Arguments on the topic “War” for the Unified State Exam essay. The impact of war on human life
Essay in Unified State Exam format
11th grade students
School No. 28 Stasenko Sofia
The problem of preserving humanity in war
The main thing in war is to always remain human. Despite the wounds it inflicts, mercy must never be forgotten. V. Astafiev reflects on the problem of preserving humanity in war time. Why is it so important to remember the value of every life?
The author reveals this problem by describing a case when fighters from warring sides ended up in the same hospital. First, he shows a soldier, broken by the war and grief from the loss of loved ones, who longed to drown out his pain by killing captured Germans. When he opened fire on them from a machine gun, Boris, who was watching them, tried to knock the weapon out of his hands, to stop him from senseless bloodshed, but he “rushed towards him and did not have time.” An attempt to avenge the death of his family on people who had nothing to do with it did not bring relief to the soldier; he continued to suffer, as those he shot at were now suffering. At the same time, the writer transfers the action to the neighboring hut, where “the wounded lay side by side: both ours and strangers.” The doctor, treating the wounds of both Russians and prisoners, treated all patients equally, and “the wounded, whether ours or strangers, understood him, obeyed, froze, endured the pain,” and meanwhile, in a trough full of darkened bandages, “mixed and blood thickened different people».
Mercy and humanity are never a mistake. Thus, the heroine of Vitaly Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man,” Maria, despite all the evil that the Nazis inflicted on her and her family, tries to help a young German dying from his wounds. He calls her “mom”, and at this moment all hatred leaves Mary’s soul, only compassion for the boy, not for the enemy, and the awareness of how fragile human life remains.
Among the works that truthfully tell about the terrible everyday life of the Great Patriotic War is the story “Sashka” by front-line writer V. Kondratyev.
The scene where Sashka takes the tongue “with his bare hands”, since he was unarmed, is one of the key ones in the work. Having been in the most dangerous and hopeless attacks, Sashka saw in the guise of a prisoner not an enemy, but a person deceived by someone. He promised him life, since on a leaflet picked up on the way to headquarters, it was written that Russian soldiers did not abuse prisoners. On the way, Sashka constantly felt a sense of shame both for the fact that their defense was worthless and for the fact that their dead comrades lay unburied. But most of all, he felt awkward because he suddenly felt limitless power over this man. This is him, Sashka Kondratieva. An analysis of his state of mind shows why he was never able to shoot the prisoner and, as a result, violated the battalion commander’s order.
War brings pain, and it does not choose victims for itself: everyone is drawn into a terrible whirlpool, which is why there are no winners in it, there are only losers, for whom in the end there is nothing left but the dead. But at the same time, there will always be those who, like Mary from the story “Mother of Man” and the hero of the story “Sashka,” will remember goodness and mercy and remain human.
(1) Boris had one desire: to quickly get away from this broken farm and take the remnants of the platoon with him.
(2) But he hasn’t seen everything today.
(3) A soldier in a camouflage suit smeared with clay emerged from the ravine. (4) His face looked like it was cast from cast iron: black, bony, with bloodshot eyes. (5) He walked quickly down the street, without changing his pace, turned into the garden, where German prisoners were sitting around a set fire to a barn, chewing something and warming themselves.
- (6) Keep warm, flayers! - the soldier said dully and began to rip the machine belt over his head. (7) He knocked his hat onto the snow, the machine gun got tangled in the hood of his camouflage coat, he tore it off, scratching his ear with the buckle.
- (8) I'll warm you up! (9) Now, now... - (10) The soldier raised the bolt of his machine gun with frantic fingers.
(11) Boris rushed to him and didn’t have time. (12) Bullets splashed across the snow, one shot-through German huddled around the fire, and the other collapsed into the fire. (13) The prisoners began to gag like frightened crows, rushing in all directions. (14) The soldier in the camouflage jumping up and down as if he was being tossed by the earth itself, baring his teeth, yelling something wildly and blindly frying him anywhere in bursts.
- (15) Get down! - (16) Boris fell on one of the prisoners and pressed him into the snow. (17) The cartridges in the disk have run out. (18) The soldier kept pressing and pressing on the trigger, never ceasing to scream and jump. (19) The prisoners fled from the house, climbed into the barn, fell, falling through the snow. (20) Boris snatched the machine gun from the soldier’s hands, grappled with him, and both fell. (21) The soldier rummaged around his belt, looked for a grenade - he couldn’t find it, he tore his camouflage coat on his chest.
- (22) They burned Marisha! (23) All the villagers... (24) Everyone was driven into the church. (25) They burned everyone! (26) Mom! (27) Godmother! (28) Everyone!.. (29) The whole village... (30) I have a thousand of them... (31) I’ll finish a thousand! (32) I will cut and gnaw!..
- (33) Quiet, friend, quiet! - (34) The soldier stopped beating, sat down in the snow, looking around, his eyes sparkling, still intense. (35) He unclenched his fists, clenched so tightly that his nails left red indentations on his palms, licked his bitten lips, grabbed his head, buried his face in the snow and began to cry silently.
(36) And in the nearby dilapidated hut, a military doctor with the sleeves of his brown robe rolled up was bandaging the wounded, without asking or looking whether they were his own or someone else’s.
(37) And the wounded lay side by side: both ours and strangers, moaning, screaming, others smoked, waiting to be sent. (38) The senior sergeant with a diagonally bandaged face and bruises growing under his eyes slobbered on a cigarette, burned it and put it in the mouth of an elderly German who was motionlessly looking at the broken ceiling.
- (39) How are you going to work now, head? - the senior sergeant mumbled indistinctly, nodding at the German’s hands, wrapped in bandages and footcloths. - (40) All frozen! (41) Who will feed your family? (42) Fuhrer? (43) Fuhrers, they will feed you!..
(44) And the soldier in the camouflage suit was taken away. (45) He wandered, stumbling, with his head down, and still cried protractedly, silently.
(46) The orderly who was helping the doctor did not have time to undress the wounded, put on their clothes, or give them bandages and tools. (47) A slightly wounded German, probably one of the military doctors, helpfully and dexterously began to care for the wounded.
(48) The doctor silently extended his hand for the instrument, impatiently clenched and unclenched his fingers if he did not have time to give him what he needed, and equally gloomily said to the wounded man: “(49) Don’t yell! (50) Don't twitch! (51) Sit still! (52) Whom I told, okay!”
3) And the wounded, whether ours or strangers, understood him, obeyed, froze, endured the pain, biting their lips.
(54) From time to time the doctor stopped work, wiped his hands on a calico footcloth hanging near the stove, and made a goat’s leg from light tobacco. (55) He smoked it over a wooden washing trough full of darkened bandages, scraps of clothing, shrapnel and bullets. (56) The blood of different people mixed and thickened in the trough.
Arguments on the topic "War" from literature for essays
The problem of courage, cowardice, compassion, mercy, mutual assistance, care for loved ones, humanity, moral choice at war. The influence of war on human life, character and worldview. Participation of children in war. A person's responsibility for his actions.
What was the courage of soldiers in the war? (A.M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”)
In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of Man” can be seen as a manifestation of true courage during the war. Main character story Andrei Sokolov goes to war, leaving his family at home. For the sake of his loved ones, he went through all the trials: he suffered from hunger, fought courageously, sat in a punishment cell and escaped from captivity. The fear of death did not force him to abandon his beliefs: in the face of danger, he retained his human dignity. The war took the lives of his loved ones, but even after that he did not break, and again showed courage, although not on the battlefield. He adopted a boy who also lost his entire family during the war. Andrei Sokolov is an example of a courageous soldier who continued to fight the hardships of fate even after the war.
The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")
In the center of the story of the novel “The Book Thief” by Markus Zusak, Liesel is a nine-year-old girl who finds herself in a foster family on the threshold of war. The girl’s own father was associated with the communists, so in order to save her daughter from the Nazis, her mother gives her to strangers to raise. Liesel begins new life away from her family, she has a conflict with her peers, she finds new friends, learns to read and write. Her life is filled with ordinary childhood worries, but war comes and with it fear, pain and disappointment. She doesn't understand why some people kill others. Liesel's adoptive father teaches her kindness and compassion, even though it only brings him trouble. Together with her parents, she hides the Jew in the basement, takes care of him, reads books to him. To help people, she and her friend Rudi scatter bread on the road along which a column of prisoners must pass. She is sure that the war is monstrous and incomprehensible: people burn books, die in battles, arrests of those who disagree with official policy are taking place everywhere. Liesel does not understand why people refuse to live and be happy. It is no coincidence that the book is narrated from the perspective of Death, the eternal companion of war and the enemy of life. Is human consciousness capable of accepting the very fact of war? (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, G. Baklanov “Forever – Nineteen Years Old”)
It is difficult for a person faced with the horrors of war to understand why it is needed. Thus, one of the heroes of the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov does not participate in battles, but tries with all his might to help his people. He does not realize the true horror of war until he witnesses the Battle of Borodino. Seeing the massacre, the count is horrified by its inhumanity. He is captured, experiences physical and mental torture, tries to comprehend the nature of war, but cannot. Pierre is unable to cope with his mental crisis on his own, and only his meeting with Platon Karataev helps him understand that happiness lies not in victory or defeat, but in simple human joys. Happiness lies within every person, in his search for answers to eternal questions, awareness of himself as a part human world. And war, from his point of view, is inhumane and unnatural.The main character of G. Baklanov’s story “Forever Nineteen,” Alexey Tretyakov, painfully reflects on the causes and significance of the war for the people, people, and life. He finds no compelling explanation for the need for war. Its meaninglessness, devaluation human life for the sake of achieving any important goal horrifies the hero and causes bewilderment: “... The same thought haunted me: will it ever turn out that this war might not have happened? What could people do to prevent this? And millions would remain alive...”
What feelings does the steadfastness of a defeated enemy evoke in the victor? (V. Kondratyev "Sashka")
The problem of compassion for the enemy is considered in V. Kondratiev’s story “Sashka”. A young Russian fighter takes a German soldier prisoner. After talking with the company commander, the prisoner does not give out any information, so Sashka is ordered to take him to headquarters. On the way, the soldier showed the prisoner a leaflet on which it was written that the prisoners were guaranteed life and return to their homeland. However, the battalion commander, who lost loved one in this war, orders the Germans to be shot. Sashka’s conscience does not allow him to kill an unarmed man, a young guy like himself, who behaves the same way he would have behaved in captivity. The German does not betray his own people, does not beg for mercy, maintaining human dignity. At the risk of being court-martialed, Sashka does not follow the commander’s orders. Belief in the rightness saves his and his prisoner's life, and the commander cancels the order.How does war change a person’s worldview and character? (V. Baklanov “Forever - nineteen years old”)
G. Baklanov in the story “Forever - Nineteen Years” speaks about the significance and value of a person, about his responsibility, the memory that binds the people: “Through a great catastrophe there is a great liberation of the spirit,” said Atrakovsky. – Never before has so much depended on each of us. That's why we will win. And it won't be forgotten. The star goes out, but the field of attraction remains. That’s how people are.” War is a disaster. However, it leads not only to tragedy, to the death of people, to the breakdown of their consciousness, but also contributes to spiritual growth, the transformation of the people, the definition of true life values everyone. In war, a reassessment of values occurs, a person’s worldview and character change.The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev “Sun of the Dead”)
In the epic “Sun of the Dead” I. Shmelyov shows all the horrors of war. “The smell of decay,” “the cackling, stomping and roaring” of humanoids, these are cars of “fresh human meat, young meat!” and “one hundred and twenty thousand heads!” Human!” War is the absorption of the world of the living by the world of the dead. It turns a person into a beast and forces him to do terrible things. No matter how great the external material destruction and destruction may be, they are not what terrify I. Shmelev: neither a hurricane, nor famine, nor snowfall, nor crops drying up from drought. Evil begins where a person begins who does not resist it; for him “everything is nothing!” “and there is no one, and no one.” For the writer, it is indisputable that the human mental and spiritual world is a place of struggle between good and evil, and it is also indisputable that always, in any circumstances, even during war, there will be people in whom the beast will not defeat man.A person's responsibility for the actions he committed in war. Mental trauma of war participants. (V. Grossman "Abel")
In the story “Abel (Sixth of August)” by V.S. Grossman reflects on the war in general. Showing the tragedy of Hiroshima, the writer speaks not only about a universal misfortune and environmental disaster, but also about a person’s personal tragedy. Young bombardier Connor bears the burden of responsibility for becoming the man destined to activate the killing mechanism with the press of a button. For Connor, this is a personal war, where everyone remains just a person with their inherent weaknesses and fears in the desire to preserve own life. However, sometimes, in order to remain human, you need to die. Grossman is confident that true humanity is impossible without participation in what is happening, and therefore without responsibility for what happened. The combination in one person of a heightened sense of the World and soldierly diligence, imposed by the state machine and the education system, turns out to be fatal for the young man and leads to a split in consciousness. The crew members perceive what happened differently; not all of them feel responsible for what they did, and they talk about high goals. An act of fascism, unprecedented even by fascist standards, is justified by public thought, presented as a fight against the notorious fascism. However, Joseph Conner experiences an acute consciousness of guilt, washing his hands all the time, as if trying to wash them from the blood of innocents. The hero goes crazy, realizing that his inner man cannot live with the burden that he has taken upon himself.What is war and how does it affect people? (K. Vorobyov “Killed near Moscow”)
In the story “Killed near Moscow,” K. Vorobyov writes that war is a huge machine, “made up of thousands and thousands of efforts of different people, it has moved, it is moving not by someone’s will, but by itself, having received its own move, and therefore unstoppable.” . The old man in the house where the retreating wounded are left calls the war the “master” of everything. All life is now determined by war, changing not only everyday life, destinies, but also the consciousness of people. War is a confrontation in which the strongest wins: “In war, whoever breaks down first.” The death that war brings occupies almost all the soldiers’ thoughts: “In the first months at the front, he was ashamed of himself, he thought he was the only one like this. Everything is so in these moments, everyone overcomes them alone with themselves: there will be no other life.” The metamorphoses that happen to a person in war are explained by the purpose of death: in the battle for the Fatherland, soldiers show incredible courage and self-sacrifice, while in captivity, doomed to death, they live guided by animal instincts. War cripples not only people’s bodies, but also their souls: the writer shows how disabled people are afraid of the end of the war, since they no longer imagine their place in peaceful life.SUMMARY
Education Department of the Prokhladnensky District Administration
Municipal educational institution
“Secondary school st. Ekaterinogradskaya"
REPUBLICAN CONFERENCE
"LET'S STUDYING INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW"
The problem of treatment of prisoners in fiction
VIII grade students
Karina's Kulinich.
Scientific adviser:
Teacher of Russian language and literature Kuzmenko E.V.
1. How the Great Patriotic War was reflected in the fate of my loved ones.
2.What did studying the special course “The World Around You” give me?
3. The central problematic question of my research.
4.Chapters of the novel “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, studied in 5th grade.
5. The tragedy of 1941... Poems by A.T. Tvardovsky.
6.V.L.Kondratiev’s story “Sashka”.
7. Books by S. Aleksievich “War has no woman's face" and "Zinc Boys".
8. Conclusion, conclusions.
Literature:
1.Books “The world is around you” for grades 5-8.
2. Materials of the Geneva Conventions on international humanitarian law.
3. Chapters from Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace.”
4.Poem by A.T. Tvardovsky “House by the Road.”
5.V.L.Kondratiev’s story “Sashka”.
6. Books by S. Aleksievich “War Has Not a Woman’s Face” and “Zinc Boys”.
“What would I like to see in prose about war? The truth! All the cruel but necessary truth, so that humanity, having learned it, would be more prudent.”
V.P.Astafiev
The topic of my research is “The problem of attitude towards prisoners in fiction (using the example of works of domestic authors). It is no coincidence that I was interested in the question: “Is it possible to demonstrate humanity in war?”
It all started with studying a course in the fifth grade “The world is around you.” Reading books suggested by the International Committee of the Red Cross, I thought about the role of rules in people’s lives, about respect for human dignity, about active compassion, about the fact that in the most difficult situations (even in war) there is a place for the manifestation of humanity.
And then the teacher suggested us a topic for creative work: “How the Great Patriotic War was reflected in the fate of my loved ones, my family.”
Preparing for my essay, I was looking through an old family album and in a yellowed photograph I saw a boy of about seventeen. As I understood from the stories of my relatives, this was my grandfather’s older brother Vasily Savelyevich Nagaytsev. I started asking my grandfather about him, and this is what he told me:
Granddaughter, I myself have not seen Vasily, since I was born two years after his death. But my mother told me a lot about him while she was alive.
According to her, Vasya was cheerful and sociable, he studied well at school, he was about sixteen years old when the war began. Prom at school coincided with its beginning. He ran home in the morning and declared from the doorway: “Mom, I’m volunteering for the front! There’s no need to hold me, I’ll leave anyway!”
The next morning, the brother went to the village club and, despite the tears and persuasion of his mother, went to war with others.
Soon the first letter came from him, in which Vasily reported that everything was fine with him and he was studying military affairs. And two months later a short telegram came from him: “I’m in the hospital, I was a prisoner of war, I got off easy, don’t worry, Vasya.” After the hospital, he was sent home due to his injury, and he told his family how he was captured and wounded.
The Germans took them by surprise, the fighting went on day and night, during the shelling of the Germans he was stunned, and he woke up already in captivity. For two weeks I was on the verge of life and death, and then Volodya fled with his friend. The escape was successful, but on the front line they ran into a mine. Volodya died, and Vasily was seriously wounded. Soldiers who heard the sound of an explosion sent him to the medical unit.
Having recovered and become a little stronger, his brother again went to war. And we didn’t see him again... For two long years there was no news about him. Only in 1945 did a funeral come for him, and in 1946 his friend Alexander came to the village. He talked about his life and death. Vasily was captured again and tried to escape several times, but to no avail.
He was shot along with other penal prisoners in front of Alexander, who managed to survive captivity. Our people freed him, Alexander received treatment for a long time, and a year after the war he found the relatives of his deceased friend to tell them about his hero son.
Shocked by my grandfather’s story, I began to read about the war with particular interest. I was especially interested in the situation of those who were wounded or captured in a situation of armed conflict. During the special course, I became acquainted with the basic norms of international humanitarian law and their protection.
I realized that the Red Cross always saw the suffering person only as a person, and not as a loser or a winner, and never tried to find and condemn the perpetrators. I also remember the words of one of the ICRC delegates, M. Junot: “In battle, only two sides always oppose each other. But next to them—and sometimes even in front of them—a third fighter appears: a warrior without weapons.” The "unarmed warrior" is one, it seems to me, who fights to uphold the rules of the Conventions that limit the excessive cruelty of people. These rules are based on common sense and the desire of people to survive.
If the Nazis had followed these Conventions, not only my grandfather would have survived...
“In Russian literature,” wrote K.M. Simonov, “for me, everything that was written about the war by L. Tolstoy was and remains an unsurpassed example, starting from “Cutting Wood” and “Sevastopol Stories”, ending with “War and Peace” and "Hadji Murat."
And indeed, there is no better teacher for a war writer than Tolstoy, who describes the war with all truthfulness, without turning his eyes away from the terrible cruelties of war, from its dirt and blood, from the weaknesses, vices and mistakes of many people. In fifth grade, we read several chapters from the novel “War and Peace” and met Petya Rostov, who came to Vasily Denisov’s detachment with an assignment and stayed to take part in the battle.
Here he meets a little French captive, for whom he feels pity and a “tender feeling.” The boy evokes the same feeling among the partisans who care for the young drummer. Commander Denisov also has a fatherly attitude towards Vincent Boss.
It is known that in the novel Tolstoy described a real case: the story of Visenya, as the hussars called him, ended in Paris, where he was brought by Russian officers and handed over to his mother.
But not all Russian people treated prisoners so humanely. Let us turn to the scene of the dispute between Denisov and Dolokhov. These people have different attitudes towards prisoners. Denisov believes that prisoners should not be killed, that they should be sent to the rear and the soldier’s honor should not be sullied by murder. Dolokhov is distinguished by extreme cruelty. “We won’t take it!” he says about the prisoners who came out with a white flag on their sword. I especially remember the episode when Petya Rostov, realizing that Tikhon Shcherbaty had killed a man, felt uneasy, “he looked back at the captive drummer and something stabbed him in the heart.” I was struck by the main thing in this phrase: “Tikhon killed a man!”
Not an enemy, not an adversary, but a person.
Together with Denisov, we mourn this terrible death and remember the surprisingly true words of the Russian musician A.G. Rubinstein: “Only life is irreplaceable, except for it - everything and everyone.”
The tragedy of 1941... One of the sickest, most tragic themes of literature is captivity, prisoners. The topic of prisoners of war was closed for many years.
It is difficult to find works in our literature that could compare with A.T. Tvardovsky’s poems “Vasily Terkin” and “House by the Road” in terms of the depth of comprehension of the tragedy of 1941.
“The memory of war,” the poet said, “is a terrible memory - the memory of torment and suffering.”
In the fifth chapter of the poem “Road House” this tragedy is revealed. It begins with rhetorical questions addressed to the reader: “Did you happen to be there?” The poet does not show the atrocities of the fascists in the poem, although he knows about them. It's about only that an alien soldier is in charge of our land. To see a foreign soldier on one’s own land – “God forbid!” he exclaims.
But the greatest humiliation is “to see your living soldiers in captivity with your own eyes”:
And here they are in captivity,
And this captivity is in Russia.
So Tvardovsky leads the reader to the image of a “gloomy line of prisoners.” They are led “in a shameful, prefabricated formation,” they go “with bitter, angry and hopeless torment.” They feel a sense of shame because they failed to fulfill their duty and were unable to protect their native country.
It is shameful to be captured on your own land, which you should have protected from the enemy. Shame, disgrace, and pain are experienced by the bulk of the prisoners - those who were “angry that they remained alive.”
The main character of the poem, Anna Sivtsova, before being sent to Germany, thinks hard about fascist captivity. Before leaving for a foreign land, a woman says goodbye to her home and gathers her three children for the difficult journey.
And in captivity she gave birth to a boy, in a barracks on straw.
And Anna experienced all the inhumanity of the fascist “order” and the humanism of the camp prisoners. People help the mother and baby in any way they can. Anna lives by caring for children, sharing both her piece and her warmth with them. Parental duty and maternal feeling give Anna strength and strengthen her will to live
The war appeared in the works of A. Tvardovsky not only in its true tragedy, but also in its true heroism: soldiers, warriors, fighters felt themselves to be a people. There was an understanding of the very essence of the struggle, a feeling of responsibility for its outcome:
The battle is holy and just.
Mortal combat is not for glory,
For the sake of life on earth.
These lines are the leitmotif of the poem “Vasily Terkin”.
When we turn to books about the war, we see that in the most bitterly truthful works the feat of those who stood up to defend their native country is poeticized:
And not because we keep the agreement,
That memory is supposed to be like this
And not then, no, not then alone,
That the winds of war roar without ceasing.
A.T. Tvardovsky
More than six decades have passed since the Great Patriotic War, but they did not weaken interest in this historical event.
Among the books that can speak honestly about this war, excite, evoke deep emotions not only about the hero, about the author, but also about himself is the story “Sashka” by V.L. Kondratiev.
The writer created it through suffering, and not admiring the war and exploits, without dressing the war in romantic clothes, without the expectation of pleasing or pleasing anyone.
Interesting creative history creation of "Sashka". For fourteen years he hatched the story, the writer admitted: “Apparently, each of the millions who fought had their own war. But I didn’t find “my own war” in the prose - the stories of Bykov, Bondarev, Baklanov. My war is the fortitude and courage of soldiers and officers, this is a terrible infantry battle, these are wet trenches. My war is a shortage of shells, mines... all through 1974 I wrote “Sashka”. And the story was released only in 1986 with a circulation of half a million.
“Sashka” is a tragic story at the same time bright. She describes the battles near Rzhev, terrible, grueling, with great human losses.
Why is a book in which the terrible face of war is drawn with such fearlessness - dirt, lice, blood, corpses - at its core a light book?
Yes, because she is imbued with faith in the triumph of humanity!
Because it attracts with the folk Russian character of the main character. His intelligence, ingenuity, moral certainty, and humanity are manifested so openly and directly that they immediately arouse the reader’s trust, sympathy and understanding in him.
Let us mentally transport ourselves to that time and to the land we learned about after reading the story. The hero has been fighting for two months. Sashka’s company, of which sixteen people remained, ran into German intelligence. She grabbed the “tongue,” Sashka’s partner, and hastily began to retreat. The Nazis wanted to cut off their reconnaissance from ours: German mines flew. Sashka broke away from his men, rushed through the fire and then saw a German. Sashka shows desperate courage - he takes the German with his bare hands: he has no cartridges, he gave his disc to the company commander. But how many guys died for “language”!
Sashka knew, that’s why he didn’t hesitate for a second.
The company commander interrogates the German to no avail and orders Sashka to lead the German to headquarters. On the way, Sashka tells the German that we don’t shoot prisoners and promises him life.
But the battalion commander, having failed to obtain any information from the German during interrogation, orders him to be shot.
Sashka did not obey the order. This episode shows that the war did not depersonalize Sashka’s character. The hero evokes sympathy with his kindness, compassion, and humanity. Sashka is uncomfortable with almost unlimited power over another person; he realized how terrible this power over life and death can become.
Sashka committed an unthinkable event in the army - disobeying the order of a senior officer. This threatens him with a fine company, but he gave his word to the German. It turns out that he cheated? It turns out that the German was right when he tore up the leaflet and said: “Propaganda”?
But the battalion commander's orderly Tolik would have shot the prisoner, he would have killed him within hours... Sashka is not like that, and the battalion commander realized that he was right and canceled his order. He understood those high human principles that are characteristic of Sashka
The image of the hero in his human manifestations is remarkable. His humanism is natural in relation to the prisoner, and when you read the story, you involuntarily ask the question: would a German show such humanity?
It seems to me that we find the answer to this question in the story of another writer, K. Vorobyov, “A German in Felt Boots.”
In the war, I think, both good and bad Germans fought, there were people who were forced to fight...
At the center of K. Vorobyov’s work is the difficult relationship between prisoners and their guards, and they are shown as people of different characters and different actions.
“The Third Geneva Convention of 1949 is dedicated to the protection of prisoners of war. It states that prisoners have the right to humane treatment.
The Convention prohibits inhumane actions towards prisoners: attacks on life and health, insult and humiliation of human dignity.
Willy Brode, a guard in a German concentration camp, hardly lived to see this Convention, but he behaved towards a Russian prisoner of war completely in the humanistic spirit of the Geneva Convention.
This behavior, I think, is explained by the fact that this man himself suffered, experienced pain in his frostbitten feet, and therefore even wore felt boots in the spring. “It is clear that the German fought near Moscow in the winter,” decides the hero-narrator, a prisoner - a penalty box, also with frostbitten legs.
And this common pain and suffering begins to bring the former enemies closer together: Brode begins to feed the prisoner, and gradually mutual understanding arises between them. The narrator shares this ration with other goners: “And tomorrow four goners will receive “fresh” bread, the day after tomorrow four more, then another and another, you never know how many times this person wants to come here!”
But one day everything ended: Willie was beaten, demoted and removed from office for helping the Russian.
Fate separated the heroes: “Sometimes I wonder if Brode is alive? And how are his legs? It’s not good when frostbitten feet ache in the spring. Especially when your little fingers ache and pain accompanies you both left and right..."
After reading the story “A German in Felt Boots,” I became even more convinced that the fate of a person caught in captivity depends on compliance with the norms of international humanitarian law. I think that it is absolutely not necessary to have compassion or experience any positive feelings towards a prisoner of the enemy army. At the same time, feelings of hatred should not interfere with the observance of the basic humanitarian rule: a prisoner of war has the right to humane treatment. “A warrior must crush the power of the enemy, and not defeat the unarmed!” - this is what the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov said.
In the amazing book by S. Aleksievich “War Has Not a Woman’s Face” we also talk about the attitude towards prisoners. These are the memories of medical workers who took part in the Great Patriotic War.
According to surgeon V.I. Khoreva, she had to treat German SS men. By that time, two of her brothers had already died at the front.
She could not refuse - it was an order. And Vera Iosifovna treated these wounded, operated on them, gave them pain relief, but the only thing she couldn’t do was talk to the patients, ask how they were feeling.
And it’s amazing when you read this memory.
Another doctor recalls: “We took the Hippocratic Oath, we are doctors, we are obliged to help any person in trouble. Anyone..."
It is easy to understand such feelings today, from peacetime, but then, when your land was burning and your comrades were dying, it was painfully difficult. Doctors and nurses provided medical care to everyone who needed it.
As stated in the Convention, medical workers should not divide the wounded into “us” and “strangers”. They are obliged to see in the wounded only a suffering person who needs their help and provide the necessary assistance.
S. Aleksievich’s second book, “Zinc Boys,” is also dedicated to the war, only the Afghan one.
“Even for us, who went through the Patriotic War,” writes V.L. Kondratiev, “there are a lot of strange and incomprehensible things in the Afghan War.”
About Sashka, the writer will say that he, like many others, grumbled, because he saw and understood that much came from his own ineptitude, lack of thought, and confusion. He grumbled, but did not “disbelieve.”
Those who fought in Afghanistan accomplished a feat by their mere presence here. But Afghanistan led to “disbelief.”
“In Afghanistan,” wrote A. Borovik, “we bombed not rebel groups, but our ideals. This war became for us the beginning of a reassessment of our ethical values. It was in Afghanistan that the original morality of the nation came into blatant contradiction with the anti-people interests of the state. It couldn’t go on like this.”
For me, the book “The Zinc Boys” was both a revelation and a shock. She made me think about the question: “Why did fifteen thousand Soviet soldiers die in it?”
A war with no answer
Not a single question. War,
In which there is no winning,
There is only a terrible price.
For the rest of our lives, these red gravestones are now on our land with the memory of the souls that are gone, with the memory of our naive, trusting faith:
"Tatarchenko Igor Leonidovich
Fulfilling a combat mission, faithful to the military oath, SHOWING PERSISTENCE AND COURAGE, HE DIED IN AFGHANISTAN.
Beloved Igorek, you passed away without knowing it.
Mother, father."
In our Museum Art. Ekaterinogradskaya there is a graphic painting “The Last Letter” by G.A. Sasov, a native of the village. It depicts the face of an old woman, frozen in a mask of grief and pain, with a soldier’s triangle pressed to her lips. The painting personifies the tragedy of a mother who received the last letter from her son:
And that memory, probably,
My soul will be sick
For now there is an irrevocable misfortune
There will be no war for the world.
So, after doing a little research: “Is humanity possible in war?” I answer: “Yes! Maybe!"
But, unfortunately, most often during military conflicts and even now the rules of the Conventions are violated. Therefore, in our time, when there is a lot of talk about progress, culture, mercy and humanity, if war cannot be avoided, it is important to strive to prevent or at least mitigate all its horrors.
Is there a place for mercy in war? And is it possible to show mercy to the enemy in war? The text by V. N. Lyalin makes us think about these questions. Here the author raises the problem of showing mercy to the enemy.
In the text, the author talks about Mikhail Ivanovich Bogdanov, who in 1943 was sent to war to serve as a nurse. During one of the fiercest battles, Mikhail Ivanovich was able to protect the wounded from SS machine gunners. For the courage shown during the counterattack with the Galicia division, he was nominated for the Order of Glory by the battalion commissar. The day after the battle, noticing the corpse of a German soldier lying in a ditch, Mikhail Ivanovich showed mercy by deciding to bury the German. The author shows us that despite the war, Mikhail Ivanovich was able to retain his humanity, not remaining indifferent to the enemy. Having learned about this case, the battalion commissar decided to cancel the orderly's nomination for the Order of Glory.
However, for Mikhail Ivanovich it was important to act according to his conscience, and not to receive a reward.
I agree with the author’s position and am convinced that mercy has a place in war. After all, it doesn’t matter whether the enemy is dead or unarmed, he no longer poses any danger. I believe that Mikhail Ivanovich Bogdanov did a worthy act by burying the body of someone killed in a shootout German soldier.Very important in conditions brutal war be able to preserve your humanity and not let your heart grow cold.
The problem of showing mercy to the enemy is raised in the work of V. L. Kondratiev “Sashka”. The main character, Sashka, captured a German during a German attack. At first, the German seemed like an enemy to him, but, looking closer, Sashka saw in him ordinary person, the same as himself. He no longer saw him as an enemy. Sashka promised the German his life, he said that Russians are not animals, they will not kill an unarmed person. He showed the German a leaflet that said that prisoners were guaranteed life and return to their homeland. However, when Sashka brought the German to the battalion commander, the German did not tell him anything, and therefore the battalion commander gave Sashka the order to shoot the German. Sashka’s hand did not rise to the unarmed soldier, so similar to himself. Despite everything, Sashka retained his humanity. He did not become bitter and this allowed him to remain human. As a result, the battalion commander, after analyzing Sashka’s words, decided to cancel his order.
The problem of showing mercy to the enemy is touched upon in L. N. Tolstoy’s work “War and Peace.” One of the heroes of the novel, the Russian commander Kutuzov, shows mercy to the French fleeing Russia. He feels sorry for them, because he understands that they acted on Napoleon’s orders and in no case dared to disobey him. Speaking to the soldiers of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, Kutuzov says: “It’s difficult for you, but you’re still at home; and they see how They got there. “The last ones are worse than the beggars.” We see that all soldiers are united not only by a feeling of hatred, but also by pity for the defeated enemy.
Thus, we can conclude that in war it is necessary to show mercy even to the enemy, no matter whether he is defeated or killed. A soldier is, first of all, a human being and must retain such qualities as mercy and humanity. They are the ones who allow him to remain human.
4. /SAMPLES of essays on the Russian language/The problem of choice.docx
5. /SAMPLES of essays on the Russian language/Discourse on honor.doc
6. /SAMPLES of essays on the Russian language/The meaning of life.docx
7. /SAMPLES of essays on the Russian language/Let us preserve the memory of our fallen comrades!.docx
8. /SAMPLES of essays on the Russian language/Let's save the past for the sake of the future!.docx
9. /SAMPLES of essays on the Russian language/Wanderers as a phenomenon of Russian life.docx
10. /SAMPLES of essays on the Russian language/The price of friendship....docx
11. /SAMPLES of essays on the Russian language/Man at war.docx I read the text of the Russian writer L. Leonov, his thoughts did not leave me indifferent
He tells us how he “one morning, walking through the forest, thought about what talent means.” Prishvin saw a “tiny bird”
The problem of heroism, choice
T. M. Jafarli reflects on the problem of preserving moral values in modern life by modern man
Is it possible to hand a teenager “the meaning of life on a silver platter”?
Is it necessary to preserve the memory of fallen comrades? The Soviet writer D. Granin discusses this moral problem
Sample miniature essay (USE in the Russian language) part (Text by L. Zhukhovitsky)
I read the text of the famous Russian singer F.I. Chaliapin, and his thoughts did not leave me indifferent
What is the price of true friendship and how is it tested? Publicist T. Tess reflects on this problem
V.P. Astafiev believes that a person, despite everything, even the death of comrades and hatred of the enemy, is able to maintain faith in people, compassion and not lose his human appearance. After all, both a Russian doctor and a German from the military
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The author tells a story that happened during the Great Patriotic War. At a halt, the soldiers who repelled the attack of the Nazis witnessed a barbaric scene: a Russian soldier, in a fit of anger, decided to take revenge on the captured Germans (“flayers”) for the death of his relatives (“Marishka was burned-and-and! All the villagers... The whole village..."), seizing machine gun and firing several bursts at them. Boris, a soldier from his platoon, rushed to save the captured Germans, covering them with his body. Some time later, the author shows a military hospital where the wounded, “either ours or strangers,” were bandaged by a Russian doctor. Astafiev, showing that in war the wounded are not divided into friends and foes, uses a detail - a “wooden washing trough” full of “bandages, scraps of clothing, fragments and bullets, in which “the blood of different people mixed and thickened.”
V.P. Astafiev believes that a person, despite everything, even the death of comrades and hatred of the enemy, is able to maintain faith in people, compassion and not lose his human appearance. After all, both the Russian doctor and the German “military medics” together provided assistance to the wounded in this shootout. In the souls of these people this moment there is no place for “feelings of revenge,” as L.N. once wrote. Tolstoy, “it gave way to a feeling of pity.” I completely agree with the author's opinion. Of course, war is a terrible and cruel test. But people, despite all the horrors of wartime, for the most part, did not turn into a fierce beast, but retained the ability to compassion, mercy, and retained high moral qualities of a person.
Russian literature “taught” a person to look boldly into the eyes of the enemy, cultivated a feeling of contempt for him, calling on him to smash him everywhere. Reading M. Sholokhov (“The Science of Hate”), K. Simonov (the poem “Kill Him!”, the novel “Soldiers Are Not Born”), we understand the holy feelings of the soldiers who despised the enemy, mercilessly sweeping away everything in their path. But then, when victory was won, the enemy for our soldiers, especially a prisoner, became not a warrior, but a simple person worthy of pity and compassion. Let us recall the scene with the captured French (Rambal and Morel) in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Not enemies, no, - “...people too,” - this is what the author himself writes about them. This “also people” was said by Kutuzov: “We didn’t feel sorry for ourselves, but now we can feel sorry for them too.”
Wars have always been a measure not only of a person’s courage, but above all a measure of his humanity. We see an image of this sense of humanity in works of the 20th century dedicated to the war of 1941 - 1945. V. Nekrasov (“In the Trenches of Stalingrad”) spoke about how Russian soldiers pulled German wounded from a burning German hospital out of the fire. V. Kondratyev (“Sashka”) tells about the complex feelings of a young soldier who has to escort a German prisoner alone. These are complex feelings: hatred for the fascist, and interest in the German soldier and his service, and pity for the prisoner, similar to his classmate, and the understanding that in front of him is not an enemy, but an ordinary prisoner. And yet, the feeling of mercy prevails (“terrible non-humans are those who stood up in the attack from behind the hill, those he mercilessly and mercilessly killed - enemies, and this one... is the same as me. Only deceived...”). Of course, for Russian writers has always been the main thing best quality human - humanity.
It seems to me that it was precisely the sense of humanity that helped us win more than one war, to triumph over barbarism, savagery and cruelty.
Prepared by teacher of Russian language and literature N.V. Parfenova.