, it was a common custom to place money under the lower crown in all corners, and a larger coin was placed under the red corner.
Slide 10
- The red corner, like the stove, was an important landmark in the interior space of the hut.
- In most of European Russia, in the Urals, and Siberia, the red corner was the space between the side and front walls in the depths of the hut, limited by the corner located diagonally from the stove.
Slide 11
The red corner was well lit because both of its constituent walls had windows. The main decoration of the red corner is a shrine with icons and a lamp, which is why it is also called “holy”. As a rule, everywhere in Russia, in addition to the shrine, there is a table in the red corner, only in a number of places in the Pskov and Velikoluksk provinces. it is placed in the wall between the windows - opposite the corner of the stove. In the red corner, next to the table, two benches meet, and on top, above the shrine, there are two shelves; hence the Western-South Russian name for the corner of the day (the place where the elements of home decoration meet and connect).
Slide 12
Seat at the table
Each family member knew his place at the table. The owner of the house sat under the icons during a family meal. His eldest son was located at right hand from the father, the second son is on the left, the third is next to his older brother. Children under marriageable age were seated on a bench running from the front corner along the facade. Women ate while sitting on side benches or stools. It was not supposed to violate the established order in the house unless absolutely necessary. The person who violated them could be severely punished. On weekdays the hut looked quite modest. There was nothing superfluous in it: the table stood without a tablecloth, the walls without decorations. Everyday utensils were placed in the stove corner and on the shelves.
Slide 13
Against the dim background of the interior of a peasant hut, a peasant woman sits on a bench at the table with a crying child in her arms and swings a spoon at the boy.
Slide 14
Slide 15
Shop
- A short bench is a bench that runs along the front wall of a house facing the street. During family meals, men sat on it.
- The shop located near the stove was called kutnaya. Buckets of water, pots, cast iron pots were placed on it, and freshly baked bread was placed on it.
- The threshold bench ran along the wall where the door was located. It was used by women instead of a kitchen table and differed from other benches in the house in the absence of an edge along the edge.
- Judgment bench - a bench running from the stove along the wall or door partition to the front
- wall of the house. The surface level of this bench is higher than other benches in the house. The bench at the front has folding or sliding doors or can be closed with a curtain. Inside there are shelves for dishes, buckets, cast iron pots, and pots.
Municipal general educational institution
average comprehensive school No. 5 p. Edrovo
Research
"Interior of a peasant hut"
Nomination: ethnography
Completed by: Podzigun Olesya,
Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 5 s. Edrovo
Supervisor
Deputy Director
With. Edrovo
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………..3 page
2.. Research methodology……………………………4 page
3.. Main part: chapter I……………………………5 – 8 pages
Chapter II………………………….pages
4. Research results……………………………..page 24
5. Conclusions……………………………………………………….25 page
6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………page 26
7. Bibliographic review…………………………….....page 27
Introduction
Explanatory note
21 century. The age of high technology. Modern equipment does almost everything for a person. And two centuries ago to the common man you had to do everything yourself: from making a simple spoon to building your own house. For eight years, our group, the Local History group, collected unique items of Russian antiquity. There were more than a hundred exhibits. And we decided to decorate the interior of a peasant hut in order to preserve cultural heritage sat down.
Create and explore the interior of a peasant hut
Tasks
Ø collect, analyze and systematize material about the interior of a peasant hut
Ø convey knowledge about one’s native village to various audiences through various media;
Ø broaden the horizons of the students at my school.
Stages of research work
I Preparatory stage – planning, identifying the problem and relevance of the chosen topic, defining goals and objectives.
II Practical stage - finding historical material. Photoshoot. Clarification and adjustment of the plan.
III General stage – systematization of materials, design of work on a computer. Summarizing. Conducting excursions for various age audiences. Publication of material on school and personal websites on the Internet.
Research methodology
I started doing this work 2 years ago and finished it only by the end of the 1st quarter of this year.
In 6th grade I visited the Museum of Russian Architecture in Vitoslavlitsy. The peasant houses and the furnishings in the houses sank into my soul. I signed up for the group additional education“Local History” under the leadership of Svetlana Ivanovna. This is the second year that I have been the director of this museum, which I am very proud of. I really like conducting the excursion “Interior of a Peasant Hut.” While preparing this excursion, I needed to study each item, its purpose and functions. First of all, I made a plan, defined goals and objectives. I thought about where and what kind of literature I could find. While developing the topic, I talked to many village residents and interviewed them. I read the necessary books. I visited the Museum of the county town in the city of Valdai, went to local history museum city of Vyshny Volochyok.
To begin with, I went to our school and children's libraries. I studied literature. I had very little material. Armed with a digital camera, I photographed the most necessary interior exhibits in order to visually present them in action. I met with many village residents who told me about the purpose and functions of this or that item. I learned a lot from excursions conducted at the Museum of the District City, located in the regional center and in Vyshny Volochyok. My mother provided me with great help, as she was a member of the Yedrovsky choir. This group has performed more than once in the villages of our Novgorod region. Their repertoire included many folk songs. Their grandparents told them a lot about how they lived before, what they did. I systematized, summarized and compiled all the collected material on a computer. I have already conducted 5 excursions at school on the topic “Interior of a peasant hut.” I was pleasantly surprised that our guests from Finland were very interested in this exhibition. It turned out that they still weave rugs themselves and sew blankets for those in need. With genuine delight they tried to rinse and iron clothes using peasant objects. I typed all the collected material on the computer and printed it. The volume of material studied turned out to be much broader than I imagined. I selected the most significant and necessary things for my work. Then I put everything in a folder.
Main part
Chapter I. Izba
The hut is the most common building of peasants. At first glance, the hut is the most ordinary building. The peasant, building his home, tried to make it durable, warm, and comfortable for life. However, in the construction of the hut one cannot help but see the need for beauty inherent in the Russian people. Therefore, huts are not only monuments of everyday life, but also works of architecture and art. But the age of the hut is short-lived: a heated dwelling can rarely last more than 100 years. Residential buildings quickly deteriorate, the process of wood rotting is more active in them, so basically the oldest huts date back to the 19th century. But in appearance and in the interiors of the huts, features characteristic of buildings of the 15th - 17th centuries and earlier times are often preserved. The peasants usually cut the hut and other peasant buildings themselves or hired experienced carpenters. When preparing to build, the peasant cut down trees in late autumn or early spring. By this time, life in the tree freezes, the last annual ring acquires a hard, outer shell, which protects the wood from destruction. Right in the forest or near the village they placed a rough-built log house without windows or doors, which was divided into three parts for drying. And in early spring it was transported to the village and collected. This work was usually done by “helping” (“pushing”). “Help” is a one-day community service in favor of one peasant family. The entire village and even the surrounding area gathered for construction. This ancient custom is described in the old proverb: “Whoever called for help, go himself.” For all the “help”, the peasant had to provide a treat.
In the Valdai region, huts of the “Mstinsky” type are common, that is, high, as if two-story. The first floor - podzbitsa, or basement, low and cold, was, as a rule, non-residential. Sauerkraut, pickled mushrooms, honey and other foodstuffs, as well as property and various utensils were usually stored here. Each room has a separate entrance. Houses on high basements were built in ancient times. In the old days, villages were located along rivers and lakes, which overflowed their banks during floods. The living part was located upstairs - away from dampness and snowdrifts. In Novgorod birch bark documents the basement is mentioned more than once. “Bow from Semyon to my daughter-in-law. If you don’t remember yourself, then keep in mind that you have rye malt, it’s lying in the basement...”; “Bow from Sidor to Gregory. Whatever venison is in the basement, give it to the guard at the church.” An interesting architectural feature of the “Mstinsky” type of huts is a gallery, known locally as a “prikrolek”. It seems to emphasize the division of the house into two floors. The purpose of the gallery is to protect the lower part of the frame from rain. You could sit on the bench in the shelter in wet weather and on a hot day, dry your laundry in bad weather, and keep firewood dry. Galleries were a common element in ancient Russian architecture. In the villages of the Novgorod region you can still see houses surrounded by galleries. The roof structure has retained archaic features. “Chickens” or “kokshas” are cut into the legs - hooks, often made from young spruce trees with treated rhizomes. Streams – water reservoirs – are laid on the “hens”. The threads are supported by a plank that is superimposed on the legs. The plank roof is pressed against the upper ridge by a heavy dugout log - a log, crowning the roof. Komel ohlupnya - a natural thickening at the rhizome of a tree was often processed in the form of the most different figures. Often village craftsmen gave it the shape of a horse's head. The custom of crowning the roof with the figure of a horse dates back to the pagan period. The horse is the faithful companion of the peasant farmer. Among the pagan Slavs, it was a symbol of the radiant sun, happiness, and wealth. The silhouette of the roof ends with a wooden pipe - a “smoke pipe”. An ornamental slot was made in it to allow smoke to escape, and the top was covered with a gable roof. Roofs made “in the old style” are very picturesque, and most importantly, durable - they withstood any hurricanes.
The furnishings of the hut correspond to the lifestyle of a peasant hut. Everything here is extremely modest, strict and expedient. The large stove was heated “black”. Apart from this, all the equipment of the hut consists of furniture built into the log house. Benches stretch along three walls, resting on wide plank legs - stands. Above the benches under the ceiling there are shelves - shelf holders. They protected the bottom of the walls and benches from soot. Above the low doors are plank floors on which children usually slept. The place near the stove - “woman's kut” - is separated by a low board fence. All the basic elements of a home - beds, benches, shelves - have existed in Rus' since ancient times. Ancient inventories and Scribe books mention them in the 16th and 17th centuries. Archaeological excavations showed that the houses of ancient Novgorod had built-in furniture already in the 10th – 11th centuries. The walls are made of smoothly hewn logs. The corners are not completely cut off, but left round so that they do not freeze in winter. People have a riddle about round corners: “It’s horny on the street, but smooth in the hut.” Indeed, on the outside the corners are chopped “into the edge with a remainder” - “horned”, and on the inside they are carefully processed - smooth. The floor and ceiling are made of plates: on the ceiling with slabs up, on the floor with slabs down. A massive beam – “matitsa” – runs across the hut, serving as a support for the ceilings. In the hut, each place had a specific purpose. The owner worked and rested on a bench at the entrance, opposite the entrance there was a red ceremonial bench, and between them was a spinning bench. The owner kept tools on the shelves, and the hostess kept yarn, spindles, needles, etc. At night, children climbed into the beds, adults sat on benches, on the floor, old people - on the stove. The beds were removed on the floor after the stove had been heated and the soot had been swept off them with a broom. In the red corner under the shrine there is a place for a dining table. An elongated table top made of well-planed and fitted boards—the table top—rests on massive turned legs that are mounted on runners. The runners made it easy to move the table around the hut. It was placed near the oven when bread was baked, and moved while washing the floor and walls. On the bench where the women were spinning there were massive spinning wheels. Village craftsmen made them from a part of a tree with a rhizome and decorated them with carvings. Local names for spinning wheels made from roots are “kopanki”, “kerenki”, “kornevukhi”. The huts where the oven is to the left, and the benches on which it is convenient to spin “towards the light” are to the right, were called “spinners”. If order was disturbed, the hut was called “unspinner”. In the old days, every peasant family had a korobeika - bast chests with rounded corners. They kept family valuables, clothes, and dowries. “Daughter in the cradle, dowry in the box.” A bast cradle (wobbly) hangs on a flexible pole - ochep - under a homespun canopy. Usually a peasant woman, swinging a loose rope by a loop with her foot, would do some kind of work: spinning, sewing, embroidering. There is a riddle among the people about such a shaky thing on the cemetery: “Without arms, without legs, but bows.” A weaving mill was placed closer to the window. Without this simple, but very wise device, the life of a peasant family was unthinkable: after all, everyone, young and old, wore homespun clothes. Usually the loom was included in the bride's dowry. In the evening, the huts were illuminated by a torch, which was inserted into a light mounted on a wooden base. The stove on a chopped wooden platform (“pechka”) faces the window with its mouth. On the protruding part - the pole - are crowded pots for porridge, cabbage soup and other simple peasant food. There is a cupboard for dishes next to the stove. On long shelves along the walls there are milk pots, clay and wooden bowls, salt shakers, etc. Very early the peasant hut came to life. First of all, the “housewife” or “big woman” stood up - the owner’s wife, if she was not yet old, or one of the daughters-in-law. She flooded the stove, opened the door and the smoker (the hole for the smoke to escape) wide. The smoke and cold lifted everyone. The little kids were sat on a pole to warm themselves. Acrid smoke filled the entire hut, crawled upward, and hung under the ceiling taller than a man. But the stove is heated, the door and smoker are closed - and it’s warm in the hut. Everything is like in the ancient Russian proverb, known since the 8th century: “Having not endured smoky sorrows, we have not seen warmth.” “Black” stoves were installed in villages until the 19th century. Since the 1860s, “white” stoves appeared, mostly Novgorod villages switched to “white” fireboxes from the 80s of the last century, but at the beginning of the 20th century in the Novgorod province there were still poor peasants’ huts with smoke. Black stoves were cheap, they required little wood to fire them, and the smoked logs of houses were less susceptible to rotting. This explains the longevity of chicken houses. Smoke, soot, and cold during the heating of the stove caused a lot of trouble to the inhabitants of the house. Zemstvo doctors noted eye and lung diseases in the residents of “black” huts in the Novgorod province. Domestic animals - calves, lambs, piglets - were often placed in a peasant hut in the cold. In winter, chickens were placed in the oven. In the hut, in their free time from field work, the peasants were engaged in various crafts - weaving bast shoes, baskets, crushing leather, sewing boots, harnesses, etc. The Novgorod land was infertile. The family only had enough bread until half the winter, and they bought it with money raised from the sale of various products. Wood processing was especially widespread in the Novgorod forest region. (“The forest side will feed not only one wolf, but also a peasant.”) Woodworkers bent arcs, carved spoons and bowls, made sleighs, carts, etc. Coopers made buckets, tubs, and gangs from spruce and oak staves. The people have long known the proverb: “If it weren’t for linden and birch bark, a man would crumble.” She speaks of the great popularity of these materials among the people. Wallets, bags, baskets, bast shoes were used in the everyday life of any peasant family. Wallets are shoulder boxes with lids and straps. They went downstairs to mow and harvest, to the forest to pick mushrooms and berries, and they carried bread, fish and other products in them. And in baskets - wicker birch bark bodies - they kept everything - flour, grain, flaxseed, onions. Bulk products were stored in bottle-shaped vessels. Shovelers are cases for wooden spatulas or stone blocks for sharpening scythes.
The “white” hut is more colorful. The china cabinet is painted with floral motifs. According to custom, in the red corner under the shrine, decorated with an embroidered towel, there was a dining table. It is of a traditional shape. The wide oak tabletop is not painted, the rest of the table details are red or dark green, the base is painted with figures of animals and birds. Housewives were especially proud of their turned, carved and painted spinning wheels, which were usually placed in a prominent place: they served not only as a tool of labor, but also as a decoration for the home. The bed and bed are covered with colored curtains made of linen fiber. The windows have curtains made of homespun muslin, and the window sills are decorated with geraniums, dear to the peasant’s heart. The hut was cleaned especially carefully for the holidays: the women washed with sand and scraped white with large knives - “Caesars” - the ceiling, walls, shelves, and floors. The Russian peasant did not whitewash or paper the walls - he did not hide the natural beauty of the wood.
Peasant interior items
The spinning wheel was a constant part of the everyday life of a Russian woman - from youth to old age. In her decoration a lot of warmth was put into it. Very often a spinning wheel was made by a master for his bride. And then not only skill and talent were invested in decorating this object, but also dreams of beauty that youth is capable of.
According to their design, spinning wheels can be divided into solid root ones, made entirely from the rhizome and trunk of a tree, and composite ones - a comb with a bottom. We have 4 composite spinning wheels collected in our museum. Late 19th century. Tree. The blade is rectangular, tapering towards the bottom, with three semicircular projections at the top and two small earrings. There is a through hole in the center.
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Particular attention was paid to table decoration. The central place on it has always been occupied by salt lick. It was woven from birch bark or from roots, but more often it was cut from wood. It was carved in the shape of a duck because it was considered the patroness of the home and family. The duck was placed first on the tablecloth of the wedding table.
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IN ancient Rus' blacksmithing was developed. The skill of rural blacksmiths often exceeded that of urban blacksmiths because the village farrier was a generalist, while the urban farrier usually specialized in one area. There was just so much that the Russian blacksmith had to forge: horseshoes, grips, pokers and individual parts of household utensils.
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The simplest keys were made by blacksmith forging followed by filing with a file. The lock and key occupied a special place in the ritual traditions of the Russian people. First of all, this concerned the wedding ceremony: leaving the church after the wedding, the newlyweds stepped over a lock placed on the threshold, which was then locked so that “the marriage would be strong.” The key to the castle was thrown into the river, as if thereby securing the indissolubility of family ties (by the way, the word “bonds” itself means “fetters”, “shackles”, “chains”, i.e., what was usually fettered by the lock). keys and in folk objects: “don’t knock the keys, quarrel”; “The keys are on the table, there’s a quarrel.” In the Russian language there are a number of words with the root “key”: “key”, “oarlock”, “conclusion”, “turn on”, “spring water”. In addition, the key acts as an abstract symbol: “key of knowledge”, “musical key”, “key to the solution”, etc.
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The most revered place in the hut was the red (front, large, holy) corner, in which the shrine was located. Everyone entering the hut took off his hat and crossed himself three times. The place under the images was considered the most honorable. Peasant shrines were a kind of home church. Pieces of incense, candles, infusions, holy water, prayer books, family photographs, etc. were kept here. The goddesses were decorated with towels. During feasts and dances, the goddess was drawn with a curtain, so that the gods would not be angry when they saw the “worldly demon.” For the same reason, they tried not to smoke or swear in the hut.
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For a long time, flax has been one of the main agricultural crops on Novgorod land. The process of processing it was labor-intensive and was carried out exclusively by women. For this, hand-held, rather primitive devices were used; they were usually made by the peasants themselves. And more complex ones, such as self-spinners, were bought at bazaars or ordered from craftsmen. The ripened flax was manually pulled (pulled), dried and threshed with rollers and flails. To remove the substances that glue the fibers, threshed flax stalks in September - October were spread for two to three weeks in a meadow or soaked in swamps, lowlands, pits, and then dried in a barn. Dried flax was crushed on flax mills to break the kernel (hard base) from the fibers. Then the flax was freed from the fire using special wooden spatulas with a short handle and an elongated working part - scythes. To straighten the fibers in one direction, they were combed with wooden combs, metal “brush” or pig bristles, and sometimes hedgehog skin was used - the result was a silky tow with a soft shine. Since November, flax has been spun by hand using spinning wheels and spindles.
Towels were widely used in wedding ceremonies. They were used to entwine the arc and hang the back of the wedding cart. During the wedding, the bride and groom held an embroidered towel in their hands. The wedding loaf was covered with a towel. During the meeting of honored guests, bread and salt were served on it. In our museum there is a towel dated 1893. This is a handmade product: a towel was woven from grown flax and decorated with embroidery in the shape of the letter “A”. It is not known for certain whether this is the name of the author of the work or the name of the person to whom the product was intended.
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Man has long sought not only to surround himself with objects necessary in his everyday life, but also to decorate them. The feeling of beauty is inseparable from the labor process; it was born from the need for creativity, reflecting the spiritual culture of man. So, from century to century, absorbing all the best that was created before, it took shape national culture, art of the Russian people. It was in folk art that the national taste was most clearly manifested. In it, the people reflected their dreams of beauty, their hopes for happiness. Every peasant house, which itself was very often a wonderful monument of wooden architecture, is filled with works of truly great art.
Many items made from the simplest and cheapest materials folk artists decorated with bright paintings and masterly carvings. They brought joy and beauty into life. For a long time people will admire objects folk art, and draw from its inexhaustible source the spiritual riches created by the genius of the people.
It is in pre-Christian Rus' that one should look for the origins of the Russian spirit. It is there that the key to understanding the “mysterious and incomprehensible Russian soul” is located, which has been tried in vain for many centuries.
Research results
The difficulty of the work was that all the information is historically old, this information is scattered, and there are only a few old-timers left. Research activities to study the interior of the hut provided me with the opportunity to obtain necessary knowledge on the history of my native land, I became acquainted with the historical and cultural heritage of the village. This work, I hope, will help the spiritual and moral education of the students of my school, instilling patriotism, love for their village, people, and the country as a whole.
Research activities have contributed to the development of my personality, intelligence and creativity. I have an idea of the work of a tour guide and museum director.
I introduced the research materials to my classmates and high school students at my school. I conduct school excursions “Interior of a peasant hut.”
conclusions
Having summed up the results, I drew conclusions.
Firstly, research activities studying the life of peasants provided me with the opportunity to gain the necessary knowledge on the history of my native land. She contributed to the development of my individuality, intelligence, and creativity. This affected my attitude towards the people of the village and the village as a whole.
Secondly, I hope that this work will help the spiritual and moral education of the students of my school, instilling patriotism, love for their village, people, and the country as a whole.
Third. Now students of our school do not need to go on an excursion to the Museum of Folk Architecture in Vitoslavlitsy.
Fourthly. This work preserved the history of peasant life, folk art, customs and traditions of the village of Edrovo.
Fifthly, implementation of this research work helped me consolidate my computer skills, I learned how to work with a digital camera, and at home I created my own website on which I posted this material.
Sixth, I acquired the skills of working as a guide.
Conclusion
Today we leave a lot in the past and forget that the historical destinies of people of the past are the basis for the education of the younger generation. Caring attitude to its antiquity, to its history makes a person more soulful. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve memory and respect for the work of our ancestors, their labor traditions, customs, and respect for them. Nowadays, schoolchildren have little knowledge of the history and culture of their people, native land, and country. And over the years, she may be completely forgotten. It is not without reason that they say that a generation without a past is nothing. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the history of the native land and instilling love for it. This is one of the important means in preparing students for life, developing in us, schoolchildren, a sense of master who knows and knows how to preserve rich cultural traditions of your region.
Bibliographic review
The village of Gorodnya - K.: Publishing house, 1955.
Isakov V. Top of Valdai - M.: Moscow Worker, 1984.
Valdai - L.: Lenizdat, 1979.
Russian folk carving and wood painting - L.: Lenizdat, 1980.
N. Our Novgorod land - L.: Lenizdat, 1981.
Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow - L.: Lenizdat, 1977.
Our Novgorod land - L.: Lenizdat, 1982.
AND. Yaroslav's yard - N.: Editorial office of the newspaper Novgorodskaya Pravda, 1958.
Vologda region: unclaimed antiquity - M.: Publishing House, 1986.
To the homeland of the Valdai bells - N.: Publishing House, 1990.
. These lands dear to the heart - L.: Lenizdat, 1987.
A dwelling is a structure or structure in which people live. It serves for shelter from bad weather, for protection from the enemy, for sleep, rest, raising offspring, and storing food. Local populations in different regions of the world have developed their own types of traditional dwellings. For example, among nomads these are yurts, tents, wigwams, and tents. In the mountainous areas they built pallasos and chalets, and on the plains - huts, mud huts and huts. The national types of housing of the peoples of the world will be discussed in the article. In addition, from the article you will learn which buildings remain relevant today and what functions they continue to perform.
Ancient traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world
People began to use housing since the times of the primitive communal system. At first these were caves, grottoes, and earthen fortifications. But climate change forced them to actively develop the skills of building and strengthening their houses. In the modern sense, "dwellings" most likely arose during the Neolithic, and stone houses appeared in the 9th century BC.
People sought to make their homes stronger and more comfortable. Now many ancient dwellings of one or another people seem completely fragile and dilapidated, but at one time they served their owners faithfully.
So, about the dwellings of the peoples of the world and their characteristics in more detail.
Dwellings of the peoples of the north
The conditions of the harsh northern climate influenced the characteristics of the national structures of the peoples who lived in these conditions. The most famous dwellings of the northern peoples are the booth, tent, igloo and yaranga. They are still relevant today and fully meet the requirements of the absolutely difficult conditions of the north.
This dwelling is remarkably adapted to harsh climatic conditions and a nomadic lifestyle. They are inhabited by peoples engaged primarily in reindeer herding: Nenets, Komi, Entsy, Khanty. Many people believe that the Chukchi also live in a tent, but this is a misconception; they build yarangas.
The chum is a tent in the shape of a cone, which is formed by high poles. This type of structure is more resistant to gusts of wind, and the conical shape of the walls allows snow to slide over their surface in winter and not accumulate.
They are covered with burlap in the summer and with animal skins in the winter. The entrance to the tent is covered with burlap. To prevent snow or wind from getting under the lower edge of the building, snow is raked from the outside to the base of its walls.
In the center there is always a fire, which is used to heat the room and cook food. The temperature in the room is approximately 15 to 20 ºС. Animal skins are laid on the floor. Pillows, feather beds and blankets are made from sheep skins.
The chum is traditionally installed by all family members, from young to old.
- Showcase.
The traditional home of the Yakuts is a booth; it is a rectangular structure made of logs with a flat roof. It was built quite easily: they took the main logs and installed them vertically, but at an angle, and then attached many other logs of smaller diameter. Afterwards the walls were smeared with clay. The roof was first covered with bark, and a layer of earth was poured on top of it.
The floor inside the dwelling was trampled sand, the temperature of which never dropped below 5 ºС.
The walls consisted of a huge number of windows; they were covered with ice before the onset of severe frosts, and with mica in the summer.
The hearth was always located to the right of the entrance, it was smeared with clay. Everyone slept on bunks, which were placed to the right of the hearth for men and to the left for women.
- Igloo.
This is the housing of the Eskimos, who did not live very well, unlike the Chukchi, so they did not have the opportunity or materials to build a full-fledged home. They built their houses from snow or ice blocks. The structure had a dome shape.
The main feature of the igloo device was that the entrance had to be below floor level. This was done to ensure that oxygen entered the home and carbon dioxide evaporated; in addition, this location of the entrance made it possible to retain heat.
The walls of the igloo did not melt, but melted, and this made it possible to maintain a constant temperature in the room of approximately +20 ºС even in severe frosts.
- Valkaran.
This is the home of the peoples living off the coast of the Bering Sea (Aleuts, Eskimos, Chukchi). This is a half-dugout, the frame of which consists of whale bones. Its roof is covered with earth. Interesting feature home is that it has two entrances: the winter one - through a multi-meter underground corridor, the summer one - through the roof.
- Yaranga.
This is the home of the Chukchi, Evens, Koryaks, and Yukaghirs. It's portable. Tripods made of poles were installed in a circle, inclined wooden poles were tied to them, and a dome was attached on top. The entire structure was covered with walrus or deer skins.
Several poles were placed in the middle of the room to support the ceiling. The yaranga was divided into several rooms with the help of curtains. Sometimes a small house covered with skins was placed inside it.
Dwellings of nomadic peoples
The nomadic way of life formed special kind dwellings of the peoples of the world who do not live settled down. Here are examples of some of them.
- Yurt.
This is a typical type of structure among nomads. It continues to be a traditional home in Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Altai.
This is a dome-shaped dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on large poles, which are installed in the form of gratings. There is always a hole on the roof of the dome for smoke to escape from the hearth. The domed shape gives it maximum stability, and the felt maintains its constant microclimate indoors, not allowing either heat or frost to penetrate there.
In the center of the building there is a fireplace, the stones for which are always carried with you. The floor is laid with skins or planks.
The home can be assembled or disassembled in 2 hours
The Kazakhs call a camping yurt abylaysha. They were used in military campaigns under the Kazakh Khan Abylay, hence the name.
- Vardo.
This is a gypsy tent, essentially a one-room house that is mounted on wheels. There is a door, windows, a stove, a bed, and drawers for linen. At the bottom of the wagon there is a luggage compartment and even a chicken coop. The cart is very light, so one horse could handle it. Vardo became widespread at the end of the 19th century.
- Felij.
This is the tent of the Bedouins (Arab nomads). The frame consists of long poles intertwined with each other, it was covered with a cloth woven from camel hair, it was very dense and did not allow moisture to pass through when it rained. The room was divided into male and female parts, each of them had its own fireplace.
Dwellings of the peoples of our country
Russia is a multinational country, on whose territory more than 290 people live. Each has its own culture, customs, and traditional forms of housing. Here are the most striking of them:
- Dugout.
This is one of the oldest dwellings of the peoples of our country. This is a hole dug to a depth of about 1.5 meters, the roof of which was made of planks, straw and a layer of earth. The inside wall was reinforced with logs, and the floor was coated with clay mortar.
The disadvantages of this room were that smoke could only escape through the door, and the room was very damp due to the proximity of groundwater. Therefore, living in a dugout was not easy. But there were also advantages, for example, it completely ensured safety; in it one could not be afraid of either hurricanes or fires; it maintained a constant temperature; she did not miss loud sounds; practically did not require repairs or additional care; it could easily be built. It is thanks to all these advantages that dugouts were very widely used as shelters during the Great Patriotic War.
- Izba.
The Russian hut was traditionally built from logs using an axe. The roof was made gable. To insulate the walls, moss was placed between the logs; over time, it became dense and covered all the large cracks. The outside walls were coated with clay, which was mixed with cow dung and straw. This solution insulated the walls. A stove was always installed in a Russian hut, the smoke from it came out through the window, and only starting from the 17th century they began to build chimneys.
- Kuren.
The name comes from the word “smoke,” which meant “to smoke.” They called it kuren traditional home Cossacks Their first settlements arose in the floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses were built on stilts, the walls were made of wicker, coated with clay, the roof was made of reeds, and a hole was left in it for the smoke to escape.
This is the home of the Telengits (people of Altai). It is a hexagonal structure made of logs with a high roof covered with larch bark. The villages always had an earthen floor and a hearth in the center.
- Kava.
Indigenous people Khabarovsk Territory, Orochi, built a kava dwelling, which looked like a gable hut. The side walls and roof were covered with spruce bark. The entrance to the home was always from the river. The place for the hearth was laid out with pebbles and fenced with wooden beams, which were coated with clay. Wooden bunks were built near the walls.
- Cave.
This type of dwelling was built in mountainous areas composed of soft rocks (limestone, loess, tuff). People cut down caves in them and built comfortable homes. In this way, entire cities appeared, for example, in the Crimea, the cities of Eski-Kermen, Tepe-Kermen and others. Fireplaces were installed in the rooms, chimneys were cut, niches for dishes and water, windows and doors.
Dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine
The most historically valuable and famous dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine are: mud hut, Transcarpathian kolyba, hut. Many of them still exist.
- Muzanka.
This is an ancient traditional dwelling of Ukraine; unlike the hut, it was intended for living in areas with a mild and warm climate. It was built from a wooden frame, the walls consisted of thin branches, on the outside they were smeared with white clay, and on the inside with a mortar of clay mixed with reeds and straw. The roof consisted of reeds or straw. The mud hut house had no foundation and was not protected from moisture in any way, but served its owners for 100 years or more.
- Kolyba.
In the mountainous regions of the Carpathians, shepherds and woodcutters built temporary summer dwellings, which were called “kolyba”. This is a log house that had no windows. The roof was gable and covered with flat chips. Wooden beds and shelves for things were installed along the walls inside. There was a fireplace in the middle of the dwelling.
- Hut.
This is a traditional type of home among Belarusians, Ukrainians, southern Russian peoples and Poles. The roof was hipped, made of reeds or straw. The walls were built from half-logs and coated with a mixture of horse manure and clay. The hut was whitewashed both outside and inside. There were shutters on the windows. The house was surrounded by a zavalinka (a wide bench filled with clay). The hut was divided into 2 parts, separated by a vestibule: residential and utility.
Dwellings of the peoples of the Caucasus
For the peoples of the Caucasus, the traditional dwelling is the saklya. It is a one-room stone structure with dirt floors and no windows. The roof was flat with a hole for the smoke to escape. Sakli in mountainous areas formed entire terraces, adjacent to each other, that is, the roof of one building was the floor of another. This type of structure served a defensive function.
Dwellings of the peoples of Europe
The most famous dwellings of European peoples are: trullo, palliaso, bordei, vezha, konak, culla, chalet. Many of them still exist.
- Trullo.
This is a type of dwelling of the peoples of central and southern Italy. They were created by dry masonry, that is, the stones were laid without cement or clay. And if one stone was removed, the structure would collapse. This type of structure was due to the fact that it was prohibited to build houses in these areas, and if inspectors came, the structure could easily be destroyed.
Trullos were one-room with two windows. The roof of the building was cone-shaped.
- Pallasso.
These dwellings are characteristic of the peoples living in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. They were built in the highlands of Spain. These were round buildings with a cone-shaped roof. The top of the roof was covered with straw or reeds. The exit was always on the east side; the building had no windows.
- Bordey.
This is a semi-dugout of the peoples of Moldova and Romania, which was covered with a thick layer of reed or straw. This is the oldest type of housing in this part of the continent.
- Klochan.
The home of the Irish, which looks like a domed hut built of stone. The masonry was used dry, without any solutions. The windows looked like narrow slits. Basically, such dwellings were built by monks who led an ascetic lifestyle.
- Vezha.
This is the traditional home of the Sami (Finno-Ugric people of northern Europe). The structure was made of logs in the form of a pyramid, with a smoke hole left at it. A stone hearth was built in the center of the vezha, and the floor was covered with reindeer skins. Nearby they built a shed on poles, which was called nili.
- Konak.
A two-story stone house that was built in Romania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia. This building in plan resembles the Russian letter G; it was covered with a tiled roof. The house had a huge number of rooms, so there was no need for outbuildings in such houses.
- Kula.
It is a fortified tower, built of stone, with small windows. They can be found in Albania, the Caucasus, Sardinia, Ireland, and Corsica.
- Chalet.
This is a rural house in the Alps. It is distinguished by protruding cornice overhangs and wooden walls, the lower part of which was plastered and lined with stone.
Indian Dwellings
The most famous Indian dwelling is the wigwam. But there are also buildings such as teepees and wickiups.
- Indian wigwam.
This is the home of the Indians living in the north and northeast North America. Nowadays, no one lives in them, but they continue to be used for various kinds of rituals and initiations. It is dome-shaped and consists of curved and flexible trunks. At the top there is a hole for smoke to escape. In the center of the dwelling there was a fireplace, along the edges there were places for rest and sleep. The entrance to the home was covered with a curtain. The food was prepared outside.
- Tipi.
Dwelling of the Great Plains Indians. It has a cone-shaped shape up to 8 meters high, its frame consisted of pine trees, covered with bison skins on top and reinforced with pegs at the bottom. This structure was easily assembled, disassembled and transported.
- Wikiap.
Home of the Apaches and other tribes living in the southwestern United States and California. This is a small hut covered with branches, straw, and bushes. It is considered a type of wigwam.
Dwellings of the peoples of Africa
The most famous dwellings of the peoples of Africa are considered to be rondavel and ikukwane.
- Rondavel.
This is the home of the Bantu people. It has a round base, a cone-shaped roof, and stone walls, which are held together with a mixture of sand and manure. Inside, the walls were coated with clay. The top of the roof was covered with reeds.
- Ikukwane.
This is a huge domed reed house that is traditional to the Zulu people. Long twigs, reeds, and tall grass were intertwined and reinforced with ropes. The entrance was closed with special shields.
Dwellings of the peoples of Asia
The most famous dwellings in China are diaolou and tulou, in Japan - minka, in Korea - hanok.
- Diaolou.
These are multi-story fortified fortified houses that have been built in southern China since the Ming Dynasty. In those days, there was an urgent need for such buildings, since gangs of bandits operated in the territories. In a later and calmer time, such structures were built simply according to tradition.
- Tulou.
This is also a fortress house, which was built in the form of a circle or square. On the upper floors, narrow openings were left for loopholes. Inside such a fortress there were living quarters and a well. Up to 500-600 people could live in these fortifications.
- Minka.
This is the dwelling of Japanese peasants, which was built from scrap materials: clay, bamboo, straw, grass. The functions of internal partitions were performed by screens. The roofs were very high so that snow or rain would roll off faster and the straw would not have time to get wet.
- Hanok.
This is a traditional Korean home. Clay walls and tiled roof. Pipes were laid under the floor, through which hot air from the hearth circulated throughout the house.
Interior in Russian style.Hut, tower, estate -
interior of ancient Russian style in modern life.
The interior in the style of a Russian hut can be fully recreated only in a wooden house made of logs, cut from logs. The interior in the style of a mansion or manor is appropriate in any log house. In other cases, when we're talking about about a brick house, for example, or an apartment in multi-storey building, we can only talk about stylization, about introducing some features inherent in a Russian hut or tower.
The center of the Russian hut has always been the stove, which was called the queen of the house. In the tradition of the ancient Russians, the stove was a kind of reflection of the universe as a triune world: heavenly, earthly and beyond the grave. They slept on the stove, they washed in it, and in addition, they considered it the abode of the brownie and a place of communication with their ancestors. She warmed and fed, and therefore was perceived as the center of the house. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the expression “dance from the stove.” The hut was zoned into a female half, a male half and a red corner. There was a woman in charge of the stove corner. In the women's corner there were shelves with various kitchen utensils and dishes. In their corner the women received, sewed and worked various types handicrafts. Women's themes are generally quite widely represented in connection with the stove, and this is understandable: who fiddles around with it, bakes pies and cooks porridge! That's why they said: "a woman's road - from the stove to the threshold." And they laughed: “a woman flies from the stove, seventy-seven times she will change her mind” (out of fear).
The man spent more time in the men's corner, under the blankets.
The biggest and a nice place in the peasant house where they ate food and greeted guests there was an upper room. It was both a living room and a dining room, and sometimes a bedroom. In the upper room, diagonally from the stove, a red corner was arranged - the part of the house where the icons were installed.
There was usually a table near the red corner, and in the very corner on the shrine there were icons and a lamp. Wide benches near the table were, as a rule, stationary, built into the wall. They not only sat on them, but also slept on them. If additional space was needed, benches were added to the table. The dining table, by the way, was also stationary, made of adobe.
In general, the peasant life was modest, rough, but not without embellishment. Above the windows there were shelves on which beautiful dishes, boxes, etc. were placed in plain sight. The wooden beds had beautiful carved headboards, covered with patchwork blankets, on which there were piles of down pillows. In almost every peasant hut one could find chests for various purposes.
During the time of Peter the Great, new pieces of furniture appeared, which took their place in Russian huts, and even more so in towers. These are chairs, cabinets, which have partially replaced chests, piles for dishes and even armchairs.
In the towers, the furnishings were more varied, but in general the same principle was preserved: a large hearth, a red corner, the same chests, beds with many pillows, slides with dishes, shelves for displaying various decorative items. Flowers were placed on window sills in simple vases: wildflowers in the summer months and garden flowers in October. And, of course, there was a lot of wood in the towers: walls, floors, and furniture. Russian country style is wood, only wood and almost nothing but wood.
Creating the style of a Russian hut or Russian estate in the interior of your home.
To create the style of a Russian hut or a Russian estate in the interior of your home, you first need to decide on the style of the era... Will it be a stylization of an ancient Russian hut or a hut of the first half of the twentieth century? But some people prefer the colorful and elegant decor of Russian towers, almost like something out of a fairy tale or wooden manor houses of past centuries, which were sometimes described in the works of the classics, when features of other styles were introduced into typical village life: classicism, baroque, modernism. After choosing a certain direction, you can select suitable furniture, interior items, textiles and decor.
Basics. It is better to leave wooden walls unfinished. A solid board is suitable for the floor - matte, perhaps with an aged effect. There are dark beams under the ceiling. You can do without a stove, but a hearth is still necessary. Its role can be played by a fireplace, the portal of which is lined with tiles or stone.
Doors, windows. Plastic double-glazed windows would be completely inappropriate here. Windows with wooden frames should be complemented with carved frames and wooden shutters. Doors should also be wooden. As platbands for doorways, you can use boards that are uneven and deliberately roughly processed. In some places you can hang curtains instead of doors.
Furniture. Furniture, of course, is preferable to wood, not polished, but perhaps aged. Cabinets, cabinets and numerous shelves can be decorated with carvings. In the dining area you can arrange a red corner with a shrine, a massive, very heavy table and benches. The use of chairs is also possible, but they should be simple and good-quality.
The beds are high with carved headboards. Instead of bedside tables, you can put chests in the Russian style. Patchwork bedspreads and numerous pillows - stacked in stacks from largest to smallest - are perfect.
You can’t do without sofas in a modern interior, although, of course, there weren’t any in the huts. Choose a simple sofa with linen upholstery. The color of the upholstery is natural. Leather furniture will be out of style.
Textile. As already mentioned, you should give preference to bedspreads and pillowcases made using the patchwork technique. There can be quite a lot of textile products: napkins on cabinets and small tables, tablecloths, curtains, etc. All this can be decorated with embroidery and simple lace.
By the way, you can’t spoil the interior of a hut with embroidery - women in Rus' have always loved to do this needlework. Embroidered panels on the walls, curtains decorated with sewing, embroidered bags with herbs and spices hung on the kitchen beam - all this will be in place. The main colors of textiles in the Russian hut style are white, yellow and red.
Lighting. For an interior in the style of a Russian hut, choose lamps in the form of candles and lamps. Lamps with simple lampshades would also be appropriate. Although lampshades and sconces are more suitable for a house whose interior is stylized as a Russian estate.
Kitchen. Without household appliances it is impossible to get by in a modern hut, but technical design can spoil the integrity of the picture. Fortunately, there is built-in equipment that helps with housework, but does not violate the harmony of the Russian style.
Solid furniture is suitable for the kitchen: a kitchen table with pull-out shelves and cabinets, open and closed buffets, a variety of hanging shelves. Furniture, of course, should not be polished or painted. Kitchen structures with facades finished with glossy enamel, PVC film, glass inserts, aluminum frames, etc. would be completely inappropriate.
In general, in an interior in the style of a Russian hut there should be as little glass and metal as possible, and plastic will be completely inappropriate. Choose furniture with simple wooden facades - they can be decorated with paintings in Russian folk style or carvings.
As kitchen decor, use a samovar, wicker baskets and boxes, onion braids, barrels, pottery, wooden products of Russian folk crafts, and embroidered napkins.
D interior decoration in the style of a Russian hut. Decorative linen textiles with embroidery, many wooden items. A wooden wheel, spinning wheel and fishing nets will fit perfectly if the house is located near a river, lake or sea. You can lay knitted round rugs and self-woven runners on the floor.
Creating the style of an old wooden manor
A simple peasant hut and a rich old estate have much in common: the predominance of wood in the interior, the presence of a huge stove (in the estate it is always lined with tiles), a red corner with icons and candles, and textiles made of linen and lace.
However, there were also numerous differences. The rich actively borrowed something new from foreign styles. These are, for example, bright upholstery of upholstered furniture, porcelain plates and clocks on the walls, elegant wooden furniture in English or French style, lampshades and sconces, paintings on the walls. In an interior in the style of a Russian mansion, stained glass windows will be very useful as interior windows, partitions or veranda glazing. In a word, everything here is quite simple, like in a hut, but there is a slight touch of luxury.
Russian style courtyard
The interior itself, the windows in it, and the space outside the window should be in harmony. To fence off the area, it is better to order a fence approximately 180 cm high, assembled from pointed logs.
How do they create a courtyard in the Russian style now? It is impossible to answer unequivocally, since in Rus' the courtyard was organized differently, depending on the area. However, the designers found common features, which are recreated in landscape design. A path (often winding) is laid from the gate to the entrance to the house. It is often covered with a board. Along the edges of the path there is a flower border. In the old days, peasants used any free plot of land for garden beds, but they still tried to decorate the front yard with flower beds.
Nowadays they use lawn grasses for the backyard of the hut. This area is shaded by pine trees planted around the perimeter. However, currant or raspberry bushes will also be very much in the spirit of the Russian court. Elements of landscape design in the Russian style are various wooden objects: a gazebo, a wooden children's slide, a stationary table with benches, a Russian swing, etc. And, of course, all buildings in the yard must be made of wood.
Municipal autonomous educational institution
“Secondary school with. Berdyuzhye"
Research project
« History of the Russian wooden hut »
Completed by: Nyashin Ivan
Head: Vereshchagina L.N.
S. Berdyuzhye, 2014
I. Abstract.________________________________________________ page 3
II. Work plan _____________________________________________________ page 4
III. Introduction________________________________________________page 5
Main part
IY. Theoretical chapter
2.1. History of the home_____________________________________________page 6
2.2. Construction of a Russian hut______________________________pp.7-10
Y. Practical chapter
3.1. Creation of a photo gallery of Russian wooden architecture. (In the application)
3.2. Making a model of a Russian hut _________________________ page 11
YI.Conclusion_______________________________________________page 11
YII. References______________________________________________page 12
YIII.Appendix___________________________________________pages 13-15
annotation
This work assumes the following target:
To achieve this goal, the following methods and techniques were used in the work:
- Verbal: search and processing of necessary information from literary sources and the Internet;
- Search: search on the streets of the village of Berdyuzhya for preserved wooden houses and newly built modern ones, created in the traditions of Russian wooden architecture; visiting tourist routes telling about the culture of the Russian people.
- Practical: development of step-by-step instructions for creating a layout of a Russian hut and creating your own layout
This work contains two main aspects of the study: theoretical and practical. The first side of the research work is to study the theoretical material on the research question, that is, when Russian wooden architecture arose, what rules were followed during construction, how folk wisdom manifested itself in the rules for the construction of a Russian hut.
The second side of the work is the practical part this study. The application of the experience of ancestors in the 21st century was studied: the use of Russian wooden architecture in the construction of modern residential buildings, visiting tourist routes that recreate the life of a Russian village in the 19th century. Using the knowledge gained, a model of a Russian hut was created. Developed step-by-step instruction, according to which everyone can create their own model of a Russian hut.
Work plan:
Find, study and systematize information about Russian wooden architecture.
Find residential buildings on the streets of the village of Berdyuzhya that have survived from the 20th century and modern buildings created in the traditions of Russian wooden architecture.
Visit the tourist routes of your native land, introducing you to the origins of Russian culture.
Work on creating your own model of a Russian hut.
Develop instructions for creating a model of a Russian hut.
Introduction
Over the past two years, tourist routes telling about the history of my native land have become especially popular; I was able to go on excursions to the Yalutorovsky fortress and the Abalak tourist complex. The Yalutorovsky fort is a life-size settlement with a fort, and the Abalak tourist complex is a fairy tale made of wood brought to life. The impression was so vivid that I wanted to find out how wooden architecture developed in Rus' and what traditions of it were embodied in modern life.
Relevance:
The relevance of the topic under study is due to the fact that in last years everything is being rethought historical heritage, the growth of national self-awareness and the restoration of historical and cultural memory. New values are created against the backdrop of existing old ones. Knowledge of the origins of national culture, morals, and customs of one’s people is necessary in order to understand and explain many aspects of the country’s history, in order to awaken interest in everyday history, and prompt reflection on the threads connecting the past and present. Look at yourself as direct descendants and heirs of peasant Russia.
Purpose of the study:
Get acquainted with the origins of Russian culture, feel that you belong to traditional culture using the example of the Russian Izba.
Tasks:
Study scientific literature from a research perspective;
Identify the traditions of building a Russian hut;
Establish which traditions of wooden architecture have been preserved in modern construction;
Make a model of a Russian hut using the knowledge gained during the research.
Subject of study:
History of the Russian wooden hut.
Hypothesis:
The construction of a Russian wooden hut revealed the wisdom and rich experience of the Russian people, which was continued in the modern construction of residential buildings.
Main part
Theoretical chapter
1.1. The wooden hut has long been the most common dwelling of the Russian peasant. Despite the fact that at present only huts no older than the 19th century remain, they have preserved all the traditions of construction and arrangement. The design of the hut is a square or rectangular log house. The walls consist of horizontal log crowns - rows connected at the corners by notches. The Russian hut is simple and laconic, and the picturesque symmetry of the buildings conveys true Russian comfort and hospitality. Wooden buildings have retained their relevance today. Many people prefer log dwellings due to the freshness and environmental friendliness of these buildings. Log (log) houses are a structure in which the walls are assembled from debarked logs (roundwood). Log houses are made from round timber of coniferous and deciduous species. For the construction of external walls, logs with a diameter of 22 to 30 cm are used. They are laid in horizontal rows and connected in the corners with notches. A system of walls made of logs connected to each other is called a log house. Each row of logs in a log house is a crown. The crowns are connected to each other in a groove and a ridge. The groove serves to connect the logs more closely to each other in height, which reduces the air permeability of the walls. To prevent rain and melt water from flowing in, a groove is selected at the bottom of the log. To eliminate air permeability and make the logs fit more tightly to each other in height, tow or dry moss is laid in the grooves. Today, almost everyone associates a hut with the word “village”. And it is right. Since previously buildings erected in a village, countryside, settlement, etc. were called huts, and dwellings of the same type built in the city were called “houses.”
The word “izba” (as well as its synonyms “yzba”, “istba”, “izba”, “istok”, “stompka”) has been used in Russian chronicles since ancient times. The connection of this term with the verbs “to drown”, “to heat” is obvious. In fact, it always designates a heated structure (as opposed to, for example, a cage). In addition, all three East Slavic peoples - Belarusians, Ukrainians, Russians - retained the term “heating” and again denoted a heated structure, be it a pantry for the winter storage of vegetables (Belarus, Pskov region, Northern Ukraine) or a tiny residential hut (Novogorodskaya , Vologda region), but certainly with a stove. The construction of a house for a peasant was a significant event. At the same time, it was important for him not only to solve a purely practical problem - to provide a roof over his head for himself and his family, but also to organize the living space so that it was filled life's blessings, warmth, love, peace. Such a dwelling could be built, according to the peasants, only by following the traditions of their ancestors; deviations from the behests of their fathers could be minimal.
2.1. When building a new house great importance given to the choice of location. They chose a place closer to water and forest, so that it would be convenient for farming, hunting and fishing. It should be tall, light, dry. To check if the place was dry, they put the yarn, covered it with a frying pan, then checked, if the yarn was not wet, then the place was dry. And Selverst in the 17th century in his book “Healer” wrote: “... If you want to test where to put a hut or other mansions, take old oak bark and the bark with the same side that was facing the oak, put it in the place where you want to put hut, and don’t move it. And that bark will lie for three days, and on the fourth day you will lift it up and look under the bark, and if you find a spider or an ant under it, do not build a hut or other mansion here: that place is bad. And when you find a black goosebump under that bark, or what worms you find, and you build a hut here or any other mansions you want: that’s a good place.” A place where there used to be a road, a bathhouse, or a crooked tree was considered unsuitable for construction. Good place They also defined it this way: they let the pet in, where it lies down, there is a good place. Having chosen a place, it was fenced off and plowed open. Wherever the house will be, they planted a birch tree, and in Siberia - cedar. I was wondering why they did this. And here's what I found out. It turns out that in every hut there lived a bright, friendly creature - the Brownie. Planting a tree, it was moved to new house.
Special requirements were also placed on the building material. Our ancestors believed that it was necessary to cut down trees in winter on the full moon because if they were cut down earlier, the logs would become damp and later crack, and it also seems to me that our ancestors were kind, because they believed that trees were dead in winter, which meant they don't hurt. Trees were cut down with an ax because it was believed that it covered the edges of the tree and it did not rot. They preferred to cut huts from pine, spruce, and larch. These trees with long, even trunks fit well into the frame, tightly adjacent to each other, retained internal heat well, and did not rot for a long time. However, the choice of trees in the forest was regulated by many rules, violation of which could lead to the transformation of the built house from a house for people into a house against people, bringing misfortune. Thus, it was forbidden to take “sacred” trees for felling - they could bring death into the house. The ban applied to all old trees. According to legend, they must die a natural death in the forest. It was impossible to use dry trees that were considered dead - they would cause dryness in the household. A great misfortune will happen if a “wild” tree gets into the log house, that is, a tree that grew at a crossroads or in the place of a former forest roads. Such a tree can destroy the frame and crush the owners of the house. It was believed that if these rules were not followed, the house would bring misfortune.
The construction of the house was accompanied by many rituals. The beginning of construction was marked by the ritual of sacrificing a chicken, ram, horse or bull. It was carried out during the laying of the first crown of the hut. Money, wool, grain - symbols of wealth and family warmth, incense - a symbol of the holiness of the house were placed under the logs of the first crown, the window cushion, and the matitsa. The completion of construction was celebrated with a rich treat for all those involved in the work. The Slavs, like other peoples, “unfolded” a building under construction from the body of a creature sacrificed to the Gods. According to the ancients, without such a “model” the logs could never have formed into an orderly structure. The “construction sacrifice” seemed to impart its form to the hut, helping to create something rationally organized out of the primeval chaos. Archaeologists have excavated and studied in detail more than one thousand Slavic dwellings: at the base of some of them the skulls of these very animals were found. Horse skulls are especially often found. So the “skates” on the roofs of Russian huts are by no means “for beauty”. In the old days, a tail made of bast was also attached to the back of the horse, after which the hut was completely like a horse. The house itself was represented as a “body”, the four corners as four “legs”. Another favorite sacrificial animal when laying the foundation of a house was a rooster (chicken). Suffice it to recall “cockerels” as roof decorations, as well as the widespread belief that evil spirits should disappear at the crow of a rooster. They also placed a bull's skull at the base of the hut. And yet, the ancient belief that a house was built “at someone’s expense” persisted ineradicably. For this reason, they tried to leave at least something, even the edge of the roof, unfinished, deceiving fate. When laying the foundation of a house, it was also important to determine where the red corner would be, the most important point of the house; coins and barley grains were placed under it so that neither money nor bread would be transferred.
The house was built when all agricultural work ended. They built it quickly, in a week, the whole village helped. They didn’t pay for the work, but they fed us; it was impossible to refuse help later when someone else was building. The construction of a log house begins with cutting down the frame of the hut, its residential part. A square or rectangular log house is the basis of any peasant building. The logs harvested for construction determined its dimensions and proportions. The laying of the first so-called frame crown could already give an idea of the future structure. For the simplest frame of a four-wall hut, the frame crown was usually knitted from four of the thickest resinous pine logs, connected at the corners. During the construction of a five-walled hut, the frame crown consisted of five logs. When cutting a log house, the outer walls and the internal main wall were simultaneously erected. The five-wall was approximately twice the size of the four-wall.
The old carpenters cut off the ends of each log with an ax so carefully that even with a saw, other craftsmen were not always able to obtain such a clean cross-section. In the old days, carpenters did not use a saw because a hut with chopped off ends was much stronger than one with sawn off ends. After all, the wood fibers chopped with an ax crumpled and blocked the access of moisture inside the log. The logs were placed tightly one on top of the other. A recess was made in the logs on the bottom side so that it would fit more tightly onto the bottom.
Initially (until the 13th century), the hut was a log structure, partially (up to a third) going into the ground. That is, a recess was dug and the hut itself was built above it in 3-4 rows of thick logs, which thus resembled a semi-dugout. There was initially no door; it was replaced by a small entrance hole, approximately 0.9 meters by 1 meter, covered by a pair of log halves tied together and a canopy. Sometimes the log house was erected directly on the site of the future house, sometimes it was first assembled on the side - in the forest, and then, after disassembling, it was transported to the construction site and folded completely. Scientists were told about this by notches - “numbers”, applied in order to the logs, starting from the bottom. The builders took care not to confuse them during transportation: a log house required careful adjustment of the crowns. To make the logs fit closer to each other, a longitudinal recess was made in one of them, into which the convex side of the other fit. Ancient craftsmen made a recess in the lower log and made sure that the logs were facing up with the side that was facing north in a living tree. On this side the annual layers are denser and smaller. And the grooves between the logs were caulked with swamp moss, which, by the way, has the property of killing bacteria, and were often coated with clay. But the custom of sheathing a log house with planks is historically relatively new for Russia. It was first depicted in miniatures of a 16th-century manuscript. The usual roof of Russian houses was made of wood, planks, shingles or shingles. In the XVI and XVII centuries It was customary to cover the top of the roof with birch bark to prevent moisture; this gave it a variegated look; and sometimes earth and turf were placed on the roof to protect against fire. The roof was made sloping on both sides. Rich peasants covered it with thin aspen boards, which were fastened one to another. The poor covered their houses with straw. The straw was piled on the roof in rows, starting from the bottom. Each row was tied to the base of the roof with bast. Then the straw was “combed” with a rake and watered with liquid clay for strength. The top of the roof was pressed down with a heavy log, the front end of which was shaped like a horse's head. This is where the name skate comes from. The shape of the roofs was pitched on two sides with gables on the other two sides. Sometimes all departments of the house, that is, the basement, middle tier and attic, were under one slope, but more often the attic, and in others the middle floors had their own special roofs. Rich people had intricately shaped roofs, for example, barrel roofs in the shape of barrels, and Japanese roofs in the shape of a cloak. Along the edges, the roof was bordered with slotted ridges, scars, railings, or railings with turned balusters. Sometimes, along the entire outskirts, towers were made - depressions with semicircular or heart-shaped lines. Such recesses were mainly made in towers or attics and were sometimes so small and frequent that they formed the edge of the roof, and sometimes so large that there were only two or three of them on each side, and windows were inserted in the middle of them. The huts have windows. True, they are still very far from modern ones, with bindings, windows and clear glass. Window glass appeared in Rus' in the 10th-11th centuries, but even later it was very expensive and was used mostly in princely palaces and churches. In simple huts, so-called drag (from “to drag” in the sense of pushing apart and sliding) windows were installed to allow smoke to pass through. Two adjacent logs were cut to the middle, and a rectangular frame with a wooden latch that ran horizontally was inserted into the hole. One could look out of such a window, but that was all. They were called that way - “enlighteners”... When necessary, skin was pulled over them; in general, these openings in the huts of the poor were small to preserve warmth, and when they were closed, it was almost dark in the hut in the middle of the day. In wealthy houses, windows were made large and small; the former were called red, the latter were oblong and narrow in shape.
Almost the entire façade of the peasant house was decorated with carvings. Carvings were made on shutters, window frames that appeared in the 17th century, and the edges of porch awnings. It was believed that images of animals, birds, and ornaments protected homes from evil spirits. If we enter a peasant's hut, we will definitely stumble. Why? It turns out that the door, hung on wrought iron hinges, had a low lintel at the top and a high threshold at the bottom. It was over him that the person entering stumbled. They took care of the warmth and tried not to let it out in this way.
Centuries passed, and the experience of building a peasant hut with its simple household utensils was passed on from generation to generation without changing. The new generation only gained more experience and skill in making products and building houses.
Practical chapter.
2.1. In the process of observations and excursions, a photo gallery of wooden architecture of the native land was created. Photos are presented on slides.
(Appendix 1, 2, 3, 4)
2.2. Making a layout of a Russian hut (Appendix 5)
To make a model of a Russian hut you will need white paper, scissors, glue, and a pencil for twisting tubes (logs).
Step 1. From twisted and glued tubes we build a log house - a building consisting of four walls with outlets - the ends of the logs protruding from the log house.
Step 2. Cut out the roof, windows, shutters, and glue them to the frame.
Step 3. We decorate the hut with openwork curtains, towels and towels.
The model of the Russian hut is ready.
Conclusion.
Thus, as a result of the work, the following conclusion can be drawn:
This work gave us the opportunity to get in touch with the history of our region, learn the Russian national traditions of wooden architecture, make sure that in the construction of the Russian hut the people use their many years of experience, and it is no coincidence that in recent years wooden architecture has gained new life. For a Russian person, a house is not just a residential building, it is both a homeland and a family, so our ancestors always paid great attention to the construction of a house and its arrangement. Studying the topic “History of the Russian wooden hut” gives us the opportunity to understand that the beauty of the Russian peasant hut lies in the feeling of the warmth of human hands, the love of a person for his home, which is passed on to us from generation to generation.