Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky biography briefly. The creative and life path of dostoevsky fedor mikhailovich
In 1821 the popular domestic writer- Fedor Dostoevsky. He spent his youth in a large noble family. His father was a rude and hot-tempered man. Everything in the house was adjusted to the father. In 1837, Dostoevsky's mother and Alexander Pushkin, who meant a lot to young Fyodor, suddenly passed away.
After that, Fyodor Dostoevsky begins to live in St. Petersburg. There he enters an engineering school. At the time, it was considered one of the best educational institutions Russia. This was also indicated by the fact that among Dostoevsky's classmates there were many talented people who became famous in the future. During his studies, he also read numerous works, including those of foreign authors. He preferred reading to the noisy society of his fellow students. This was one of his favorite activities. Many contemporaries were amazed at Fyodor Mikhailovich's readiness.
In 1844, Dostoevsky began his long career as a writer. One of his first serious creations was Poor People. This novel was well received by critics and brings fame to its creator. After 5 years, a turning point occurs in the life of the writer. He is sentenced to hard labor. The writer comprehends many things in a new way.
Around 1860, Dostoevsky began writing a huge number of works. He published a two-volume collection of his writings. Contemporaries did not appreciate Dostoevsky's works, although modern critics praised his works.
Dostoevsky's texts literally stunned readers who had never personally encountered the horrors of hard labor.
In 1861. The Dostoevsky brothers set about creating their own magazine, which was named Vremya.
Dostoevsky died in 1881 from bronchitis and tuberculosis. Gone great writer at 59 years old.
Option 2
On November 11, 1821, the great classic, writer and thinker Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich was born. From childhood, the future writer suffered from epilepsy. The family had 7 children, Fedor was born second, he had 3 brothers and 3 sisters. Mother Maria Feodorovna in 1837 dies of tuberculosis. After her death, his father sent his two children Fyodor and Mikhail to study at the St. Petersburg School with a military engineering profile. In 1839, his father dies.
WITH young years the future classic was interested in writing, constantly reading works of Pushkin, Shakespeare, Lermontov, Schiller, Corneille, Gogol, Balzac, Gogol. In 1843 Fyodor Mikhailovich was so impressed by the work of "Eugene Grande" by O. Balzac that he undertook to translate it.
The beginning creative path the writer's years are considered 1844-1845. The work "Poor People" is the very first work of the writer. After the publication of the novel, the writer gained fame and popularity. Belinsky V.G. and Nekrasov N.A. highly appreciated the work of the aspiring writer.
The second work of Fyodor Mikhailovich, work on which lasted from 1845 to 1846, is the story "The Double", which was severely criticized by many writers, as well as readers of a literary magazine. At the beginning of his career, all the writer's works were published only in the magazine of his brother.
The year 1849 becomes a crisis for the writer, he was sentenced by a court for participating in a circle with a revolutionary mood. Soon the punishment was replaced by hard labor for a period of 4 years in the Omsk fortress. After the end of the sentence, the writer is sent to military service as a soldier. After the events he experienced in penal servitude and during the service, the worldview of the young writer completely changed, he became more devout. While on duty, the writer meets Maria Isaeva, the wife of a former official, they have a romance. After the death of her husband, Maria married Fyodor Mikhailovich in 1857. Soon the young family moved to live in the city of St. Petersburg to work with their brother Mikhail in the magazines "Time" and "Epoch".
The year 1864 becomes very tragic for the classic, his wife and brother die. After these losses, Fyodor Mikhailovich begins to play roulette, accumulates numerous debts for himself. During this difficult period of his life, he worked on the novel Crime and Punishment, then on the novel The Gambler, for which he hired stenographer Anna Sinitkina, she soon became his wife.
The second wife, Anna, was 25 years younger than her husband. After the wedding, he instructed her to manage all his financial affairs. In marriage, they had 4 children. In 1869, the writer finishes working on the novel "The Idiot", in one of the monologues of Prince Myshkin, previously experienced emotions before the execution are displayed. The period from 1871 to 1881 is considered the most fruitful for the writer's work, he writes works: "Demons", "Diary of a Writer", "Bobok", "Teenager", "Dream funny person"," The collapse of Baimakov's office "," The Brothers Karamazov "and others.
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a great writer, classic of literature, philosopher, innovator, thinker, publicist, translator, representative of personalism and romanticism.
Born on 10/30/1821 in Moscow at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor of the Moscow Orphanage. Father is a writer, mother Maria Nechaeva is the daughter of a merchant. Lived in the specified hospital.
The family had a patriarchal life, everything according to the will and routine of the father. The boy was raised by his nanny Alena Frolov, whom he loved and mentioned in the novel "Demons".
Parents from childhood taught the writer to literature. By the age of 10 he knew history, at the age of 4 he had already read it. Father put a lot of effort into Fedor's education.
1834 entered one of the best educational institutions in Moscow. At the age of 16 he moved to St. Petersburg to enter the Main Engineering School. During this period I decided to become a writer.
1843 becomes an engineer-second lieutenant, but soon resigns and goes to literature.
During his studies (1840-1842) he begins his dramas "Maria Steward" and "Boris Godunov", 1844 ends the drama "Zhid Yankel" and at the same time translates foreign novels and writes "Poor People". Thanks to his works, Dostoevsky becomes famous and well-known among other popular writers.
Deeper into different genres: humorous "Novel in 9 Letters", essay "Petersburg Chronicles", tragedies "Another's Wife" and "Jealous Husband", Christmas-tree poem "Fir-Trees and Wedding", stories "Mistress", "Weak Heart" and many others.
11/13/1849 sentenced to death for maintaining Belinsky's literature, then changed to 4 years and military service, while he survived a staged execution. In hard labor, he continued to secretly create his masterpieces.
1854 sent to the service, where he met Isaeva Maria Dmitrievna and married in 1957. In the same year he was pardoned.
The marriage with Isaeva lasted 7 years, there were no children. 4 children were born with his second wife Anna Grigorievna.
01/28/1881 died of pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis. Buried in St. Petersburg.
Biography of Dostoevsky by dates and interesting facts
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born in 1821 in Moscow. In the family of the doctor of the clinic for the poor, Mikhail Andreevich, and later received the title of nobleman. Mother's name was Maria Fedorovna. They had six children. At the age of 16, Fedor and his older brother entered the preparatory boarding house in St. Petersburg.
At the end of 1843, he served as a pre-operator in the engineering team, and a year later he retired and devoted his time entirely to literature.
The first novel was written "Poor People" was published in 1845 and had significant success.
After Dostoevsky took part in an underground printing house. Arrested in 1849, all his archives were destroyed. Dostoevsky was awaiting execution, but Nicholas I changed the sentence to 4 years of hard labor.
In 1857, Fyodor married the widow Isaeva.
Has released comedy stories: "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Residents."
1863, left dramatic novels The Gambler, The Idiot.
1864 his wife died.
In 1866 he worked on the love story "Crime and Punishment" and Dostoevsky's second wedding.
V last years life, he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences.
In 1878, Dostoevsky's beloved son died.
The last work "The Brothers Karamazov".
The famous writer died in early 1881.
Biography by dates and Interesting Facts... The most important thing.
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Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, Russian writer, was born in 1821 in
Moscow. His father was a nobleman, landowner and doctor of medicine.
He was brought up to 16 years old in Moscow. In the seventeenth year he passed the exam in St. Petersburg at the Main Engineering School. In 1842 he graduated from the military engineering course and left the school as an engineer-second lieutenant. He was left in the service in St. Petersburg, but other goals and aspirations attracted him irresistibly. He became especially interested in literature, philosophy and history.
In 1844 he retired and at the same time wrote his first rather large story, Poor People. This story at once created a position for him in literature, was met with criticism and the best Russian society extremely favorably. It was a rare success in the full sense of the word. But the constant ill health that followed for several years in a row harmed his literary pursuits.
In the spring of 1849, he was arrested along with many others for participating in a political conspiracy against the government, which had a socialist connotation. He was committed to the investigation and the highest appointed military court. After eight months in the Peter and Paul Fortress, he was sentenced to death by shooting. But the sentence was not carried out: the mitigation of the sentence was read and Dostoevsky, after being deprived of the rights of state, ranks and nobility, was exiled to Siberia to hard labor for four years, with enrollment at the end of the term of hard labor in ordinary soldiers. This verdict over Dostoevsky was, in its form, the first ever case in Russia, for anyone sentenced to hard labor in Russia loses his civil rights forever, even if he ends his term of hard labor. Dostoevsky, on the other hand, was appointed, after serving the term of hard labor, to enter the soldier - that is, the rights of a citizen were returned again. Subsequently, such pardons happened more than once, but then this was the first case and happened at the behest of the late Emperor Nicholas I, who regretted his youth and talent in Dostoevsky.
In Siberia, Dostoevsky served his four-year term of hard labor in the fortress of Omsk; and then in 1854 he was sent from hard labor as an ordinary soldier to the Siberian line battalion No. 7 in Semipalatinsk, where a year later he was promoted to non-commissioned officers, and in 1856, with the accession to the throne of the now reigning emperor Alexander II, to officers. In 1859, being in an epileptic illness, acquired while still in hard labor, he was dismissed and returned to Russia, first to the city of Tver, and then to St. Petersburg. Here Dostoevsky began to study literature again.
In 1861 his elder brother, Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, began to publish a monthly large literary magazine (Revue) - Vremya. F. M. Dostoevsky also took part in the publication of the magazine; he published his novel "The Humiliated and the Offended" in it, which was sympathetically received by the public. But in the next two years he began and finished Notes from the House of the Dead, in which, under assumed names, he told his life in hard labor and described his former convict comrades. This book was read by the whole of Russia and is still highly valued, although the orders and customs described in the "Notes from the House of the Dead" have long since changed in Russia.
In 1866, after the death of his brother and after the termination of the magazine "Epoch" published by him, Dostoevsky wrote the novel "Crime and Punishment", then in 1868 - the novel "The Idiot" and in 1870 the novel "Demons". These three novels were highly appreciated by the public, although Dostoevsky, perhaps, treated them too harshly towards modern Russian society.
In 1876, Dostoevsky began to publish a monthly magazine under the original form of his "Diary", written by him alone, without collaborators. This edition was published in 1876 and 1877. in the amount of 8000 copies. It was successful. In general, Dostoevsky is loved by the Russian public. He deserved even from literary opponents his opinion of a highly honest and sincere writer. By his convictions, he is an open Slavophile; his former socialist convictions have changed quite dramatically.
Brief biography of F.M. Dostoevsky - option 2
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky - Russian writer, was born into the family of a nobleman in 1821 in Moscow. His father was a medical doctor. He spent his childhood in the capital. At the age of seventeen, he entered the Main Engineering School, from which he graduated in 1842. He was left to serve in St. Petersburg, but the desire to study literature, what Fyodor was most interested in, became stronger.
Already in 1844, his first fairly large story, Poor People, was published. Thanks to the story, Dostoevsky receives a special position in literature. It was an absolute success that not all writers achieve, and not so quickly. However, the constant illness of the writer gave a negative result to literary work.
In the spring of 1849, he and many of the participants in the political conspiracy against the government were arrested. As a result, Dostoevsky was sentenced to death by firing squad. However, the sentence was commuted for some reason, and Dostoevsky was exiled to Siberia for a period of 4 years.
In 1861, his brother, Mikhail Dostoevsky, began publishing the Vremya magazine every month. Here the novel "The Humiliated and the Insulted" first appeared. The audience reacted quite sensitively to this issue. The next year - "Notes from the House of the Dead", which sets out all the events and facts of hard labor. The main characters are former convict comrades. All he changed was their names. Everything else is pure reality.
After the death of his brother, in 1866, Dostoevsky worked on the novel "", in 1868 - "The Idiot" and in 1870 - "Demons". Basically, Fyodor Mikhailovich is considered the favorite of the Russian public. Even those who always contradicted him spoke of him as an honest and sincere Russian writer.
In 1881, Fyodor's sister, Vera Mikhailova, came to her parents' house to beg her brother to give up his share of the Ryazan estate. As a result of the stormy price, with tears and explanations, Fyodor began to bleed through his throat. This was the impetus for the aggravation of emphysema, from which Dostoevsky died two days later.
Biography of F.M. Dostoevsky |
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on October 30 (November 11), 1821 in Moscow. There he spent his youth.
In 1837 Fyodor went to study in St. Petersburg, at the Engineering School.
After graduating from his studies in 1843, Dostoevsky entered the service. His salary was high, but the extreme impracticality and the emerging addiction to the game of roulette, at times forced him to lead a half-starved existence. Dostoevsky also had no interest in the service, which prompted him to seek satisfaction in literary experiments. Success came quickly: the novel Poor People, published in 1845, was well received by readers and critics. Dostoevsky became famous and immediately said goodbye to the service without regret, intending to study only literature.
However, luck turned away from him - the next few stories, including "The Double" and "The Mistress", were regarded as mediocre. Long periods of lack of money, despair and tedious petty literary work for a pittance led to an exacerbation of mental illness in the young writer. Even the relative success of the stories "Netochka Nezvanov" and "White Nights" did not console their author.
In such a morbid state, in 1849, Dostoevsky joined the circle of the revolutionary anarchist Petrashevsky. His role in this organization was very modest, but the court, which took place after the arrest of the members of the circle, called him a dangerous criminal. Along with other revolutionaries, in April 1849, Dostoevsky was deprived of his civil rights and sentenced to death. At the last moment, the condemned were announced to replace the execution by four years of hard labor, followed by military service. Dostoevsky later reproduced the feelings of the condemned man in the novel The Idiot through the lips of Prince Myshkin.
The writer spent the years from 1850 to 1854 as a convict in the prison of the city of Omsk. The misadventures of those years became the basis of his story "Notes from the House of the Dead". From 1854 to 1859, Dostoevsky served in the Siberian line battalion, progressing from a private to a warrant officer. While living in Siberia, he published the stories "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants" and "Uncle's Dream". There he also experienced his first love for Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, whom he married in 1857 in the city of Kuznetsk.
In 1859, Dostoevsky and his wife were able to leave for St. Petersburg. Together with his brother Mikhail, the writer became the publisher of the popular magazine Vremya, where his Humiliated and Insulted and Notes from the House of the Dead were published. In 1863, the magazine was liquidated by the censorship, which marked the beginning of another black strip in the life of Fyodor Mikhailovich: in search of money for the revival of the magazine, the brothers ran into debts, Dostoevsky's short-lived fascination with the femme fatale Apollinaria Suslova devastated him morally and financially, he returned to the ruinous game of roulette ... In April 1864, his wife died, and three months later, brother Mikhail, who left his impoverished family in the care of Fyodor Mikhailovich. Dostoevsky was again seized by a deplorable state of mind, illness, and the claims of creditors. The attempt to revive the magazine brought only new financial problems, the writer could not even solve them by selling his novels Crime and Punishment and The Gambler profitably. However, working on these works brought him an acquaintance with stenographer Anna Grigorievna Snitkina. Their relationship led to their marriage in 1867.
Escaping from creditors, the Dostoevskys spent the next four years abroad, in Germany and Switzerland. Trying to pay off debts, the writer worked hard, publishing one major novel a year. This is how the "Idiot", "Eternal Husband", "Demons" appeared, but a significant improvement financial situation family did not come.
Only in June 1878 Dostoevsky with his wife and children returned to St. Petersburg. Anna Grigorievna took up financial affairs - having wisely ordered the reprint of her husband's works, within several years she was able to pay off her debts and even provide wealth. Dostoevsky continued his fruitful literary activity: in 1875 "The Teenager" was written, in 1876 - "Meek", the "Diary of a Writer" was started.
In the last years of his life, Dostoevsky received the long-awaited recognition as a writer. He edited the magazine "Citizen" and completed main novel his life - "The Brothers Karamazov".
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky- Russian prose writer, thinker and publicist, who in his work raised the most important problems of spiritual life and expanded the boundaries realistic image person. Dostoevsky's focus was on the theme of the struggle between "God and the devil" in the human soul, for the artistic recreation of which he developed new methods of psychological analysis. The writer himself called his creative style "fantastic realism."
F. Dostoevsky's life in dates and facts
1837 g.- entered the St. Petersburg Engineering School. In the same year, the writer's mother died, and two years later, under mysterious circumstances, his father passed away. After their death, Dostoevsky renounced the right to inherit land and serfs.
1843 g.- completed a full course of study in the higher officer class and was enrolled in the engineering corps under the St. Petersburg engineering team, but the next year he left military service and devoted himself to literary creativity.
1845 g.- debuted as a novel "Poor people", which was highly praised in literary circles.
1846 g.- met M. Petrashevsky, a follower of the teachings of the French utopian philosopher S. Fourier, and became a member of a secret political circle, whose members set themselves the goal of implementing a "coup in Russia" and were engaged in the dissemination of illegal propaganda literature.
April 23, 1849- Dostoevsky was arrested for participation in the activities of this circle and sentenced to death as "one of the most important" conspirators.
December 22, 1849- a staged procedure was held in St. Petersburg to replace the execution of the "rioters" with a less severe sentence: a minute before the execution, the writer and his comrades were announced that they had been sentenced to four years of hard labor with further military service. The period of punishment, which lasted ten years, enriched Dostoevsky with invaluable spiritual and life experience, which in the future fed all of his work. Immediate impressions of being in hard labor are reflected in his famous "Notes from the House of the Dead"(1862).
1857 g.- the wedding of F. Dostoevsky and M. Isaeva took place. This marriage turned out to be unhappy and ended with the death of Isaeva in 1864.
1859 g.- thanks to the efforts of friends, the writer got the opportunity to return to St. Petersburg and again engage in literary activity.
First half of the 1860s - Together with his brother Mikhail, he published the magazines Vremya (1861-1863) and Epoch (1864-1865). Journalistic work not only gave impetus to the development of journalistic talent of the writer, but also inspired him to create novels "with sequel", which could be published in parts in periodicals. The first such work was the novel "Humiliated and insulted"(1861).
1864 g.- there was a "story-paradox" "Notes from the Underground", in which for the first time appeared the type of "underground man" that was significant for Dostoevsky's work. In the same year, the elder brother of the writer died, whose debts he took upon himself. Material from the site
1866 g.- Dostoevsky married his secretary-stenographer A. Snitkina, who became a faithful companion until the end of his life. The same year is dated "Crime and Punishment"- the first in the five of his top novels, which also includes novels "Moron"(1868), "Demons" (1872), "Teenager"(1875) and "The Brothers Karamazov"(1879-1880).
During 1876 - 1878.- published my monthly "Writer's Diary", in which he acted as a philosopher, moralist and preacher.
1880 g.- at a meeting of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, he read Pushkin's speech, which became a bright event in the cultural life of the country.
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It is very difficult to briefly describe the work of Dostoevsky. After all, this writer made a real revolution in literature, making it an object of knowledge human soul, all its secret nooks and crannies.
The main themes in the work of Dostoevsky
The main theme of all the writer's works was the fate of man, namely, the fate of his soul, his path to God, knowledge of the Truth.
Already in the first of his published works - in the story "Poor People", the writer talks about tragic fate his heroes - a middle-aged petty official and a girl with whom he is in love, but cannot marry her because of his poverty. This story makes the reader think about how hard it is for a person with a living soul to survive in a cold world where injustice reigns.
In his other novels, he describes the fate of no less unfortunate people, however, they already have a place for the light of Christ's truth, which gives hope both to the heroes themselves and to the readers, comforting them. In addition, the work of the great writer contains several more basic themes.
Let's briefly list these topics:
- the path of man to the knowledge of God;
- a story about apostasy;
- the use of the theme of heroes doubles;
- the fate of a woman from a poor environment;
- the purpose of Russia in the history of mankind.
the fate of a small and unhappy person;
The results of Dostoevsky's work
Dostoevsky's work briefly allows us to understand how great the influence of the writer on the worldview of his contemporaries was. From an ordinary author published in thick magazines, Dostoevsky turned into a symbol of the era, expressing the search for a certain number of intelligent people for their path in the world and understanding of the place of Russia in world history and culture.
The writer forced many of his contemporaries to abandon the ideas of nihilism and revolutionary rebellion. In many ways, he had a presentiment of the merciless flame of general turmoil that engulfed our country 40 years after his death. Therefore, the role of Dostoevsky in Russian literature is very great.
We will try to summarize briefly the results of his work in each of his great stories and novels.
1. "Poor people" - the fate of a small and useless person, a continuation of the reflections expressed in Gogol's "Overcoat".
2. “Humiliated and insulted” - a continuation of the theme of poor people.
3. "Crime and Punishment" - a story about the spiritual death and resurrection of one human soul, who went through all the trials and acquired the meaning of being in faith and hope.
4. "" - a story about wonderful person who could not withstand the blows of fate.
5. "Demons" - criticism of the ideas of nihilism, which lead their carriers to spiritual destruction.
6. "Teenager" is a story about a young man's shower throwing and growing up.
7. "" is the central work of Dostoevsky's work, in which he talks about the history of one family.