Boris Pasternak. Novel "Doctor Zhivago"
3. The image of the main character
1. Author's intention and creative history
Boris Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago" (1946-1955) represents the development of a new artistic strategy in Russian literature associated with the revival of the traditions of the philosophical novel and literature of the "Silver Age".
✓ show the history of the country's development and its historical image over the 45 years that have passed since October revolution;
✓ express your own views through the difficult, sad and detailed plot of the novel:
For art;
Gospel;
Human life within the framework of a historical era;
✓ use the traditions of Dickens and Dostoevsky.
One of the features of the novel "Doctor Zhivago" is the correlation of the historical plot with the biographical one. However, despite the widely presented panorama of Russian reality in the first third of the 20th century, the work reveals not so much historical issues and problems as personal relationships and value guidelines, which have a much greater impact on human destinies.
Creative history of the novel:
✓ was originally called "Boys and Girls" by the author;
✓ was rejected by publishers and published thirty years late;
✓ received a mixed response from contemporary readers and fellow writers (enthusiastic assessment by E. Gerstein and derogatory assessment by V. Nabokov).
2. Contents and features of the novel
Contents and problems of the novel "Doctor Zhivago":
✓ tells about the life of one generation, which went through a series of historical and political events and formed a certain life strategy and worldview;
✓ the novel is structured as follows:
First, the theme of teenage worldview and associated maximalism is developed through a description of the heroes’ childhood;
Then the topic of an artificial approach to life is raised, creating it according to certain patterns based on the highest noble goals;
Through coverage of various political and historical events (the First World War, three revolutions, civil war) the development of "boys and girls" in " Soviet people";
✓ the problem of experimenting with the destinies of people, with life in the name of noble goals and ideals is raised, and the author associates this with games through which all historical events that occurred in the first half of the 20th century are interpreted and understood. in Russia.
The artistic originality of the novel "Doctor Zhivago" constitute images, symbols and motifs that reveal the author's intention:
✓ the motive of “playing people”, the study of which by the author can be characterized as follows:
. “playing people” provokes a devaluation of personal opinion, a disregard for human originality and uniqueness in the name of a straightforwardly understood equality and unity;
The projects of such a game turn out to be opposed and hostile not only to spiritual life, but also to the entire human existence;
✓ an image of nature acting as a poetic symbol, the originality of which lies in the following:
Expression of landscapes;
The vitality of nature, very similar to human existence;
Endowing nature with the properties of a miracle, magic, but not in a fantastic, but in a metaphorical sense;
Implementation of the replenishment function human soul the meaning that it is deprived of in the turmoil and chaos of the era;
Beauty and indestructibility as a moral justification for life.
Questions raised and addressed in the novel:
✓ the significance of social history and its characteristic transpersonal scales and criteria is demystified;
✓ the everyday existence of a person with his small everyday affairs is endowed with a high epic meaning;
✓ "playing people" - artificial element- opposed to simple human life, acting as a natural organic principle;
✓ problems that concern the author:
Is it possible to remake the world even on the basis of the most ideal and well-intentioned projects;
Is it possible to allow violence against the natural course of life in order to “improve” it;
Does it make sense to consider the current, present moment of life not in its immediate meaning, but as correlated with a “bright future” and acting as a prerequisite for this future;
✓ historical events in Russia in the first third of the 20th century are covered in the novel as natural disasters with enormous consequences;
✓ the question is raised about how a person can withstand the chaos of this reality and save his soul from disaster; This, according to Pasternak, is the essence of history.
3. The image of the main character of the novel "Doctor Zhivago"
Many critics note the parallelism of the image of the main character of the novel - Yuri Zhivago - with Jesus Christ, expressed as follows:
✓ the similarity, first of all, not of the images, but of the entire life story of the main character with the biblical story of Jesus Christ and with the plot of the New Testament;
✓ the vagueness rather than the literalness of the connection between these images;
✓ chronological marking of the plot - correlation of all events not with the secular, but with the Orthodox calendar;
✓ an abundance of elements of Church Slavonic vocabulary, book-archaic and literary-book speeches and forms;
✓ orientation to the traditions of sacred books in the poetics of the image and plot of the fate of the main character, in particular the initial predetermination of fate;
✓ the paradoxical nature of Yuri Zhivago’s parallelism with Jesus, since the “divinity” of the hero of the novel is not separated from the earthly, but rather embodied in him.
4. Connection with L. Leonov’s novel “Russian Forest”
The connection between the novel "Doctor Zhivago" and L. Leonov's novel "Russian Forest" (1950-1953) is clearly revealed:
✓ polemics with the same enemy - the official ideology of revolutionary extremism;
✓ general basis rejection of revolutionary ideology, which is the rejection of violence;
✓ echo between motifs and images:
Images of “boys and girls” who were infected with the romance of the revolutionary destruction of the old and the creation of a new world;
Pairs of antagonists in the novels (Zhivago - Strelnikov, Vikhrov - Gratsiansky), diverging in their understanding of the eternal laws of life;
The moral epidemic brought by revolutionary extremism;
Contrasting revolutionary doctrines with their violence against man and life with the concept of the “miracle of life,” which both authors understand as the unshakable basis of human existence and his entire hierarchy of spiritual values;
The embodiment of the concept of “miracle of life” in images and pictures of nature.
Disagreements between Pasternak and Leonov as authors:
✓ in Leonov - the naturalness of all concepts, including people and nation, their basis on the law of nature;
✓ in Pasternak - the hero’s co-naturalness with other people, he does not exhaust himself with the structure of nature;
✓ in Leonov, the concepts of people and nation play the role of an absolute, connecting individual representatives into a single whole;
✓ For Pasternak, this role is played by the natural principle, and it can unite not only representatives of one nation, but also all of humanity, and if this principle does not develop into a personal principle among people, then such a society loses its unity.
5. The place of the novel “Doctor Zhivago” in Russian literature
The novel "Doctor Zhivago" is closely related to many works of Russian literature such as XX and XIX centuries:
✓ with M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”, which is expressed primarily in the use of biblical motifs;
✓ with the traditions of expressionist prose of the 1920s and the post-symbolic novel of the 1910s;
✓ with a long tradition of Christian aesthetics and artistic and religious literature, which developed in Russian literature as follows:
Its roots lie in the gospel tales and lives of saints;
It was later expressed in secular literature in the works of L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky;
Most vividly in quality artistic system appeared in the works of writers late XIX V. (N. Leskova, P. Melnikov-Pechersky), and 20th century. (A. Remizova, B. Zaitseva, I. Shmeleva);
✓ discrepancy with the typical features and elements of a realistic novel of the 19th-20th centuries, which is manifested in the following features of the novel “Doctor Zhivago” by Pasternak:
Neglecting the development of cause-and-effect motivations in the movement of the plot;
Antipsychologism in the depiction of the characters' characters;
Refusal of the manner of objectified narration;
Creating your own realism in literature, mainly artistic principle which is the perception of the chaotic state characteristic of the modern era as an indisputable reality, which cannot be denied, but also should not be apologized, but it is necessary in its artistic expression to preserve the feeling of living contact of this chaos with a person, and for this the author turns to the search for archetypes in which he strives to see something common to all humanity.
Literature lesson in 11th grade
Teacher of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 162, Omsk Mochalina Svetlana Leonidovna
Civil war in the fate of Yuri Zhivago (based on the novel by B. Pasternak “Doctor Zhivago”).
Instead of a preface.
I publish my lesson plans primarily for novice teachers, for those who have recently joined the teaching table and are still poorly versed in what to choose and how to teach. In short, I want to help those who are still openly “swimming,” just as I myself “swimmed” many years ago. Agree, situations are different: a person is just from college, but here he is immediately in 10th or 11th grade! Perhaps experienced teachers have not worked in high schools for a long time, and in this case my lessons may be useful to colleagues, especially when studying serious works of the classics. In no case do I have the audacity to claim some kind of standard, but I know how difficult it can be to find an intelligent development of a literature lesson in the 11th grade. The “Golden Age” of Russian literature, the 19th, is another matter. There is a lot of interesting methodological literature, but with the 11th grade, you will agree, it is more difficult. Not everything is pleasant, not everything satisfies. Forgive me for my professional rudeness, I’m giving you a blank, and you decide for yourself what you will take and what you will creatively rework. Please, make a presentation, develop technological maps (that’s where intellectual masochism is!), develop competencies, in short, create whatever you want. We have one goal: not to extinguish interest in reading, in the important skill of reflection, in translating the truths understood from books into practical life, into the worldview of our students. I would really like it to be scientific...
Based on the novel by B. Pasternak, I gave 4 lessons: 1) The family of Yu. Zhivago, the environment that shapes character. 2) Revolution in the fate of Yu. Zhivago. Disputes about the revolution in the novel. 3) The civil war in the fate of Yu. Zhivago. 4) Love of Lara and Yu. Zhivago.
If there are not enough lessons, you can reduce them to two: one is just for informational purposes, and the other is based on some “narrow” topic.
I Motivation for educational activities:
What do we have to find out today? How do you think? (Let the students themselves formulate their understanding of the purpose of the learning activity in the lesson).
Of course, you need to see, understand how the writer portrays the civil war, understand the hero’s attitude towards it, and therefore Pasternak himself, if we recall the thought of D.S. Likhachev, that Zhivago is an alternative version of the life of the writer himself. Having understood the position of the hero - the author, you need to reflect on your attitude towards it. IN different times this attitude was also different. This will make clear the reason for the unpopularity of the novel in a totalitarian state, the vicious attacks on Pasternak, insults and threats, his refusal Nobel Prize for his book, in which the writer wanted to “... give a historical image of Russia over the last forty-five years,” “... this thing will be an expression of my views on human life in history and much more.”
II Analysis of the scenes in the novel proposed by the teacher.
The civil war is already raging in the Urals, where Yuri Zhivago comes with his family from cold and hungry Moscow. It is better to start studying the topic with vivid scenes of Zhivago’s stay at Mikulitsyn’s.
1 Zhivago in the partisan detachment of Liveriy Mikulitsin (Part 11, Chapter 4)
How did Yuri end up in the partisan detachment?
No, he did not come to the detachment deliberately, having read books, like, for example, Pavel Mechik from Fadeev’s “Destruction”. The “Forest Brothers” captured him by force as a person who could be useful to them. Zhivago is a doctor, and in the detachment there is either rash or dysentery.
What does red represent? partisan detachment Mikulitsin?
“Its composition is varied. Mostly these are peasants - middle peasants, but along with this you will meet anyone. There are poor people here, and monks - undressed, and kulak sons fighting with their fathers, there are anarchists and undocumented goons, and over-aged grooms expelled from secondary schools - idiots. There are Austro-German prisoners of war, seduced by promises of freedom...” - this is how Anfim Samdevyatov, a random interlocutor of Yuri Zhivago on the train, describes the forest partisan army.
Judge for yourself: in the detachment there are many non-military people and generally far from political ideas; it is very difficult to manage such a mass. But the commander of the detachment, Liveriy Mikulitsyn (the son of the manager of the former estate of the wealthy Ural factory owner Kruger, Averky Mikulitsyn, Tony Zhivago’s grandfather), is not very concerned about the “selection of human material” taking place in the crucible of the revolution, about which Fadeev’s Osip Levinson thought a lot. He does not care about the happiness of each individual member of the squad; he is concerned about more global problems - the happiness of humanity.
2 Scene of the battle between the “forest brothers” and the volunteers of the White Guard army (Part 11, Chapter 4)
According to the International Convention of the Red Cross, military doctors did not have the right to participate in hostilities, but in this battle Doctor Zhivago had to break the ban against his will. The ensuing skirmish forced him to share the fate of the combatants and shoot back. The doctor tries not to shoot at people and aims at a dead, charred tree sticking out alone in the middle of a wide field. The tree was split in two by the thunderstorm.
Tell me, did you feel the symbolism of this image?
Of course, you can’t help but feel it. So the country is split into two parts by revolution and civil war. People not only mercilessly kill each other, but also disfigure the world around them: everywhere is dead, empty and bare. The landscape of this brutal war is eloquent.
No matter how careful Zhivago was, he still hit two. The firefight has stopped, and the doctor runs to the wounded.
What happened?
One of them, a telegraph operator from Mikulitsyn’s detachment, was killed. Yuri Andreevich unbuttons his shirt and discovers on his chest an amulet with worn-out paper, on it is the text of the ninetieth psalm. It was believed that it protected from bullets. The verse is distorted, many Old Church Slavonic words are distorted, which indicates the illiteracy of the red fighter.
The second one was wounded. He was still a very young boy, yesterday’s high school student, and on the lining of his overcoat was embroidered by his mother’s caring hand: “Seryozha Rantsevich.” “These were the offspring of families, probably close to him (Yuri) in spirit, his upbringing, his moral make-up, his concepts.”
What does the doctor find on Seryozha’s chest?
The mother’s medallion, damaged by a bullet, from which a piece of paper fell out, is the same psalm, only written correctly. The amulet saved the young man's life.
Comment on this scene.
The scene convincingly shows us how terrible fratricidal war is, how wild and
unnatural. This is truly a senseless slaughter. People of the same faith go against each other, turning to one source in moments of mortal danger - Christian prayer. At the sight of this, what can you feel other than bitterness?
How do you evaluate the doctor's behavior?
The duty of a doctor exceeds political likes and dislikes. He treats both the Red partisan and the volunteer of Kolchak’s army with equal care, because for him there are neither Reds nor Whites, but there is a suffering, sick person - the highest value of life. War makes people forget this simple truth, but not Zhivago. The doctor cured Seryozha by dressing him in someone else's clothes. Having recovered, Rantsevich goes to his own people; he did not hide this intention from Yuri.
So, Zhivago’s position: he does not want to accept the laws of the cruel, inhumane battle into which people have been driven, he does not want to submit to violence, it is unacceptable to him. This is the “above the fray” position. Zhivago does not want to be either white or red, he wants to be himself, spiritually independent, having doubts and hesitations in his soul, which a thinking person should have. This is his conscious choice, and Pasternak teaches us to respect the choice of his hero; it is interesting and close to the writer.
Think about what is the vulnerability of such a position?
For a long time we were taught that the position “above the fray” is suspicious and even dangerous, that only hidden enemies, cowardly and weak people, clean people who are afraid to get their hands dirty can occupy it. It caused condemnation a priori - this is the reason for the persecution of the author of the novel and rejection of his hero, who found the courage to boldly accept such a position. It’s good that now we have learned to move away from one-dimensional assessments. Or maybe special courage lies precisely in what seems like weakness? Or maybe you have the courage not to follow the obedient majority, but to resist it?
Pasternak will write about Zhivago: “I fell behind on one shore, but did not stick to the other.” Does he condemn his hero for this? Can we blame him? Let's try to figure it out.
3 The scene of the reprisal of the partisans against the moonshiners (Part 12, Chapter 1)
This scene will explain why Yuri could not stay with the Reds and share Mikulitsyn's "faith".
Why was the savage massacre carried out?
Liveriy Mikulitsyn begins a noble fight against drunkenness and moonshine in his detachment. Many of the partisans are unhappy with this, they form a conspiracy against the detachment commander: it is decided to seize Livery and hand him over to the Kolchakites who are pursuing the detachment. The conspirators had no idea that among them there was an instigator, Mikulitsyn’s man. The conspiracy was exposed, the instigators were captured and brutally punished.
What does this scene in the novel make you think about?
The scene is repulsively unpleasant. Yes, the “scum of the partisan movement” were punished, but these are also people who have the right to make mistakes. Among them is a stupid boy - a teenager, crying his eyes out and bowing to the guards. Is the detachment commander who organized this trial really so morally pure and morally impeccable?
Liverius is an arrogant, self-confident demagogue. He forcibly keeps Zhivago in the detachment, torments him with his short-sighted recipes for happiness for all humanity and hates man, is obsessed with the mania of making those who do not ask for it happy, and openly indulges in cocaine captured from the whites. Zhivago is repulsed by the animal cruelty of the Red partisans, for whom human life turns into a testing ground for creepy social experiments in the “processing” of rough material. But can he go to the whites?
4 The scene with the wounded man crawling into the forest detachment (Part 12, Chapter 8) Comment on it.
No, it wasn’t even a man who crawled into the detachment, but a human stump! The unfortunate man tells terrible things about what the retreating units of Kolchak’s troops are doing in the city: they are strangling people like chickens. “Whom to hang, who to be ramrod, who to be interrogated. They beat you into a thread, sprinkle salt on the wounds, pour boiling water on them... And with children, and in women’s affairs, oh my God!
This is the disgusting face of war! (On the question of the nobility of Kolchak, with whom it has become so fashionable to rush around in recent years!) Brutality, the cult of lawlessness lead to the complete moral savagery of people, in these lines of the novel there is a stern condemnation of the unleashed massacre, “senseless and merciless”, in the bloody millstones of which the everything human.
Well, how was it possible to go to the other shore, if both here and there the blood of innocents is shed and terrible violence is committed against the individual? How can we then condemn Yuri Zhivago for his weakness? And is this weakness? What, is the doctor afraid for himself? No, he is afraid for man in general, he is afraid of the fate of Russia: “The fanaticism of the Reds and Whites seems to compete in cruelty, alternately increasing one in response to the other, as if they were multiplying; the blood made me sick, it came up to my throat and rushed to my head.”
Here is the answer to our question: war is a terrible test, great tragedy all Russians, both white and red, and no matter which shore you land on, you will still participate in this violence, which means multiplying it.
III Human destinies in the hard times of war
War not only cripples human flesh, it also cripples the soul. We see this in the example of the terrible fate of the partisan Pamfil Palykh.
1 Tell us what happened to Pamphilus?
Palykh is a gloomy figure in the detachment of the “forest brothers”. He killed without number and without counting, now Pamphil is very afraid for his family living with him in the detachment. It is painful for him to think that someone could deal with them just as brutally. Unable to withstand the mental anguish, having lost his mind, Palykh killed his wife and three children with an ax, which he had used to carve toys out of wood for his youngest son. Everyone in the detachment (and these are people far from sensitive feelings) recoiled from the child killer, and soon Palykh himself simply disappeared. He paid a terrible price for shed human blood, for his thoughtless cruelty. The fate of this hero is a warning: nothing goes in vain for a person, everything is returned.
2 Image of Strelnikov - Rastrelnikov (Pasha Antipov)
Why does Pasternak introduce this hero into the novel? Select material about Antipov - Strelnikov to get a story about the hero.
Pasha Antipov is the son of former worker and political exile Pavel Antipov. Born in Moscow, he was raised in the family of a railway worker Tiverzin. He graduated from high school and university, met Larisa, fell deeply and deeply in love with her, despite the girl’s sad past, and got married. Together with Lara, he left Moscow for the Urals, to Yuryatin, where he taught and did a lot of self-education. The relationship with his wife was not easy, despite strong feelings: “They tried to make each other noble and thereby complicated everything.” Pasha was afraid of offending his wife with a careless hint of the past, Lara suppressed him with her sacrifice. It ended with Antipov leaving Larisa with her little daughter and volunteering for the imperialist war. He fought, was captured, fled again to the Urals, where revolutionary events were already raging, in which Pasha was actively and actively involved.
What were these events? What does Strelnikov do?
Antipov was entrusted with the reprisal of all those dissatisfied with the revolution: peasants who resisted the food detachment, soldiers who went over to the White Guards, deserters. “He dropped into all these places out of the blue, judged, sentenced, carried out sentences, quickly, sternly, fearlessly.” He did not return to his family, home, crossed out his previous life, changed his last name, and became Strelnikov. His fame soon began to thunder throughout Siberia, but it was an unkind fame - a punisher of the revolution, an executioner. Everyone was afraid of him, they called him Rastrelnikov behind his back, he was alone, stern, straightforward, he was not afraid of anyone.
What does Pasternak see as the tragedy of this strong man?
Larisa, who continues to love Antipov, idealizes him. It seems to her that he went into the revolution to lay down his military valor at her feet, to prove to her that he is worthy of her love. In reality, everything is worse and more complicated: Pasha went there for the sake of the idea of justice, but served not it, but evil, because he built this justice on human blood and suffering, considering himself a judge “between life and the dark principle that distorts it.”
The revolution, which Antipov-Strelnikov served so fanatically, to which he sacrificed personal happiness, elevated him to the pedestal of a hero, but the revolution destroyed him. This is his tragedy.
Strelnikov was not a party member; the leaders of the revolution (including his own father) did not like him. He was tolerated only as long as he was needed, i.e. performed the dirty work of a punisher - physically eliminating the enemies of the revolution. When he completed it, they decided to remove him from the stage: they wanted to put him on trial based on a false accusation. Strelnikov knew perfectly well how this was done and what followed. He runs and hides in the house where Yuri Zhivago lived with Lara, but the raid on him is rapidly tightening, the hero is doomed. Strelnikov spends the last night of his life talking with Zhivago about Larisa. He will never meet her again: in the morning Yuri will find him shot.
Conclusion:
Pasha’s position is an “impeccable” position, from the point of view of the novel’s persecutors, “in a fight.” What did she give him? It is unlikely that this person was happy and lived in harmony with himself.
Pasternak creates the image of Strelnikov to show how revolution and war cripple human destinies, and the most tragic thing is that these are the destinies of not the worst people of their time. Pasha Antipov is not Liveriy Mikulitsyn, an ordinary and ambitious mediocrity from a revolutionary environment. People like Antipov thought “clearly and correctly,” had moral purity, strived for the high, but there was no doubt in their souls, and they chose low, Mikulitsyn means to fight for it.
General conclusion from the lesson:
The war, which split the country into two camps, is depicted by Pasternak not from the white camp, not from the red camp, we see it through the eyes of a proud independent man with strong moral principles, who risked standing in this bloody mess, preserving human dignity, remaining himself. This war is the greatest misfortune of Russia and all Russians, it is the cause of all the misfortunes in the fate of Yuri Zhivago, which will destroy him by the end of the novel, first spiritually and then physically.
Stages of work 1917 – 1918 The first plan was 1917 - 1918. First plan 1945 - 1955 Work on the novel 1945 - 1955 Work on the novel November 1957 The novel was published in Italy, then translated into many languages November 1957 The novel was published in Italy, then translated into many languages October 1958 B. L. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature “for outstanding achievements in modern lyric poetry and in the traditional field of great Russian literature.” October 1958 B. L. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature “for outstanding achievements in modern lyric poetry and in the traditional field of great Russian literature.” Expulsion of the writer from the Union of Soviet Writers, persecution in the press Expulsion of the writer from the Union of Soviet Writers, persecution in the press 1988 The novel was published in Russia The novel was published in Russia.
“This piece will be an expression of my views on art, on the gospel, on the life of man in history and much more.” “This piece will be an expression of my views on art, on the gospel, on the life of man in history and much more.” “Poetry and prose – poles – are not separable from each other, these principles do not exist separately” “Poetry and prose – poles – are not separable from each other, these principles do not exist separately” B.L. Pasternak B.L. Pasternak
Time frame of the novel The plot of the novel covers the first 50 years of our century. The plot of the novel covers the first 50 years of our century. The plot of the novel begins in 1902, when Yuri Zhivago is 10 years old. The plot of the novel begins in 1902, when Yuri Zhivago is 10 years old. The hero's life ends in 1929 from a broken heart. The hero's life ends in 1929 from a broken heart. The plot of the novel covers the war years and the first post-war years. The plot of the novel covers the war years and the first post-war years.
Variants of the name The candle was burning The candle was burning Boys and girls (from Blok’s poem “Verbochki”) Boys and girls (from Blok’s poem “Verbochki”) Norms of the new nobility Norms of the new nobility Notes from Zhivult Notes from Zhivult History of the living spirit History of the living spirit There will be no death There will be no death Doctor Zhivago (1948) Doctor Zhivago (1948)
Doctor Zhivago Yuri (George) is the winner of the Dragon, evil, and affirmer of good. Yuri (George) – winner of the Dragon, evil, affirmer of good. Zhivago is the Old Church Slavonic form of the adjective “alive”. Theme of life. Zhivago is the Old Church Slavonic form of the adjective “alive”. Theme of life. Doctor's profession. The theme of humanism. Doctor's profession. The theme of humanism. Ophthalmology is the science of vision. Yuri Zhivago was famous for his good intuition when making a diagnosis. Ophthalmology is the science of vision. Yuri Zhivago was famous for his good intuition when making a diagnosis. The Doctor loses socially, but wins spiritually. The Doctor loses socially, but wins spiritually.
Narrative form Events of the novel (Revolutions of 1905 and 1917, World War I, Civil War, collectivization, Great Patriotic War) are depicted through the perception of the main character (the doctor and the poet), as well as characters close to him. The events of the novel (Revolutions of 1905 and 1917, World War I, Civil War, collectivization, Great Patriotic War) are depicted through the perception of the main character (a doctor and a poet), as well as characters close to him. The narrative is structured according to the laws of lyric poetry: the focus is on mental life hero. This is a symbolist novel. Pasternak abandons traditions psychological novel(Lermontov, Turgenev, Dostoevsky) The narration is structured according to the laws of lyric poetry: the focus is on the hero’s spiritual life. This is a symbolist novel. Pasternak abandons the traditions of the psychological novel (Lermontov, Turgenev, Dostoevsky). An important role is played by the poems of Doctor Zhivago, highlighted in a separate part after the epilogue. In them the reader learns about inner life hero, the author's idea - the triumph of the spirit of "Zhivago". An important role is played by the poems of Doctor Zhivago, highlighted in a separate part after the epilogue. In them, the reader learns about the inner life of the hero, the author’s idea - the triumph of the spirit of the “living”.
Composition Beginning - the motive of death Beginning - the motive of death “They walked and walked and sang “Eternal Memory”... The curious entered the procession and asked: “Who is being buried?” They were answered: “Zhivago.” “They walked and walked and sang “Eternal Memory”... The curious entered the procession and asked: “Who is being buried?” They were answered: “Zhivago.” “The Poems of Yuri Zhivago” is a separate part of the novel, with the help of which Pasternak takes the narrative to the level of eternity. “The Poems of Yuri Zhivago” is a separate part of the novel, with the help of which Pasternak takes the narrative to the level of eternity. Finale - the poem "Garden of Gethsemane" - the motive of resurrection, eternal life: Finale - the poem "Garden of Gethsemane" - the motive of resurrection, eternal life: I will go down to the grave and on the third day I will rise, And, as rafts are floated down the river, To me for judgment , like the barges of a caravan, Centuries will float out of the darkness.
Dialogues Because the novel is structured according to the laws of lyricism, the dialogues of the characters are important (the tradition of Dostoevsky, Chekhov), which often turn into monologues in which the characters express their attitude to a particular issue. Because the novel is structured according to the laws of lyricism, the dialogues of the characters are important (the tradition of Dostoevsky, Chekhov), which often turn into monologues in which the characters express their attitude to a particular issue. Events are depicted through the perception of heroes Events are depicted through the perception of heroes
A look at history “He (Yuri Zhivago) thought about several existences developing side by side, moving at different speeds next to each other, and about when someone’s fate overtakes the fate of another in life, and who outlives whom.” “He (Yuri Zhivago) thought about several existences developing side by side, moving at different speeds next to each other, and about when someone’s fate overtakes the fate of another in life, and who outlives whom.” Numerous coincidences, accidents - signals from the unknowable world Numerous coincidences, accidents - signals from the unknowable world In Pasternak's view, life is like a river that carries human destinies. People obey the movement of life. In Pasternak's view, life is like a river that carries human destinies. People obey the movement of life. Nature, art, history are inseparable components of life. Nature, art, history are inseparable components of life.
System of characters Yuri Zhivogo Yuri Zhivogo Son, nephew, father, husband, son-in-law, brother, friend, lover, doctor, philosopher, poet. Son, nephew, father, husband, son-in-law, brother, friend, lover, doctor, philosopher, poet. Strelnikov (Pavel Antipov) is the antagonist hero. The opposition between the active and contemplative principles of life. Both die. Strelnikov (Pavel Antipov) is the antagonist hero. The opposition between the active and contemplative principles of life. Both die. Antonina is a wife, mother. Antonina is a wife, mother. Lara Guichard - love, mother. The symbol of Russia: powerful and weak-willed, powerful and catastrophic. Larisa is a seagull. Lara is a symbol of Russia. Lara Guichard - love, mother. The symbol of Russia: powerful and weak-willed, powerful and catastrophic. Larisa is a seagull. Lara is a symbol of Russia.
Main motives: Road, path. Life's road. Way of the Cross. Way. Life's road. Way of the Cross. Winter. Blizzard (Pushkin, Blok, Bulgakov) Winter. Blizzard (Pushkin, Blok, Bulgakov) Art Art History. Revolution History. Revolution Christian motives (life and death, choice, resurrection, motherhood, Orthodox holidays). This is the most open novel in Christian culture. Christian motives (life and death, choice, resurrection, motherhood, Orthodox holidays). This is the novel most open to Christian culture. Metaphor of a candle Metaphor of a candle
Orthodox holidays Yuri's mother died on the eve of the Intercession, Yuri's mother died on the eve of the Intercession, Yuri and his uncle go to Voskoboinikov on the day of Our Lady of Kazan Yuri and his uncle go to Voskoboinikov on the day of Our Lady of Kazan Years of the Civil War: “Winter was at its end, Holy, the end of Lent” Years of the Civil War: “Winter was at its end, Passionate, the end of Lent.” Thus, Pasternak builds the plot of the novel on the scale of eternity. Thus, Pasternak builds the plot of the novel on the scale of eternity.
“And you keep burning and warming, my ardent candle!” An important symbol of the novel is the “Light” candle full month pulled the snow meadow together with the tactile viscosity of egg white or glue white. The luxury of the frosty night was indescribable. The doctor had peace in his soul. He returned to the bright, warmly heated room and began to write.” (“Doctor Zhivago” part 7)
“The candle was burning on the table. The candle was burning...” “Winter Night” is a poem about the love of two people, the heroes of the novel “Doctor Zhivago” - Lara and Yura. Their love burns like a candle, in spite of, or against the backdrop of, social blizzards and revolution. This poem is about the love of any other lovers who have “crossed” their destinies despite the “blizzards” of life.
Correlation with other novels by M.A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”: M.A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”: 1. Christian motifs 1. Christian motifs 2. composition “a novel within a novel” 2. composition “a novel within a novel” 3. panorama of Moscow 3. panorama of Moscow 4. image of the creator 4. image of the creator M.A. Sholokhov “ Quiet Don": M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don": 1. depiction of historical cataclysms 1. depiction of historical cataclysms 2. the fate of the hero against the background of these cataclysms 2. the fate of the hero against the background of these cataclysms 3. affirmation of the intrinsic value of life 3. affirmation of the intrinsic value of life
Boris Pasternak, novel "Doctor Zhivago"
Pasternak began writing a novel in the center of which the revolutionary era should be in the winter of 1917-1918 and did not part with this plan for several decades. The fate of Doctor Zhivago is dramatic: the novel was completed in 1955 and sent to the magazine New world", but was rejected because it was seen as a distorted image of the revolution and the place of the intelligentsia in relation to it.
However, the novel was published in 1957 in Italy, then translated into many languages of the world, and in 1958 the author was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature “for outstanding achievements in modern lyric poetry and in the traditional field of great Russian prose.”
In his homeland, Pasternak began to be actively persecuted: he was expelled from the membership of the Writers' Union, a whole stream of insults and accusations was organized in newspapers, magazines, and on the radio, he was forced to refuse the Nobel Prize, and demands were persistently heard to leave his native land. “I am connected with Russia by birth, life, work. I don’t think of my destiny separately and outside of it,” Pasternak decisively declared.
Nobel Prize. I was lost, like an animal in a pen, Somewhere there are people, freedom, light, And behind me there is the noise of a chase, I have no way to be free. Dark forest and the shore of a pond, Fir trees with a fallen log. The path is cut off from everywhere. Come what may, all the same. What kind of dirty trick have I done, Am I a murderer and a villain? I made the whole world cry Over the beauty of my land. But even so, almost at the grave, I believe the time will come - The power of meanness and malice will be overcome by the spirit of good. 1959
This whole story crippled the writer. On May 30, 1960, Pasternak passed away. Doctor Zhivago was published in its homeland only in 1988, 33 years after it was written.
Why did the novel “Doctor Zhivago” provoke such a reaction from the authorities?
Outwardly, the story is quite traditional: it tells about the fate of a person in the era of revolution. But the events of the novel are given through the perception of the main character; this subjective perception constitutes the plot. The novel did not fit into the schemes socialist realism, suggesting an “active life position.” The fate of a person, according to Pasternak, is not directly related to the historical era in which he happened to live. Main character In the novel, Yuri Zhivago does not try to fight the circumstances, but does not adapt to them, remaining himself under any conditions, maintaining his point of view.
How are historical events refracted in the perception of Yuri Zhivago?
Initially, the hero accepts the October events of 1917 with delight. Yuri Zhivago enthusiastically says to Larisa in a boyish way: “Just think what time it is! And you and I live in these days! After all, such an unprecedented thing happens only once in eternity. Think about it: the roof was torn off from all over Russia, and we and all the people found ourselves in the open air. And there is no one to spy on us. Freedom!". Soon the hero realizes that instead of the emancipation of man promised by the first revolutionary actions, the new government has placed man in a rigid framework, while imposing his own understanding of freedom and happiness. But you cannot force people to be happy; there is no single recipe.
What happens to Zhivago during the Civil War?
During the Civil War, Zhivago ends up in a partisan detachment. Pasternak conveys tragedy not through the description of brutal battles, but through the perception of events by the main character. Human carnage is ridiculous. The only battle in which the doctor captured by the partisans takes part is proof of this absurdity. He has to kill those whom he considered his own. After the war, Zhivago returns to Moscow and finds himself not at the court of the new government. He is not able to adapt, to change himself. Pasternak sees the highest value in a person, his personality, his privacy. The only important “salt of the earth” is the immortal soul of man.
What attracts the hero of the novel Yuri Zhivago?
Pasternak's hero, Yuri Zhivago, attracts with his openness, ability to love and appreciate life, insecurity, which is not a sign of lack of will, but the ability to think and doubt. The hero is an expression of the author’s moral ideal: he is talented, smart, kind, he maintains freedom of spirit, he sees the world in his own way and does not adapt to anyone, he is an individual.
The novel “Doctor Zhivago” consists of 2 parts: prosaic and poetic. 16 parts of the novel tell about people, events, big history, tragic destinies Zhivago, Tony, Lara and other heroes. It also shows a multifaceted image of Russia in the pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary years. In the last, 17th part, all this extensive material seems to be repeated again, but this time in poetry. Poetry and prose in B. Pasternak’s novel form a unity and are, in fact, a new genre form.
Hamlet The noise fell silent. I went out onto the stage. Leaning against the door frame, I catch in the distant echo what will happen in my lifetime. The darkness of the night is pointed at me with a thousand binoculars on the axis. If only it is possible, Abba Father, carry this cup past. I love your stubborn plan And I agree to play this role. But now there is another drama, And this time I am fired. But the order of actions has been thought out, And the end of the path is inevitable. I am alone, everything is drowning in pharisaism. Living life is not a field to cross. 1946
The lyrical hero of B. Pasternak’s poem of the same name is brought closer to the hero of Shakespeare’s tragedy by the same desire to make his life choice “in a mortal battle with a whole world of troubles.” He, like Hamlet, feels the gap " connecting thread» times and their responsibility for its connection. The choice of path was made in favor of Christian ethics: I am going towards suffering and death, but in no case - lies, untruth, lawlessness and unbelief.
Chalk, chalk all over the earth, In all directions. The candle was burning on the table. The candle was burning. Like a swarm of midges in summer Flies towards the flame, Flakes from the yard flew to the window frame. The blizzard sculpted circles and arrows on the glass. The candle burned on the table The candle burned. Shadows lay on the illuminated ceiling .Crossing of arms, crossing of legs, Crossing of fate.
And two shoes fell with a thud to the floor. And the wax dripped from the night light onto the dress with tears. And everything was lost in the snowy gloom, gray and white. The candle was burning on the table, the candle was burning. There was a blow on the candle from the corner, and the heat of temptation rose up like an angel. Two wings Cross-shaped. It was snowy all month in February, And every now and then The candle was burning on the table, The candle was burning.
Winter night
The very idea of remaking life seems wild to Yuri Andreevich, since life is not material, but an active principle, whose activity far exceeds human capabilities. The result of his actions only corresponds to his good intentions to the extent of attention and submission to her. Fanaticism is destructive.
In one of the draft versions of the novel, Pasternak gave the following explanation for Zhivago’s attitude towards Strelnikov: “How he always loved these people of conviction and action, fanatics of revolution and religion! How he worshiped them... how unmanly he always seemed to himself in the face of them. And more than ever, I never set out to become like them and follow them. His work on himself went in a completely different direction. He did not like naked rightness, naked truth, naked holiness of heaven. And the voices of the evangelists and prophets would not have captivated him with their ever-repressing depth if he had not recognized in them the voices of the earth, the voices of the street, the voices of modernity, which in all centuries was expressed by the heirs of teachers - artists. This is who, in his conscience, he revered, and not the heroes, and he revered the perfection of creation, which came from imperfect hands, above the fruitless self-improvement of man.”
While working on the novel, Pasternak understood that he was writing about the past. In order for his text to transform half-forgotten events into a word necessary for his contemporaries and designed for participation in the spiritual life of subsequent generations, he had to think about the language, free it from outdated details, the sharpness and expressiveness of which, according to experience and in foresight, were not durable. He said that he deliberately simplified the style, trying “in a modern translation in the current language, more common, ordinary and calm,” to convey at least some part of that undivided world, at least the most dear from afar, because of the centuries, marked by the gospel theme “thermal, light, organic perception of life."
At the beginning of 1956, Pasternak gave the completed manuscript of the novel to the editors of the magazine “New World”, “Znamya”, negotiations were underway with the publishing house “ Fiction" In the summer, communist Sergio D’Angelo, an employee of Italian radio broadcasting in Moscow, came to his dacha in Peredelkino, accompanied by a representative of a foreign commission.
He asked for the manuscript to review and received it in this official setting. The manuscript was not returned to the author. Angelo handed it over to the Italian communist publisher G. Feltrinelli, who, due to the fact that the international copyright convention at that time was not recognized by the USSR, could print the novel without the author’s permission. Nevertheless, he informed Pasternak that he wanted to publish the novel on Italian, June 30, 1956. Pasternak answered him that he would be glad if the novel appeared in translation, but warned: “If its publication here, promised by many magazines, is delayed and you get ahead of it, the situation will be tragically difficult for me.”
Publishing the novel in the Soviet Union became impossible due to the position taken by the leadership of the Writers' Union. It was reflected in a collective letter from members of the editorial board of the New World, signed by K. Simonov, K. Fedin, B. Lavrenev, A. Agapov and A. Krivitsky, and determined the domestic fate of the book for 32 years to come. In Italy, meanwhile, the translation was successfully completed, and, despite the fact that A. Surkov specially went to Milan to pick up the manuscript for revision on behalf of Pasternak, Feltrinelli published the book on November 15, 1957. By the end of 1958, the novel was published in all European languages.
Since 1946, the Nobel Committee has considered Pasternak's candidacy for the prize six times. For the seventh time, in the fall of 1958, it was awarded to him “for outstanding achievements of modern lyric poetry and the continuation of the traditions of great Russian prose.” In political commentary, the award of the prize was arbitrarily and unambiguously connected with the release of the novel Doctor Zhivago, which was not published in the USSR and was allegedly anti-Soviet. A monstrous scandal erupted, dubbed the “Pasternak affair” in the press.
The fact that the honorary award was turned into shame and dishonor became a deep grief for Pasternak. He, who at first joyfully thanked the Nobel Committee and the Swedish Academy for awarding the prize, was now forced to refuse it “due to the meaning given to it in the society to which he belongs.”
On February 10, 1960, Pasternak turned 70 years old. There was a stream of congratulatory letters and telegrams from all over the world. At the festive dinner there were acquaintances from the artistic circle. During the winter, Pasternak was bothered by periodic back pain. He tried not to pay attention to them, but by the end of April they became so strong that, having completely rewritten the prologue and the first act of the play, he allowed himself to go to bed. He was getting worse. X-ray showed lung cancer. The day before the end, Pasternak called us to tell us how much he was tormented by the duality of his confession, which turned into complete obscurity in his homeland. “All life was just a single combat with the reigning and triumphant vulgarity for free and playing human talent. It took a lifetime,” he said.
Lesson 39 (100). Christian motives
in the novel "Doctor Zhivago"
The purpose of the lesson: try to understand the meaning of Christian motifs in Pasternak’s creative plan.
Methodical techniques: discussion of issues homework, commented reading of episodes.
During the classes
I. Teacher's word
Pasternak's hero, Yuri Zhivago, attracts with his openness, ability to love and appreciate life, insecurity, which is not a sign of lack of will, but the ability to think and doubt. The hero is an expression of the author's moral ideal: he is talented, smart, kind, he maintains freedom of spirit, he sees the world in his own way and does not adapt to anyone, he is an individual. The idea of the novel is the Christian idea of a free individual.
II. Discussion of homework issues.
The entire novel is permeated with Christian ideas both directly (through speech) and indirectly (through symbols). The hero’s surname itself is associated with the image of Christ (“You are the son of the living God”: “zhivago” is a form of the genitive and accusative cases in the Old Russian language). The name Yuri is also symbolic - a variant of the name George (George the Victorious). Yuri Zhivago takes almost no direct part in events, but his understanding of life and everything that happens is based on Christian values. The plot is based on the gospel drama of spiritual choice and sacrifice on the cross. The triad “life - death - resurrection” is constantly at the center of the hero’s thoughts, and creativity is understood as “the Word of God about life.”
The novel begins and ends with a funeral scene. “They walked and walked and sang “Eternal Memory...” to Yura’s mother at the beginning of the novel. At the end of it, Lara, saying goodbye to Yuri, speaks to him as if he were alive: “Your departure is my end. Again something big, irrevocable. The mystery of life, the mystery of death, the beauty of genius, the beauty of nakedness, this is welcome, we understood this. And small world squabbles like reshaping the globe, excuse me, excuse me, this is not our part.” All events of “world significance” are “squabbles”, nothing compared to human life, which is realized every minute, now, in everyday life, in small and seemingly insignificant matters. But the last lines of the novel are poetic lines: the novel ends with the poem “Garden of Gethsemane”, the resurrection of the Son of God, immortality, life in other people.
III. Working on assignments
Exercise 1. We read and comment on the “sermon” of N.N. Vedenyapin (part 1, chapter 5).
(Nikolai Nikolayevich Vedenyapin, who renounced the priesthood, defines history as “the establishment of centuries-old works on the consistent solution to death and its future overcoming.” Vedenyapin remains true to his preaching confession. He believes that you can be an atheist, you can not know whether God exists and why he, and at the same time know that man does not live in nature, but in history, and that in the current understanding it is founded by Christ, that the Gospel is its foundation." In this "sermon" of Vedenyapin, an understanding of meaning and value is very important for Pasternak life. The basis for creativity in any field human activity is spiritual equipment": "love for one's neighbor, ... the idea of a free personality and the idea of life as a sacrifice." The mention of Jesus Christ in Father Nikolai’s sermon is not accidental. According to N.L. Leiderman, in the system of value guidelines of the novel, the Son of God and the Son of Man acts both as a symbol of the personal principle in man, his moral essence, and as the one who was the first in the history of mankind to realize the idea of immortality. This understanding of God is somewhat different from the traditional one, which is why the Orthodox Church gives ambiguous assessments of the novel “Doctor Zhivago”, as well as other works that use biblical motifs (for example, “The Master and Margarita” by Bulgakov, “The Scaffold” by Aitmatov). IN art world Pasternak’s spiritual and earthly are closely connected, fused, and the author correlates his heroes with the ideal of the Personality, with Christ.)
Task 2. Let us pay attention to the features of the chronology of events in the novel.
(The action of the novel is tied to the Orthodox calendar: Yura’s mother died on the eve of the Intercession; in the summer of 1903, Yura and his uncle go to Voskoboinikov - It was Kazan, the height of the harvest during the Civil War - “It was winter at the end, Passion, the end of Lent.” Pasternak as as if he were building a plot on the scale of eternity, so the meaning of even minor events deepens and expands.)
Task 3. We will find elements of Church Slavonic vocabulary, references to the Holy Scriptures, to the Gospel texts, and determine their role.
(There are a lot of such elements and references in the novel. Here are just a few of them: Anna Ivanovna’s funeral scene (part three, chapters 15-17); Zhivago’s conversation with Gordon (part four, chapter 12); mention of biblical images in the rally scene (part fifth, chapter 7); the scene of the return to Moscow, when Doctor Zhivago sees first the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, and then the domes, roofs, houses of the entire city (part five, chapter 16); the scene of Zhivago’s typhoid delirium, ending with the words “We must wake up and stand up. We must be resurrected" (part six, chapter 15); conversation between Lara and Yuri and Lara’s comparison of them with Adam and Eve (part thirteen, chapter 13); conversation between Lara and Sima - interpretation of the gospel texts (part thirteen, chapter 17).)
What is the role of poetry in the composition of a novel?
What are the main themes and ideas of these poems?
Analyze the figurative structure of the poems.
Lesson 40 (101). Poems by Yuri Zhivago
The purpose of the lesson: determine the places and meaning of “The Poems of Yuri Zhivago” in the composition and concept of the novel.
Methodical techniques: lecture with elements of conversation, analysis of poems.
During the classes
I. The teacher's word
The novel about life on earth by Yuri Andreevich Zhivago begins with the death of his mother and ends with his death. Larisa simply disappears from the face of the earth (“one day... she left home and never returned”), “disappeared somewhere unknown, forgotten under some nameless number from the subsequently lost lists, in one of the innumerable general or women’s concentration camps of the north.” We learn about the terrible fate of their daughter, who received the “barbaric, ugly nickname” Tanka Bezchereva from the conversation between Gordon and Dudorov in the epilogue of the novel. Blok’s line, which friends remember (“We are children of the terrible years of Russia”), takes on a new symbolic meaning: “When Blok said this, it had to be understood in a figurative sense, figuratively. And the children were not children, sons, brainchildren, intelligentsia, and the fears were not terrible, but providential, apocalyptic, and these are different things. And now everything figurative has become literal, and children are children, and fears are terrible, that’s the difference.”
The novel ends with a feeling of freedom that runs through the work like a red thread. The aged Gordon and Dudorov leaf through the notebook of Zhivago’s writings, which have become his eternal incarnation, his resurrection: “Death can be overcome // Through the effort of Resurrection” - these are the last lines of the poem “On Strastnaya”. The poems of Yuri Zhivago are the immortality of the hero, his otherness, the eternal life of his soul and the soul of the author himself, who understood his creation as a fulfilled mission: “I finished the novel,” Pasternak wrote to Varlam Shalamov, “I fulfilled the duty bequeathed by God.”
II. Analysis of poems
Exercise. Let's read the poem that opens the cycle, with the Shakespearean title "Hamlet" and try to understand its figurative structure.
Hamlet's theme is consonant with the theme of the novel. Hamlet's tragedy, according to Pasternak, is not a drama of duty and self-denial, and this brings this image closer to the image of Christ. “If only you can, Anna Father, // carry this cup past” these are the words of Christ. The poem “Hamlet” is about Shakespeare’s hero, and about Christ, and about the hero of the novel, Yuri Zhivago, and about the author of the novel himself, who tragically feels his existence, and in general about a person in Hamlet’s position. Man's duty is to pay with torment for the miracle of life. Gospel images, a high biblical syllable are combined with a folk proverb containing a simple but very deep thought: “Living life is not a field to cross.” Life is symbolic because it is significant in all its manifestations. And the subject of poetry is life itself. It is not for nothing that the next poem in the cycle is “March,” the month of awakening the life of nature.
By what means is life affirmed in the poem “March”?
(The poem “March,” like Hamlet, is written in trochee pentameter and contains four stanzas. But the tragic sound of “Hamlet” in the last line (“Living life is not a field to cross”) is replaced by the optimistic mood of “March.” Every natural phenomenon is spiritualized, personified, filled with the highest meaning: “The sun warms to the point of sweat, // And the ravine rages, stupefying”; “life in the cow barn is smoking”; “the teeth of the forks are full of health.” The title sentences of the third stanza, marked by a joyful, exclamatory intonation, convey surprise and delight before the next miracle of life:
These nights, these days and nights!
Fraction of drops by the middle of the day,
Roofing icicles are thin,
Streams of sleepless chatter!)
Only in Pasternak do we find a comparison of spring with a “hefty cowgirl” in whom “things... are boiling in her hands.” The beautiful is life. Therefore, “dung smells like fresh air,” it is “the life-giving and culprit of everything.” There is no low and no high, there is work, there is an eternal thirst for life and its endless renewal.
How are the poems “Hamlet”, “March” and “On Strastnaya” connected?
(The poem “March” holds together the first and third poems of the cycle with its imaginary simplicity, everyday life, affirmation of simple life values. “...March scatters snow / On the porch of a crowd of cripples.” Nature itself participates in the events of Holy Week: “Water drills the shores // And creates whirlpools”; “The trees look naked // At the church bars... // Gardens emerge from the fences, // The order of the earth wavers: // They bury God.” The renewal of life, the spring of nature causes the Resurrection of Christ:
But at midnight creation and flesh will fall silent,
Hearing the spring rumor,
It's just clearing weather,
Death can be overcome
With the effort of Sunday.)
What other connections do you see in the poems in the cycle?
(The cycle “Poems of Yuri Zhivago” also includes the annual natural cycle: spring, summer, autumn, winter. “March”, “ White Night" and "Spring thaw" are associated with the awakening of nature, the awakening human life, in which “shares // Of madness, pain, happiness, torment” are mixed. Summer - “Explanation” - the return of life, its new round:
Life returned just as without reason,
As it once strangely interrupted.
I'm on the same old street,
Like then, on that summer day and hour.)
What is the role of the words “the same”, “the same”, “again”, repeating images?
(These words and repeated images and phrases reinforce the impression of harmony, cyclicality, constant renewal.) Lesson Explanatory note
... Lesson development. - M.: Enlightenment. 3. Zolotareva I.V., Mikhailova T.I. Lesson development By Russian literature XIX century. 10 Class. 1st half of the year. - M.: Vako, 2003. 4. Zolotareva I.V., Mikhailova T.I. Lesson development By Russian literature ...