Dictionary of brief definitions. Dictionary of literary terms
Dictionary of literary terms
A
Autology – an artistic technique of figuratively expressing a poetic idea not in poetic words and expressions, but in simple everyday ones.
And everyone looks with respect,
How again without panic
I slowly put on my pants
And almost new
From the point of view of the sergeant major,
Canvas boots...
Acmeism – a movement in Russian poetry in the first two decades of the 20th century, the center of which was the “Workshop of Poets” circle, and the main platform was the magazine “Apollo”. The Acmeists contrasted the realism of material mother nature and the sensual, plastic-material clarity of artistic language with the social content of art, abandoning the poetics of vague hints and the mysticism of symbolism in the name of a “return to the earth,” to the subject, to the exact meaning of the word (A. Akhmatova, S. Gorodetsky , N. Gumilyov, M. Zenkevich, O. Mandelstam).
Allegory- allegorical image of an abstract concept or phenomenon through a concrete image; personification of human properties or qualities. The allegory consists of two elements:
1. semantic - this is any concept or phenomenon (wisdom, cunning, kindness, childhood, nature, etc.) that the author seeks to depict without naming it;
2. figurative-objective - this is a specific object, a creature depicted in a work of art and representing a named concept or phenomenon.
Alliteration- repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of the same consonant sounds in order to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech; one of the types of sound recording.
Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind.
The majestic cry of the waves.
A storm is coming. It hits the shore
A black boat alien to enchantment.
K.D.Balmont
Alogism – an artistic device that uses phrases that contradict logic to emphasize the internal inconsistency of certain dramatic or comic situations - to prove, as if by contradiction, a certain logic and, therefore, the truth of the position of the author (and then the reader), who understands the illogical phrase as a figurative expression (the title of the novel by Yu. Bondarev "Hot Snow").
Amphibrachium- a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the second syllable - stressed among unstressed ones - in the foot. Scheme: U-U| U-U...
The midnight blizzard was noisy
In the forest and remote side.
Anapaest- a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the last, third, syllable in the foot. Scheme: UU- | UU-…
People's houses are clean, bright,
But in our house it’s cramped, stuffy...
N.A. Nekrasov.
Anaphora- unity of command; repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of several phrases or stanzas.
I love you, Petra's creation,
I love your strict, slender appearance...
A.S. Pushkin.
Antithesis- a stylistic device based on a sharp contrast of concepts and images, most often based on the use of antonyms:
I am a king - I am a slave, I am a worm - I am a god!
G.R.Derzhavin
Antiphrase(s) – using words or expressions in a clearly contrary sense. "Well done!" - as a reproach.
Assonance- repeated repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of homogeneous vowel sounds. Sometimes assonance refers to an imprecise rhyme in which the vowels coincide, but the consonants do not coincide (hugeness - I’ll come to my senses; thirst - it’s a pity). Enhances the expressiveness of speech.
The room became dark.
The window obscures the slope.
Or is this a dream?
Ding dong. Ding dong.
I.P. Tokmakova.
Aphorism – a clear, easy-to-remember, precise, brief expression of a certain completeness of thought. Aphorisms often become individual lines of poetry or phrases of prose: “Poetry is everything! - a ride into the unknown." (V. Mayakovsky)
B
Ballad- a narrative song with a dramatic development of the plot, the basis of which is an unusual incident, one of the types of lyric-epic poetry. The ballad is based on an extraordinary story, reflecting the essential moments of the relationship between man and society, people among themselves, the most important features of a person.
Bard – a poet-singer, usually a performer of his own poems, often set to his own music.
Fable – a short poetic story-allegory of a moralizing nature.
Blank verse- unrhymed verses with metric organization (i.e., organized through a system of rhythmically repeating accents). Widely distributed orally folk art and was actively used in the 18th century.
Forgive me, maiden beauty!
I will part with you forever,
Young girl, I’ll cry.
I'll let you go, beauty,
I'll let you go with ribbons...
Folk song.
Epics - Old Russian epic songs and tales, glorifying the exploits of heroes, reflecting historical events of the 11th - 16th centuries.
IN
Barbarism – a word or figure of speech borrowed from a foreign language. The unjustified use of barbarisms pollutes the native language.
Vers libre- a modern system of versification, which represents a kind of border between verse and prose (it lacks rhyme, meter, traditional rhythmic ordering; the number of syllables in a line and lines in a stanza can be different; there is also no equality of emphasis characteristic of blank verse. Their poetic features speech remains divided into lines with a pause at the end of each line and weakened symmetry of speech (the emphasis falls on the last word of the line).
She came in from the cold
Flushed,
Filled the room
The aroma of air and perfume,
In a ringing voice
And completely disrespectful to classes
Chatting.
Eternal image - an image from a work of classic world literature, expressing certain features of human psychology, which has become a common name of one type or another: Faust, Plyushkin, Oblomov, Don Quixote, Mitrofanushka, etc.
Inner monologue - the announcement of thoughts and feelings that reveal the character’s inner experiences, not intended for the hearing of others, when the character speaks as if to himself, “to the side.”
Vulgarism – simple, even seemingly rude, seemingly unacceptable expressions in poetic speech, used by the author to reflect the specific nature of the phenomenon being described, to characterize a character, sometimes similar to vernacular.
G
Hero lyrical- the image of the poet (his lyrical “I”), whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are reflected in the lyrical work. The lyrical hero is not identical to the biographical personality. The idea of a lyrical hero is of a summary nature and is formed in the process of familiarization with the inner world that is revealed in lyrical works not through actions, but through experiences, mental states, and manner of verbal self-expression.
Literary hero - character, actor literary work.
Hyperbola- a means of artistic representation based on excessive exaggeration; figurative expression, which consists in an exorbitant exaggeration of events, feelings, strength, meaning, size of the depicted phenomenon; an outwardly effective form of presenting what is depicted. Can be idealizing and humiliating.
Gradation- stylistic device, arrangement of words and expressions, as well as means of artistic representation in increasing or decreasing importance. Types of gradation: increasing (climax) and decreasing (anti-climax).
Increasing gradation:
Orata's bipod is maple,
The damask boots on the bipod,
The bipod's snout is silver,
And the horn of the bipod is red and gold.
Epic about Volga and Mikula
Descending gradation:
Fly! less fly! disintegrated into a grain of sand.
N.V.Gogol
Grotesque – a bizarre mixture in the image of the real and the fantastic, the beautiful and the ugly, the tragic and the comic - for a more impressive expression of creative intent.
D
Dactyl- a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the first syllable in the foot. Scheme: -UU| -UU...
Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
The azure steppe, the pearl chain
You rush as if, like me, you are exiles,
From the sweet north to the south.
M.Yu.Lermontov
Decadence – a phenomenon in literature (and art in general) of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, reflecting the crisis of the transitional stage of social relations in the minds of some spokesmen for the sentiments of social groups whose ideological foundations were being destroyed by the turning points of history.
Artistic detail – detail that emphasizes the semantic authenticity of the work with material, eventual authenticity - concretizing this or that image.
Dialectisms – words borrowed by the literary language or by a specific author in his work from local dialects: “Well, go - and okay, you have to climb the hill, the house is nearby” (F. Abramov).
Dialogue - exchange of remarks, messages, live speech between two or more persons.
Drama – 1. One of three types of literature, defining works intended for stage execution. It differs from the epic in that it has not a narrative, but a dialogic form; from the lyrics - in that it reproduces the world external to the author. Divided into genres: tragedy, comedy, and also drama itself. 2. Drama is also called a dramatic work that does not have clear genre characteristics, combining techniques from different genres; sometimes such a work is simply called a play.
E
Unity of people – the technique of repeating similar sounds, words, linguistic structures at the beginning of adjacent lines or stanzas.
Wait for the snow to blow
Wait for it to be hot
Wait when others are not waiting...
K. Simonov
AND
Literary genre - a historically developing type of literary work, the main features of which, constantly changing along with the development of the diversity of forms and content of literature, are sometimes identified with the concept of “type”; but more often the term genre defines a type of literature based on content and emotional characteristics: satirical genre, detective genre, historical essay genre.
Jargon, Also argo - words and expressions borrowed from the language of internal communication of certain social groups of people. The use of jargon in literature allows us to more clearly define the social or professional characteristics of the characters and their environment.
Lives of the Saints - a description of the lives of people canonized by the church (“The Life of Alexander Nevsky”, “The Life of Alexy the Man of God”, etc.).
Z
Tie – an event that determines the occurrence of a conflict in a literary work. Sometimes it coincides with the beginning of the work.
Beginning – the beginning of a work of Russian folk literature - epics, fairy tales, etc. (“Once upon a time...”, “In the distant kingdom, in the thirtieth state...”).
Sound organization of speech- targeted use of elements of the sound composition of the language: vowels and consonants, stressed and unstressed syllables, pauses, intonation, repetitions, etc. Used to enhance artistic expression speech. The sound organization of speech includes: sound repetitions, sound writing, onomatopoeia.
Sound recording- a technique for enhancing the imagery of a text by constructing phrases and lines of poetry in a sound manner that would correspond to the reproduced scene, picture, or expressed mood. In sound writing, alliteration, assonance, and sound repetitions are used. Sound recording enhances the image of a certain phenomenon, action, state.
Onomatopoeia- a type of sound recording; the use of sound combinations that can reflect the sound of the described phenomena, similar in sound to those depicted in artistic speech ("thunder rumbles", "horns roar", "cuckoos crow", "echoes of laughter").
AND
The idea of a work of art -the main idea, summarizing the semantic, figurative, emotional content of a work of art.
Imagism – a literary movement that appeared in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917, proclaiming the image as an end in itself of a work, and not as a means of expressing the essence of the content and reflecting reality. It broke up on its own in 1927. At one time, S. Yesenin joined this trend.
Impressionism- a direction in art of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which asserted that the main task of artistic creativity is the expression of the artist’s subjective impressions of the phenomena of reality.
Improvisation – direct creation of a work in the process of performance.
Inversion- violation of the generally accepted grammatical sequence of speech; rearrangement of parts of a phrase, giving it special expressiveness; an unusual sequence of words in a sentence.
And the maiden's song is barely audible
Valleys in deep silence.
A.S. Pushkin
Interpretation – interpretation, explanation of ideas, themes, figurative systems and other components of a work of art in literature and criticism.
Intrigue – system, and sometimes the mystery, complexity, mystery of events, on the unraveling of which the plot of the work is built.
Irony – a kind of comic, bitter or, on the contrary, kind ridicule, by ridiculing this or that phenomenon, exposing its negative features and thereby confirming the positive aspects foreseen by the author in the phenomenon.
Historical songs – a genre of folk poetry that reflects the people's understanding of genuine historical events in Rus'.
TO
Literary canon - a symbol, image, plot, born of centuries-old folklore and literary traditions and which has become, to a certain extent, normative: light is good, darkness is evil, etc.
Classicism – an artistic movement that developed in European literature of the 17th century, which is based on the recognition of ancient art as the highest example, ideal, and works of antiquity as the artistic norm. Aesthetics is based on the principle of rationalism and “imitation of nature.” Cult of the mind. A work of art is organized as an artificial, logically constructed whole. Strict plot and compositional organization, schematism. Human characters are depicted in a straightforward manner; positive and negative heroes are contrasted. Actively addressing social and civil issues. Emphasized objectivity of the narrative. Strict hierarchy of genres. High: tragedy, epic, ode. Low: comedy, satire, fable. Mixing high and low genres is not allowed. The leading genre is tragedy.
Collision – generating a conflict that underlies the action of a literary work, a contradiction between the characters of the heroes of this work, or between characters and circumstances, the collisions of which constitute the plot of the work.
Comedy – a dramatic work that uses satire and humor to ridicule the vices of society and man.
Composition – arrangement, alternation, correlation and interrelation of parts of a literary work, serving the most complete embodiment of the artist’s plan.
Context – the general meaning (theme, idea) of the work, expressed in its entire text or in a sufficiently meaningful passage, cohesion, connection with which the quotation, and indeed any passage in general, should not lose.
Artistic conflict - figurative reflection in a work of art of the actions of the forces of struggle of interests, passions, ideas, characters, political aspirations, both personal and social. Conflict adds spice to the plot.
Climax – in a literary work, a scene, event, episode where the conflict reaches its highest tension and a decisive clash occurs between the characters and aspirations of the heroes, after which the transition to the denouement begins in the plot.
L
Legend – narratives that initially told about the lives of saints, then - religious-didactic, and sometimes fantastic biographies of historical, and even fairy-tale heroes, whose actions express the national character.
Leitmotif- an expressive detail, a specific artistic image, repeated many times, mentioned, passing through a separate work or the entire work of the writer.
Chronicles – handwritten Russian historical narratives telling about events in the life of the country by year; each story began with the word: “Summer... (year...)”, hence the name - chronicle.
Lyrics- one of the main types of literature, reflecting life through the depiction of individual (single) states, thoughts, feelings, impressions and experiences of a person caused by certain circumstances. Feelings and experiences are not described, but expressed. The center of artistic attention is the image-experience. Characteristics lyrics - poetic form, rhythm, lack of plot, small size, clear reflection of the experiences of the lyrical hero. The most subjective type of literature.
Lyrical digression - deviation from descriptions of events, characters in an epic or lyric-epic work, where the author (or the lyrical hero on whose behalf the story is told) expresses his thoughts and feelings about what is being described, his attitude towards it, addressing directly the reader.
Litota – 1. The technique of downplaying a phenomenon or its details is a reverse hyperbole (the fabulous “boy as big as a finger” or “a little man... in big mittens, and himself as big as a fingernail” by N. Nekrasov).
2. Reception of the characterization of a particular phenomenon not by a direct definition, but by the negation of the opposite definition:
The key to nature is not lost,
Proud work is not in vain...
V.Shalamov
M
Metaphor- figurative meaning of a word, based on the use of one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast; a hidden comparison based on the similarity or contrast of phenomena, in which the words “as”, “as if”, “as if” are absent, but implied.
Bee for field tribute
Flies from a wax cell.
A.S. Pushkin
Metaphor increases the accuracy of poetic speech and its emotional expressiveness. A type of metaphor is personification.
Types of metaphor:
1. lexical metaphor, or erased, in which the direct meaning is completely destroyed; “it’s raining”, “time is running”, “clock hand”, “doorknob”;
2. a simple metaphor - built on the convergence of objects or on one of their common features: “hail of bullets”, “talk of waves”, “dawn of life”, “table leg”, “dawn is blazing”;
3. realized metaphor - literal understanding of the meanings of the words that make up the metaphor, emphasizing the direct meanings of the words: “But you don’t have a face - you’re only wearing a shirt and trousers” (S. Sokolov).
4. expanded metaphor - the spread of a metaphorical image over several phrases or the entire work (for example, A.S. Pushkin’s poem “The Cart of Life” or “He couldn’t sleep for a long time: the remaining husk of words clogged and tormented the brain, stabbed in the temples, there’s no way was to get rid of it" (V. Nabokov)
A metaphor is usually expressed by a noun, a verb, and then other parts of speech.
Metonymy- rapprochement, comparison of concepts by contiguity, when a phenomenon or object is designated using other words and concepts: “a steel speaker is dozing in a holster” - a revolver; “led swords at a plentiful pace” - led warriors into battle; “The little owl began to sing” - the violinist began to play his instrument.
Myths – works of folk fantasy that personify reality in the form of gods, demons, and spirits. They were born in ancient times, preceding the religious and, especially, scientific understanding and explanation of the world.
Modernism – designation of many trends, directions in art that determine the desire of artists to reflect modernity with new means, improving, modernizing - in their opinion - traditional means in accordance with historical progress.
Monologue – the speech of one of the literary heroes, addressed either to himself, or to others, or to the public, isolated from the remarks of other heroes, having independent meaning.
Motive- 1. The smallest element of the plot; the simplest, indivisible element of a narrative (a stable and endlessly repeating phenomenon). Numerous motifs make up various plots (for example, the motif of the road, the motif of the search for the missing bride, etc.). This meaning of the term is more often used in relation to works of oral folk art.
2. “Stable semantic unit” (B.N. Putilov); “a semantically rich component of the work, related to the theme, idea, but not identical to them” (V.E. Khalizev); a semantic (substantive) element essential for understanding the author’s concept (for example, the motive of death in “The Tale of the Dead Princess...” by A.S. Pushkin, the motive of cold in “light breathing” - “Easy Breathing” by I. A. Bunin, motive full moon in "The Master and Margarita" by M.A. Bulgakov).
N
Naturalism – direction in literature of the last third of the 19th century, which asserted an extremely accurate and objective reproduction of reality, sometimes leading to the suppression of the author’s individuality.
Neologisms – newly formed words or expressions.
Novella – a short piece of prose comparable to a short story. The novella is more eventful, the plot is clearer, the plot twist leading to the denouement is clearer.
ABOUT
Artistic image - 1. The main way of perceiving and reflecting reality in artistic creativity, a form of knowledge of life and expression of this knowledge specific to art; the goal and result of the search, and then identifying, highlighting, emphasizing with artistic techniques those features of a phenomenon that most fully reveal its aesthetic, moral, socially significant essence. 2. The term “image” sometimes denotes one or another trope in a work (the image of freedom - “the star of captivating happiness” by A.S. Pushkin), as well as one or another literary hero (the image of the wives of the Decembrists E. Trubetskoy and M. Volkonskaya N. Nekrasova).
Oh yeah- a poem of an enthusiastic nature (solemn, glorifying) in honor of some
either persons or events.
Oxymoron, or oxymoron- a figure based on a combination of words with opposite meanings for the purpose of an unusual, impressive expression of some new concept, representation: hot snow, a stingy knight, lush nature withering.
Personification- the depiction of inanimate objects as animate, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings: the gift of speech, the ability to think and feel.
What are you howling about, night wind,
Why are you complaining so madly?
F.I.Tyutchev
Onegin stanza - stanza created by A.S. Pushkin in the novel “Eugene Onegin”: 14 lines (but not a sonnet) of iambic tetrameter with the rhyme ababvvggdeejj (3 quatrains alternately - with a cross, paired and sweeping rhyme and a final couplet: designation of the theme, its development, culmination , ending).
Feature article- a type of small form of epic literature, different from its other form, story, the absence of a single, quickly resolved conflict and the great development of descriptive images. Both differences depend on the specific issues of the essay. It touches not so much on the problems of developing the character of an individual in its conflicts with the established social environment, but rather on the problems of the civil and moral state of the “environment.” The essay can relate to both literature and journalism.
P
Paradox - in literature - the technique of a statement that clearly contradicts generally accepted concepts, either to expose those of them that, in the opinion of the author, are false, or to express one’s disagreement with the so-called “common sense”, due to inertia, dogmatism, and ignorance.
Parallelism- one of the types of repetition (syntactic, lexical, rhythmic); a compositional technique that emphasizes the connection between several elements of a work of art; analogy, bringing together phenomena by similarity (for example, natural phenomena and human life).
In bad weather the wind
Howls - howls;
Violent head
Evil sadness torments.
V.A.Koltsov
Parcellation- dividing a statement with a single meaning into several independent, isolated sentences (in writing - using punctuation marks, in speech - intonation, using pauses):
Well? Don't you see that he's gone crazy?
Say it seriously:
Insane! What kind of nonsense is he talking about here!
The sycophant! father-in-law! and so menacing about Moscow!
A.S.Griboyedov
Pamphlet(English pamphlet) - a journalistic work, usually small in volume, with a sharply expressed accusatory nature, often a polemical orientation and a well-defined socio-political “address”.
Pathos – the highest point of inspiration, emotional feeling, delight, achieved in a literary work and in its perception by the reader, reflecting significant events in society and the spiritual upsurges of the heroes.
Scenery - in literature - the depiction of pictures of nature in a literary work as a means of figurative expression of the author’s intention.
Periphrase- using a description instead of your own name or title; descriptive expression, figure of speech, substitute word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition, or carry the meaning of allegory.
Pyrrhic - an auxiliary foot of two short or unstressed syllables, replacing an iambic or trochaic foot; lack of stress in iambic or trochee: “I am writing to you...” by A.S. Pushkin, “Sail” by M.Yu. Lermontov.
Pleonasm- unjustified verbosity, the use of words that are unnecessary to express thoughts. In normative stylistics, Pleonasm is considered as a speech error. In language fiction- as a stylistic figure of addition, serving to enhance the expressive qualities of speech.
“Elisha had no appetite for food”; “some boring guy... lay down... among the dead and personally died”; “Kozlov continued to lie silent, having been killed” (A. Platonov).
Tale – a work of epic prose, gravitating towards a sequential presentation of the plot, limited to a minimum of plot lines.
Repetition- a figure consisting of the repetition of words, expressions, song or poetic lines in order to attract special attention to them.
Every house is alien to me, every temple is not empty,
And everything is the same and everything is one...
M. Tsvetaeva
Subtext – the meaning hidden “under” the text, i.e. not expressed directly and openly, but arising from the narrative or dialogue of the text.
Permanent epithet- a colorful definition, inextricably combined with the word being defined and forming a stable figurative and poetic expression (“blue sea”, “white stone chambers”, “red maiden”, “clear falcon”, “sugar lips”).
Poetry- a special organization of artistic speech, which is distinguished by rhythm and rhyme - poetic form; lyrical form of reflection of reality. The term poetry is often used to mean “works of different genres in verse.” Conveys the subjective attitude of the individual to the world. In the foreground is the image-experience. It does not set the task of conveying the development of events and characters.
Poem- a large poetic work with a plot and narrative organization; a story or novel in verse; a multi-part work in which the epic and lyrical principles merge together. The poem can be classified as a lyric-epic genre of literature, since the narration of historical events and events in the lives of the heroes is revealed in it through the perception and assessment of the narrator. In the poem we're talking about about events of universal significance. Most poems glorify some human acts, events and characters.
Tradition – oral narration about real persons and reliable events, one of the varieties of folk art.
Preface – an article preceding a literary work, written either by the author himself or by a critic or literary scholar. The preface may provide brief information about the writer, some explanations about the history of the creation of the work, and offer an interpretation of the author’s intentions.
Prototype – a real person who served as a model for the author to create the image of a literary hero.
Play – a general designation for a literary work intended for stage performance - tragedy, drama, comedy, etc.
R
Interchange – the final part of the development of a conflict or intrigue, where the conflict of the work is resolved and comes to a logical figurative conclusion.
Poetic meter- a consistently expressed form of poetic rhythm (determined by the number of syllables, stresses or feet - depending on the system of versification); diagram of the construction of a poetic line. In Russian (syllabic-tonic) versification, there are five main poetic meters: two-syllable (iamb, trochee) and three-syllable (dactyl, amphibrach, anapest). In addition, each size can vary in the number of feet (4-foot iambic; 5-foot iambic, etc.).
Story - a small prose work of a mainly narrative nature, compositionally grouped around a separate episode or character.
Realism – an artistic method of figuratively reflecting reality in accordance with objective accuracy.
Reminiscence – the use in a literary work of expressions from other works, or even folklore, that evoke some other interpretation from the author; sometimes the borrowed expression is slightly changed (M. Lermontov - “Lush city, poor city” (about St. Petersburg) - from F. Glinka “Wonderful city, ancient city” (about Moscow).
Refrain- repetition of a verse or a series of verses at the end of a stanza (in songs - chorus).
We are ordered to go into battle:
"Long live freedom!"
Freedom! Whose? Not said.
But not the people.
We are ordered to go into battle -
"Allied for the sake of nations"
But the main thing is not said:
Whose for the sake of banknotes?
Rhythm- constant, measured repetition in the text of the same type of segments, including minimal ones, - stressed and unstressed syllables.
Rhyme- sound repetition in two or more verses, mainly at the end. Unlike other sound repetitions, rhyme always emphasizes the rhythm and division of speech into verses.
A rhetorical question- a question that does not require an answer (either the answer is fundamentally impossible, or is clear in itself, or the question is addressed to a conditional “interlocutor”). A rhetorical question activates the reader’s attention and enhances his emotional reaction.
"Rus! Where are you rushing to?"
"Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol
Or is it new for us to argue with Europe?
Or is the Russian unaccustomed to victories?
"To the slanderers of Russia" A.S. Pushkin
Genus - one of the main sections in the taxonomy of literary works, defining three different forms: epic, lyric, drama.
Novel - an epic narrative with elements of dialogue, sometimes including drama or literary digressions, focusing on the history of an individual in a social environment.
Romanticism – a literary movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, which opposed itself to classicism as a search for forms of reflection that were more in line with modern reality.
Romantic hero – a complex, passionate personality, whose inner world is unusually deep and endless; it is a whole universe full of contradictions.
WITH
Sarcasm – caustic, sarcastic ridicule of someone or something. Widely used in satirical literary works.
Satire – a type of literature that exposes and ridicules the vices of people and society in specific forms. These forms can be very diverse - paradox and hyperbole, grotesque and parody, etc.
Sentimentalism – literary movement of the late 18th – early 19th centuries. It arose as a protest against the canons of classicism in art that had turned into dogma, reflecting the canonization of feudal social relations that had already turned into a hindrance to social development.
Syllabic versification e - syllabic system of versification, based on the equality of the number of syllables in each verse with obligatory stress on the penultimate syllable; equipoise. The length of a verse is determined by the number of syllables.
It's hard not to love
And love is hard
And the hardest thing
Loving love cannot be obtained.
A.D. Kantemir
Syllabic-tonic versification- syllabic stress system of versification, which is determined by the number of syllables, the number of stresses and their location in the poetic line. It is based on the equality of the number of syllables in a verse and the orderly change of stressed and unstressed syllables. Depending on the system of alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, two-syllable and three-syllable sizes are distinguished.
Symbol- an image that expresses the meaning of a phenomenon in objective form. An object, an animal, a sign becomes a symbol when they are endowed with additional, extremely important meaning.
Symbolism – literary and artistic movement of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Symbolism sought through symbols in a tangible form to embody the idea of the unity of the world, expressed in accordance with its most diverse parts, allowing colors, sounds, smells to represent one through the other (D. Merezhkovsky, A. Bely, A. Blok, Z. Gippius, K. Balmont , V. Bryusov).
Synecdoche – artistic technique of substitution for the sake of expressiveness - one phenomenon, subject, object, etc. – correlated with it by other phenomena, objects, objects.
Oh, you are heavy, Monomakh’s hat!
A.S. Pushkin.
Sonnet – a fourteen-line poem composed according to certain rules: the first quatrain (quatrain) presents an exposition of the theme of the poem, the second quatrain develops the provisions outlined in the first, in the subsequent terzetto (three-line verse) the denouement of the theme is outlined, in the final terzetto, especially in its final line, the denouement is completed , expressing the essence of the work.
Comparison- a pictorial technique based on a comparison of a phenomenon or concept (object of comparison) with another phenomenon or concept (means of comparison), with the goal of highlighting any particularly important artistic feature of the object of comparison:
Full of goodness before the end of the year,
Days are like Antonov apples.
A.T. Tvardovsky
Versification- the principle of rhythmic organization of poetic speech. Versification can be syllabic, tonic, syllabic-tonic.
Poem- a small work created according to the laws of poetic speech; usually a lyrical work.
Poetic speech- a special organization of artistic speech, differing from prose in its strict rhythmic organization; measured, rhythmically organized speech. A means of conveying expressive emotions.
Foot- a stable (ordered) combination of a stressed syllable with one or two unstressed syllables, which are repeated in each verse. The foot can be two-syllable (iambic U-, trochee -U) and three-syllable (dactyl -UU, amphibrachium U-U, anapest UU-).
Stanza- a group of verses repeated in poetic speech, related in meaning, as well as in the arrangement of rhymes; a combination of verses that forms a rhythmic and syntactic whole, united by a certain rhyme system; additional rhythmic element of verse. Often has complete content and syntactic structure. The stanza is separated from one another by an increased interval.
Plot- a system of events in a work of art, presented in a certain connection, revealing the characters of the characters and the writer’s attitude to the depicted life phenomena; subsequence. The course of events that makes up the content of a work of art; dynamic aspect of a work of art.
T
Tautology- repetition of the same words that are close in meaning and sound.
Everything is mine, said gold,
Damask steel said everything mine.
A.S. Pushkin.
Subject- a circle of phenomena and events that form the basis of the work; object of artistic depiction; what the author is talking about and what he wants to attract the attention of readers to.
Type - a literary hero who embodies certain features of a particular time, social phenomenon, social system or social environment (“extra people” - Eugene Onegin, Pechorin, etc.).
Tonic versification- a system of versification based on the equality of stressed syllables in poetry. The length of the line is determined by the number of stressed syllables. The number of unstressed syllables is arbitrary.
The girl sang in the church choir
About all those who are tired in a foreign land,
About all the ships that went to sea,
About everyone who has forgotten their joy.
Tragedy - a type of drama that arose from the ancient Greek ritual dithyramb in honor of the patron of viticulture and wine, the god Dionysus, who was represented in the form of a goat, then in the likeness of a satyr with horns and a beard.
Tragicomedy – a drama that combines features of both tragedy and comedy, reflecting the relativity of our definitions of the phenomena of reality.
Trails- words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to achieve artistic expressiveness of speech. The basis of any trope is a comparison of objects and phenomena.
U
Default- a figure that gives the listener or reader the opportunity to guess and reflect on what could be discussed in a suddenly interrupted utterance.
But is it me, is it me, the sovereign’s favorite...
But death... but power... but the people's disasters....
A.S. Pushkin
F
Fable – a series of events that serve as the basis of a literary work. Often, the plot means the same thing as the plot; the differences between them are so arbitrary that a number of literary scholars consider the plot to be what others consider to be the plot, and vice versa.
Feuilleton(French feuilleton, from feuille - sheet, sheet) - a genre of artistic and journalistic literature, which is characterized by a critical, often comic, including satirical, beginning, and certainly relevance.
The final - part of the composition of a work that ends it. It may sometimes coincide with the denouement. Sometimes the ending is an epilogue.
Futurism – artistic movement in the art of the first two decades of the 20th century. The birth of futurism is considered to be the “Futurist Manifesto” published in 1909 in the Parisian magazine Le Figaro. The theorist and leader of the first group of futurists was the Italian F. Marienetti. The main content of futurism was the extremist revolutionary overthrow of the old world, its aesthetics in particular, down to linguistic norms. Russian futurism opened with the “Prologue of Egofuturism” by I. Severyanin and the collection “A Slap in the Face of Public Taste,” in which V. Mayakovsky took part.
X
Literary character - a set of features of the image of a character, a literary hero, in which individual characteristics serve as a reflection of the typical, determined both by the phenomenon that makes up the content of the work and by the ideological and aesthetic intention of the author who created this hero. Character is one of the main components of a literary work.
Trochee- two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the first syllable.
The storm covers the sky with darkness,
U|-U|-U|-U|
Whirling snow whirlwinds;
U|-U|-U|-
Then, like a beast, she will howl, -U|-U|-U|-U|
Then he will cry like a child...
A.S. Pushkin
C
Quote - a statement by another author quoted verbatim in the work of one author - as confirmation of one’s thought with an authoritative, indisputable statement, or even vice versa - as a formulation requiring refutation, criticism.
E
Aesopian language - various ways to figuratively express this or that thought that cannot be expressed directly, for example, due to censorship.
Exposition – the part of the plot immediately preceding the plot that provides the reader with background information about the circumstances in which the conflict of the literary work arose.
Expression- emphasized expressiveness of something. Unusual artistic means are used to achieve expression.
Elegy- a lyrical poem that conveys deeply personal, intimate experiences of a person, imbued with a mood of sadness.
Ellipsis- a stylistic figure, an omission of a word whose meaning can be easily restored from the context. The meaningful function of ellipsis is to create the effect of lyrical “understatement,” deliberate negligence, and emphasized dynamism of speech.
The beast has a den,
The way for the wanderer,
For the dead - drogues,
To each his own.
M. Tsvetaeva
Epigram- a short poem ridiculing a person.
Epigraph – an expression prefixed by the author to his work or part of it. An epigraph usually expresses the essence of the author's creative intent.
Episode – a fragment of the plot of a literary work that describes a certain integral moment of action that makes up the content of the work.
Epistrophe – repetition of the same word or expression in a long phrase or period, focusing the reader’s attention, in poetry - at the beginning and end of stanzas, as if surrounding them.
I won't tell you anything
I won't alarm you at all...
Epithet- an artistic and figurative definition that emphasizes the most significant feature of an object or phenomenon in a given context; used to evoke in the reader a visible image of a person, thing, nature, etc.
I sent you a black rose in a glass
Golden as the sky, Ai...
An epithet can be expressed by an adjective, adverb, participle, or numeral. Often the epithet has a metaphorical character. Metaphorical epithets highlight the properties of an object in a special way: they transfer one of the meanings of a word to another word based on the fact that these words have a common feature: sable eyebrows, a warm heart, a cheerful wind, i.e. a metaphorical epithet uses the figurative meaning of a word.
Epiphora- a figure opposite to anaphora, repetition of the same elements at the end of adjacent segments of speech (words, lines, stanzas, phrases):
Baby,
We are all a little bit of a horse,
Each of us is a horse in our own way.
V.V. Mayakovsky
Epic – 1. One of three types of literature, the defining feature of which is the description of certain events, phenomena, characters. 2. This term is often used to describe heroic tales, epics, and fairy tales in folk art.
Essay(French essai - attempt, test, essay) - a literary work of small volume, usually prosaic, of free composition, conveying the author’s individual impressions, judgments, thoughts about a particular problem, topic, particular event or phenomenon. It differs from an essay in that in an essay the facts are only a reason for the author’s thoughts.
YU
Humor - a type of comic in which vices are not ridiculed mercilessly, as in satire, but the shortcomings and weaknesses of a person or phenomenon are kindly emphasized, recalling that they are often only a continuation or the reverse side of our merits.
I
Iambic- two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the second syllable.
The abyss has opened and is full of stars
U-|U-|U-|U-|
The stars have no number, the bottom of the abyss. U-|U-|U-|U-|
Literary terms.
(figurative and expressive means of language or tropes).
Task 2 in the Unified State Exam in literature and part B8 in the Russian language.
Prepared by teacher of Russian language and literature N.V. Parfenova.
Term The essence of the term | examples |
Allegory (from the Greek “allegory”) the image of an abstract concept using lifestyle. | In fables and fairy tales: cunning in the form of a fox, greed in the form of a wolf, deceit in the form of a snake. (in the tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin). |
Alliteration Repetition of identical consonant sounds and sound combinations. | The hiss of foamy glasses and the blue flame of punch. (A. Pushkin) |
Anaphora Repetition of the same word elements, words at the beginning of each poetic line. | Not intentionally the winds were blowing Not intentionally there was a thunderstorm. |
Antithesis Opposition | The rich feast on weekdays, but the poor grieve on holidays. |
Antonyms Words with opposite meanings | Good bad Hard – soft |
Archaisms Obsolete words ( Old Slavonic vocabulary) | This (this), belly (life), mirror (mirror), finger (finger), cheeks (cheeks). |
Asyndeton Non-union complex sentences. | People knew: somewhere far away there was a war going on. If you are afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest. |
Hyperbola Exaggeration | At one hundred and forty suns the sunset was blazing. Blood gushed to the sky. |
Gradation Stylistic strengthening or decreasing the semantic meaning of located parts in a sentence. | I defeated him, defeated him, destroyed him. Came. Saw. Won. |
Inversion. Reverse the order in a sentence. Subject, predicate...adverbial, object | The month came out on a dark night. Bear hunting is dangerous, a wounded animal is scary. |
Historicisms Words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of these concepts. | Uryadnik, guardsman, boyar, clerk. |
Pun Play on words | It was raining and two students. |
Litotes Understatement | A man the size of a nail, a boy the size of a finger |
Metaphor Hidden comparison, using a word in a figurative meaning. | Looked like an eagle, ran like a partridge, Noble Nest, airplane wing, Golden autumn, the bow of the ship, speech flows, the dawn of life. |
Polysemy Multiple meanings of one word | Key from door; spring key; adjustable wrench. |
Multi-Union Intentional increase in conjunctions in a sentence | The ocean walked before my eyes, and swayed, and thundered, and sparkled. |
Neologism New words denoting concepts that have come into life. | Astronaut, cosmodrome. |
Oxymoron A combination of two mutually exclusive concepts into one phrase. | Bitter joy, living corpse, sweet sorrow. |
Personification Attributing the qualities of living objects to inanimate ones | The night wind howls; The sea plays with the shores. |
Homonyms Words of the same part of speech, sounding the same, but having different concepts. | Marriage (matrimony), marriage (damaged products). |
Syntactic parallelism - Same syntax construction sentences, segments of speech. | When you walk on the snow rowing, When you're up to your chest in the clouds, Learn to look at the earth from above! Don't you dare look down on the earth! |
Paraphrase Replacing a concept with signs | The writer of these lines (the writer about himself) King of Beasts (lion); Foggy Albion (England). |
Paronyms Words with the same root, similar in sound, different in meaning | Human, human; democratic - democratic; well-fed - satisfying. |
Parcellation Dividing a sentence into several parts. | He soon quarreled with the girl. And here's why. He smiled. He narrowed his eyes. Started drinking coffee. |
Pleonasm. Verbosity, unnecessary words. | Every minute time. In April month; its autobiography. |
A rhetorical question A question that does not require an answer. | Who is not affected by novelty? |
Rhetorical appeal. Appeal to inanimate an object, an absent person. | Dreams Dreams! where is your sweetness? |
Synecdoche. Transferring meaning from one object to another. | Blue uniforms - gendarmes; Pea jackets - sailors in pea jackets, overcoats - soldiers in greatcoats; sheepskin coats - men in sheepskin coats - everyone ran. |
Synonyms words similar in meaning | Punishment - retribution, timid - timid, fearful; |
Comparison Expressions with words: as, as if, as if, similar, similar; in the instrumental case, comparative degrees of adjectives, adverbs. | The cutest of all; there is a column of dust; love is like madness. |
Tautology Repetition in proposal of cognates words | United as one; the highest peaks. |
Phraseologism. A stable expression. | Neither fish nor fowl; to smithereens; beat your thumbs, melancholy takes over; to play a role, to matter. |
Epithet Figurative definition | A cheerful wind, a silver laughter, a black melancholy, an ashen look. |
Epiphora The same ending of the poetic line in the couplet. | Dear friend, in this too quiet house The fever hits me. Can't find a place for me in a quiet house Near the peaceful fire. |
Page 1
In the dictionary of literary terms posted on our website, we collect specific terms related to literature, authorship and writing. We hope that the dictionary will help novice authors in the difficult task of writing works. We will expand our vocabulary as much as possible.
A
A paragraph is a piece of text from one red line to another.
Advance is a sum of money paid by the publisher to the author. As a rule, the advance is paid in installments. Half - upon signing the contract, the second - after signing the original layout. If the book has additional prints, then in addition to the advance, the author receives a percentage of sales - royalties.
Autobiography - (from the Greek autos - myself, bios - life and grapho - I write) - description by the author own life. Represents the author's judgment about himself, often expresses the writer's creative principles. An autobiography can reflect the personal qualities and properties of the author or generalize in the person of the author the characteristics of his generation, ethnic or social environment. A work of fiction in which the author used events from his personal life is called autobiographical.
Avant-garde literature is works that are unconventional in form, content or style. Such literature is difficult to understand because the author does not structure the text according to the usual rules.
Author's speech is the intratextual embodiment of the author (the image of the author), responsible for what he said. The term “Author's speech” is applicable primarily to artistic speech, since it is there that we meet many points of view, the speech of characters or someone other than the author of the text. In the text, the author can be presented as an author, an author-narrator, a lyrical hero, a lyrical “I” and a hero of role-playing lyrics.
Acmeism - from Greek. άκμη - “peak, maximum, flowering, blooming time”) is a literary movement in Russian poetry that arose at the beginning of the 20th century in Russia. Contrasted with symbolism.
An acrostic is a poem in which the initial letters of the lines form a first name, last name, word or phrase.
Alliteration is the repetition in poetry (sometimes in prose) of consonant sounds to enhance the expressiveness of speech.
Almanac is a collection of literary works.
An alpha reader is a person who reads a book as it is written. The alpha reader reads each new chapter, voices comments and gives advice on how to improve the text.
Allusion - (from the French allusion - hint) - an author's allusion to a well-known literary or historical fact, as well as a famous work of art. An allusion is broader than a specific phrase, quotation, the narrow context in which it is enclosed, and forces one to correlate the citing and cited works as a whole, to discover their general orientation or polemical nature.
Amphibrachium is a three-syllable foot in syllabic-tonic versification, the stress falls on the second syllable.
Anacreontic poetry is a type of ancient poetry: poems glorifying a cheerful, carefree life.
Anapest is a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabic-tonic versification with stress on the third syllable.
Anonymous - 1) a work without indicating the name of the author; 2) the author of the work who has hidden his name.
Antithesis is a turn of poetic speech in which, for expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, and character traits of the characters are sharply contrasted.
Abstract - a brief (one or two paragraphs) summary of the contents of the book. Designed to arouse reader interest in the book.
Antagonist - opponent, rival.
An anthology is a collection of selected works by various authors.
Apostrophe, otherwise metobase or metabase, is a turn of poetic speech consisting of addressing an inanimate phenomenon as if it were animate and an absent person as if it were present.
Architectonics - the construction of a work of art, the proportionality of its parts, chapters, episodes.
An aphorism is a thought stated briefly and precisely.
B
A ballad is a lyric-epic poetic work with a clearly expressed plot of a historical or everyday nature.
A fable is a short work with ironic, satirical or moralizing content.
Fiction is the general name for fiction in prose and poetry. Fiction is now often referred to in the new meaning of "popular literature" as opposed to "high literature".
Blank verse is stop verse without rhyme. They are called so because the endings of the lines, where the rhyme is usually found, remain sonically unfilled, i.e. "white". Blank verse uses various poetic meters, but the endings of the verse are often selected according to a system, as a rule, provided for by the design and design of the stanza.
A beta reader is a person who reads a manuscript before it is sent to the publishing house and points out errors (stylistic, grammatical, structural, etc.) to the author.
Euphony (euphony) is the quality of speech, which consists in the beauty and naturalness of its sound.
Burime is a poem composed according to predetermined rhymes.
Burlesque is a comic narrative poem in which a sublime theme is presented ironically and parodically.
Bylina is a Russian folk narrative song-poem about heroes and heroes.
IN
Versification is a system of certain rules and techniques for constructing poetic speech and versification.
Layout is one of the stages of pre-press preparation of a book. The layout designer places text and illustrations as they will appear in the book. Layout is also called a pdf file that is sent to the author so that he can familiarize himself with the layout of the book.
Free verse is syllabic-tonic, usually iambic verse with an unequal number of feet in the poetic lines. Free verse is often called fable verse due to its widespread use by fabulists, since, thanks to the variety of feet, it easily conveys the intonations of speech characteristic of a fable.
Memoirs, or memoirs, are works about past events written by their participants.
Vulgarism is a turn of phrase not accepted in literary speech. Rude word.
Fiction is the writer’s fantasy, a figment of the imagination.
G
Hyperbole is a stylistic device consisting of figurative exaggeration of the depicted event or phenomenon.
Galleys (obsolete) - text prepared for printing, but not yet typed.
Grotesque is an image of a person, events or phenomena in an ugly, comic, fantastic form.
D
Dactyl is a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabic-tonic versification, containing a stressed and two unstressed syllables.
Decadence is a manifestation of modernism, which is characterized by the preaching of meaningless art, mysticism, and individualism.
Dialogue is a conversation between two characters.
A dithyramb is a work of praise.
Dolnik is a three-syllable poetic meter with the omission of one or two unstressed syllables within a line.
AND
Genre is a historically established division of literary works, carried out on the basis of the specific properties of their form and content.
Genre literature is the general name for works in which the main driving force is plot. The moral development of the heroes is not important here. TO genre works include detective stories, romance novels, science fiction, fantasy and horror.
Z
The plot is an event during which the main conflict of the work is determined.
AND
Idealization is an image of something better than it actually is.
The ideological world of a work is the area of artistic decisions. It includes the author’s assessments and ideal, artistic ideas and pathos of the work.
The idea of a work of art is the main idea about the phenomena depicted in the work; expressed by the writer in artistic images.
Imagism - (from the Latin imago - image) is a literary movement in Russian poetry of the 20th century. Imagists proclaimed the main task of creativity to be inventing new images.
Impressionism - (from the French impressionnisme, from impression - impression) - a literary movement of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries, which originated in France. The impressionists considered the task of art to convey the personal impressions of the writer.
An invective is a form of literary work, one of the forms of a pamphlet that sharply ridicules a real person or group.
Inversion is a turn of poetic speech consisting of a peculiar arrangement of words in a sentence that violates the usual order.
Intellectual prose - works designed to make the reader think about some problem.
Intrigue is the development of action in a complex plot of a work.
Irony is hidden mockery. A satirical device in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (contrasted) with the obvious meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject of discussion is not what it seems.
TO
A cantata is a poem of a solemn nature, glorifying a joyful event or its hero.
A cantilena is a narrative poem sung to music.
Canzona is a poem glorifying knightly love.
Caricature - humorous or satirical image events or personalities.
Classicism is a literary movement from the 17th century to the beginning. XIX centuries in Russia and Western Europe, based on imitation of ancient models and strict stylistic norms.
Classical literature is works considered exemplary for a particular era. The most valuable literature of the past and present.
Clause - the final syllables of a poetic line, starting with the last stressed syllable.
Coda - (Italian coda - “tail, end, train”) - final, additional verse.
Collision is a clash of forces involved in conflict with each other.
Commentary is an interpretation, clarification of the meaning of a work, episode, phrase.
Commercial literature is works intended for a wide audience and in great demand. Includes genre literature and mainstream literature.
The winged word is an apt expression that has become a proverb.
The climax is the most intense moment in the development of the plot. The conflict is reaching a critical point of development.
L
Laconism is brevity in the expression of thoughts.
A leitmotif is a recurring image or turn of phrase in a work.
Fiction is a field of art, distinctive feature which is the reflection of life, the creation of an artistic image using words.
A literary black is an unknown writer hired to write a book that will be published under the authorship of another person.
A literary editor is a specialist involved in editorial editing of texts.
M
Book marketing is actions to attract attention to a work or its author, facilitating the sale of a book. Includes advertising, promotion and publicity (PR).
The marketing department is a department of a publishing house that monitors the book market and the sales of its publishing house’s books on it. The department also deals with promotional materials and marketing-related activities.
Madrigal is a lyrical work of humorous, complimentary or love content.
Mainstream - works of art, main role in which it is not the plot that plays a role, but the moral development of the characters.
Metaphor is the use of a word in a figurative sense to describe a person, object or phenomenon.
A myth is an ancient legend about the origin of life on Earth, about natural phenomena, about the exploits of gods and heroes.
Monologue is a speech addressed to an interlocutor or to oneself.
Monorhythm is a poem with one, repeating rhyme.
N
Initial rhyme is a consonance found at the beginning of a verse.
Non-commercial literature is books published without profit, often intellectual prose and poetry.
Innovation is the introduction of new ideas and techniques.
Non-fiction (from the English non-fiction) - non-fiction literature: biographies, memoirs, monographs, etc.
ABOUT
An image is an artistic depiction of a person, nature or individual phenomena.
Appeal is a turn of poetic speech, consisting in the writer’s emphasized appeal to the hero of his work, natural phenomena, and the reader.
Ode is a poem of praise dedicated to a solemn event or hero.
An octave is a stanza of eight verses in which the first six verses are united by two cross rhymes and the last two by an adjacent rhyme.
Personification (prosopopoeia) is a technique in which animals, natural phenomena, and inanimate objects are endowed with human properties and abilities.
The Onegin stanza is a stanza used by Pushkin in the novel Eugene Onegin, consisting of three quatrains and a final couplet.
Original layout is a page-by-page layout of a publication signed for printing, each page of which completely coincides with the corresponding page of the future publication.
P
Publicity (PR, PR) is a free mention of the title of a book or the name of the author in the media. This is the most effective, cheapest and most complex way of advertising. It requires a lot of time - and not so much on the part of the publisher, but on the part of the author.
A pamphlet is a journalistic work with a clearly expressed accusatory orientation and a specific socio-political address.
Parallelism is a technique consisting in comparing two phenomena by depicting them in parallel.
Parody is a genre of literature that politically or satirically imitates the features of the original.
Lampoon is a work with offensive, slanderous content.
Landscape is a depiction of nature in a literary work.
Transfer (enjambment) - transferring the end of a complete sentence from one poetic line or stanza to the next one.
Periphrasis is the replacement of the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential characteristics and features.
A character is a character in a literary work.
The narrator is the person on whose behalf the story is told in epic and lyric epic works.
A story is a prose genre that, in terms of text volume, occupies an intermediate place between a novel and a short story, gravitating toward a chronicle plot that reproduces the natural course of life. In Russia in the first third of the 19th century, the term “story” corresponded to what is now called “story”. The concept of a story or short story was not known at that time, and the term “story” meant everything that did not reach the volume of a novel.
A proverb is a short, figurative expression that does not have syntactic completeness.
Pocketbook (pocket book) is a small book in soft cover.
A portrait is an image of a character’s appearance in a work of art.
Dedication - an inscription at the beginning of a work indicating the person to whom it is dedicated.
An afterword is a structurally independent addition placed after a literary work, not related to the development of the plot of this work, but dedicated to the discussion of the ideas, situations, autobiographical moments, etc. expressed in it, which, in the opinion of the author, require special clarification.
A joke is a sharp phrase or little word.
A parable is an edifying story about human life in an allegorical or allegorical form.
A pseudonym is a fictitious name of the writer.
Prologue - introductory part, introduction, preface to the book. A prologue introduces the characters before the action begins or tells what preceded it.
Promotion - as part of a promotion, the publisher provides discounts to sellers for making efforts to promote a particular book. They make displays in stores, place advertising stands, etc. Usually we are talking about mutual offset: the publishing house supplies goods for a certain amount for free.
Journalism is a set of artistic works that reflect the social and political life of society.
R
The denouement is the outcome of the main plot conflict in the work. Describes the position of the characters that has developed in the work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it. The final scene.
Verse size is the number and order of alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in the feet of syllabic-tonic verse.
Rhapsode is a wandering poet-singer in Ancient Greece, who sang epic songs to the accompaniment of the lyre.
A story or novella (Italian: novella - news) is the main genre of short narrative prose. A short story is a smaller form of fiction than a story or novel. Compared to more detailed narrative forms, stories do not have many characters and one plot line (rarely several) with the characteristic presence of a single problem.
Editorial (in publishing) is one of the variants of the text of a work. For example: “Get the text in the first edition.”
A replica is the response of one character to the speech of another.
Refrain - repeated verses at the end of each stanza.
Reader - an employee of the publishing house who reads submitted applications (gravity). An e-book is also called a reader.
Rhythm is a systematic, measured repetition in verse of certain, similar units of speech (syllables).
Rhyme - the endings of poetic lines that match in sound.
The type of literature is divided according to fundamental characteristics: drama, lyricism, epic.
Romance is a small lyric poem of a melodious type on the theme of love.
Rondo is an eight-line poem containing 13 (15) lines and 2 rhymes.
Novel - literary genre, as a rule, prosaic, which involves a detailed narrative about the life and development of the personality of the main character (heroes) in a crisis, non-standard period of his life.
Royalty is a percentage of the book's wholesale price that is paid to the author after the advance has been repaid.
Rubai are forms of lyrical poetry of the East. A quatrain in which the first, second and fourth lines rhyme.
WITH
Sarcasm is a caustic mockery.
Satire is a work of art that ridicules vicious phenomena in the life of society or the negative qualities of an individual.
Free verse (free verse) is a verse in which there is an arbitrary number of stressed and unstressed syllables; it is based on a uniform syntactic organization that determines the uniform intonation of the verse.
A signal copy is the first copy of a printed publication arriving from the printing house to the publishing house for quality control. Books that are sent to the media for reviews and review are also called signal copies.
Syllabic versification is the same number of syllables in a line of poetry.
Syllabic-tonic versification is a versification that is determined by the number of syllables, the number of stresses and their location in the line.
Symbolism is a literary movement. Symbolists created and used a system of symbols, into which they invested mystical meaning.
Synopsis - summary works from which the genre, time of action, characters and plot lines are clear. See the post “How to Write a Synopsis.”
Skaz is a way of organizing storytelling, focused on oral, popular speech.
A tale (legend) is a work based on an incident that actually took place.
A syllable is a sound or combination of sounds in a word, pronounced with one exhalation; primary rhythmic unit in poetic measured speech.
Stanzas are a small form of lyric poetry, consisting of quatrains, complete in thought.
Versification is a system for constructing measured poetic speech, which is based on some repeating rhythmic unit of speech.
Foot - in syllabic-tonic versification, repeated combinations of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse, which determine its size.
T
The creative process is the writer’s work on a work.
Theme is the object of artistic reflection.
Theme is a set of themes of a work.
A trend is a conclusion to which the author seeks to lead the reader.
Notebook is a typographic term meaning a set of sheets in an assembly element. Subsequently, the notebooks are stitched or glued into a book and covered with a cover.
U
Urbanism is a direction in literature primarily concerned with describing the features of life in a big city.
Utopia is a work of art that tells about a dream as a real phenomenon. Depicts an ideal social system without scientific justification.
F
Fabula is the plot basis of a literary work. The arrangement of the main events of a literary work in their chronological sequence.
Fan fiction (fan fiction - fan fiction) - texts created by fans of a work, movie, game using characters, situations, stories originally invented by other authors.
A feuilleton is a type of newspaper article ridiculing the vices of society.
A stylistic figure is an unusual turn of phrase that a writer resorts to to enhance the expressiveness of the literary word.
Flash back (return to the past) is a story about events that happened before the start of the current scene.
Folklore is a set of works of oral folk poetry.
X
Character is an artistic image of a person with pronounced individual traits.
A trochee is a two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the first syllable.
Chronicle is a narrative or dramatic work that displays events in public life in chronological order.
Artistic taste is the ability to correctly perceive and independently comprehend works of art. Understanding the nature of artistic creativity and the ability to analyze a work of art.
C
Cycle - works of art united by characters, era, thought or experience.
H
A chastushka is a small piece of oral folk poetry with humorous, satirical or lyrical content.
E
Euphemism is the replacement of harsh expressions in poetic speech with softer ones.
Aesopian language is an allegorical, disguised way of expressing one's thoughts.
Exposition is a text at the beginning of a work that outlines the initial situation: the time and place of action, the composition and relationships of the characters. If the exposure is placed at the beginning of the work, it is called direct, if in the middle - delayed.
An eclogue is a short poem describing life in a village.
Exposition is the initial, introductory part of the plot. Unlike the beginning, it does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work.
Impromptu is a work created quickly, without preparation.
An elegy is a poem permeated with sadness or a dreamy mood.
An epigram is a short witty, mocking or satirical poem.
An epigraph is a short text placed at the beginning of a work that explains the author’s intent.
An episode is one of the interconnected events in the plot that has more or less independent meaning in the work.
An epilogue is the final part added to a finished work of art and not necessarily connected with it by the inextricable development of the action. The epilogue introduces the reader to the further fate of the characters.
Epithet is a figurative definition.
YU
Humoresque is a short humorous work in prose or poetry.
I
Iambic is a two-syllable meter in Russian versification, consisting of an unstressed and stressed syllable.
ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is an international identification number assigned to a book when it is printed, consisting of 13 digits. The code is unique for each publication.
August 14, 2015
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Abstractionism(from Latin abstractio - removal, distraction) - a direction in the art of the 20th century, whose adherents fundamentally refuse to depict real objects and phenomena (mainly in painting, sculpture and graphics); an extreme manifestation of modernism.
Abstractionism- color fantasy, spontaneous impulsive self-expression, a snapshot of the artist’s state of mind, a fundamental refusal to depict reality, the pursuit of pure expressiveness” (Yu.B. Borev).
Absurd(from Latin absurdus - inappropriate, absurd) - the term was introduced by existentialists, who argued that the basic principles of human life are absurdity, the absence of a higher goal and meaning. The law of the absurd underlies the works of writers of the twentieth century: F. Kafka, A. Camus, J.-P. Sartre.
Avant-garde(French avant-gardisme) - direction to artistic culture XX century, whose adherents break with existing norms and traditions, turning the novelty of expressive means into an end in itself. "Avant-garde... in fine arts can be considered as... a reaction indicating that society no longer needs fine art as a source of information" (O. Karpa).
Autobiography- (from the Greek autos - myself, bios - life, grapho - writing) - literary genre (usually prose); represents a consistent description by the author of the story of his own life. An autobiographical description is characterized by the desire to comprehend the life lived as a whole, to retrospectively give life events coherence and purposefulness (autobiography allows for fiction).
Autobiographical hero- a special type of literary hero, whom the author endows with his biography and character traits, however, the autobiographical hero is not a literal repetition of the writer (a feature of the autobiographical hero is his greater connection with real life than ordinary characters).
Author's position– in a literary work, the expression of the author’s attitude towards various aspects of life, the writer’s understanding of the characters of people, events, ideological, philosophical and moral problems. An author's song is a small lyrical work, the same as a literary song, but widespread in the performance of the author, a bard (the most common use is the synonym: bard's song). Author's speech - in an epic literary work, the speech of the author or a personified narrator, that is, the entire text of the work, except for the speech of the characters.
Acmeism(from the Greek akme - the highest degree) - a literary movement that arose in Russian poetry in the 1910s. The Acmeists sought to reform symbolism, proclaimed the liberation of poetry from symbolist impulses toward the “ideal,” and advocated a return to the material world, a natural object, and the exact meaning of a word. Acmeism is characterized by an increased tendency towards historical and cultural associations. “Always remember the unknowable, but not insult your thoughts about it with more or less probable guesses - this is the principle of Acmeism” (N.S. Gumilyov).
Act(from Latin aktus - action, deed) – 1) the completed part of a play or performance; 2) an integral part of a dramatic work, not interrupted during a stage production by either an intermission or an interlude (see intermission, interlude).
Acrostic(from Greek akros - extreme, stichos - verse) - a poem in which the initial letters of each line, read from top to bottom, form a word or phrase (often the name of the author or addressee). This kind of construction can also be found in prose:
Accent verse(from Latin accentus - emphasis) - the main form of tonic versification (Greek tonus - emphasis); a verse in which only the number of stresses in a line is regulated, and the number of unstressed syllables between stresses fluctuates freely within the natural data of the language (in Russian there are usually 0-4 syllables, in English 1-2, etc.). Unlike syllabic verse, in accented verse the total number of syllables is arbitrary; Unlike syllabic-tonic verse, accented verse does not have feet with an ordered arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables (see syllabic, syllabic-tonic verse).
Allegory(from the Greek allegoria - allegory, from allos - byjq) - a type of trope, the disclosure of an abstract idea (concept) through a concrete image of an object or phenomenon of reality. In contrast to the polysemantic meaning of a symbol, the meaning of an allegory is unambiguous and separated from the image; the connection between meaning and image is established by analogy or contiguity. In literature, allegory is used in fables, fairy tales, and parables. For example, the fables Wolf, Fox, and Snake express the idea of greed, cunning, and deceit.
Alliteration(from Latin al - to, with and litera - letter) - repetition of homogeneous consonants, giving a literary text, usually poetic, a special sound and intonation expressiveness. By connecting words that have different meanings but sound similar to each other, alliteration thereby establishes unconventional semantic connections between them.
Allusion(from Latin allusio - hint) - a stylistic figure, one of the forms of allegory; the use of any word, phrase, quote as an allusion to a well-known literary, everyday or socio-political fact: “But the north is harmful to me” (A.S. Pushkin. “Eugene Onegin”). The poet's hint of his exile, disguised by the everyday tone of a conversation about health.
Amplification(from Latin fmplificatio - expansion) is a stylistic figure that is a series of repeated speech structures, phrases or individual words. Serves as a means of enhancing poetic expressiveness of speech.
Amphibrachium(Greek amphibrachys, lit. - short on both sides) – a three-syllable poetic meter in which a stressed syllable is located between two unstressed ones.
Analysis(from Greek analysis - decomposition) - division (mental or real) of an object into elements; in a broad sense, it is synonymous with scientific research in general.
Anapes t (from the Greek anapoistos - reverse dactyl, lit. - reflected back) - a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the first two syllables are unstressed, the last is stressed.
Anaphora(Greek anaphora - carrying out) - repetition of the initial parts (sounds, words, syntactic or rhythmic structures) of adjacent segments of speech (words, lines, stanzas, phrases).
Anachronism(from the Greek ana - up, against; chronos - time) - unconscious or intentional inaccuracies (everyday, cultural-historical, temporal, etc.) when depicting the past in a work of art, introducing into it signs of a later time (as characters perform from the same era historical heroes from another era; The life and environment of one era carry features inherent in another historical time).
Antihero- a deliberately reduced, deheroized character, often devoid of psychological or socio-historical characteristics.
Antithesis(Greek antithesis - opposition, from anti against, thesa - position) - juxtaposition or opposition of specific concepts, positions, images. In a broad sense, antithesis is any meaningful contrast at different levels of a work of art.
Anthology(from the Greek anthologia - collection of flowers) - a collection of selected literary and artistic works of different authors, selected with the aim of representing in samples the literature of a certain people, era, genre, etc.
Antonyms(from Greek anti - against, onyma - name) - words of the same part of speech with opposite meanings. Often used as an artistic and expressive means in constructing an antithesis (see antithesis).
Anthropomorphism(from the Greek antropos - man and morphе - appearance, form) - likening to a person, endowing with human properties (for example, consciousness) objects and phenomena of inanimate nature, celestial bodies, animals, mythical creatures.
Archaisms(Greek arсhaios - ancient) - words, expressions, syntactic structures and grammatical forms that have fallen out of active use. Used to recreate the historical flavor of the era; to give speech a touch of solemnity; to create a comic effect; for the character's speech characteristics.
Architectonics(from the Greek architektonike - construction art) - the external construction of a literary work as a single whole, the interconnection and correlation of its main blocks and parts. The concept of “architectonics” is often used as a synonym for the concept of “composition”.
Aphorism(Greek aphorismos) - a saying that expresses a generalized, complete thought in a laconic form.
Ballad(French ballade, from Latin ballo - dancing) - a lyrical genre, one of the main ones in the poetry of sentimentalism and romanticism; a short narrative poem based on some unusual incident.
Fable- short story, most often in poetry, mainly of a moralizing nature. The purpose of the fable is to ridicule human vices and shortcomings of social life. In the allegorical plot of a fable, the characters are traditionally conventional fable animals. Blank verse(free verse, free verse) - unrhymed verse.
Bibliography(from the Greek biblion - book and grapho - writing) - purposeful transmission to readers of information about printed works in a particular field of science, art, etc.
Bylina- a genre of Russian folklore, a heroic-patriotic song-legend about heroes and historical events of Ancient Rus'.
Wreath of Sonnets- a poetic cycle of 15 sonnets, presented as an independent work. The first line of each sonnet repeats the last line of the previous one, and the final sonnet is composed of a sequence of the first lines of each of the 14 sonnets, tying them together (see sonnet).
Eternal images- literary characters to whom extreme artistic generality and spiritual depth impart universal, timeless meaning.
Interaction of literatures- connections between individual, independently developing national literatures. The degree of strength of these connections and their breadth may vary; they are determined by the interaction of cultures as a whole, occurring on historical grounds, on the basis of national demands.
Vaudeville(French: vaudeville) - a type of comedy, a light, entertaining play of everyday content, based on entertaining intrigue and combining witty dialogue with music and dancing, funny couplet songs.
Harmony(Greek harmonia - connection, harmony) - an aesthetic category of literature, represents the organic relationship of all components of a work of art.
Heroic(from the Greek heros - hero) - an aesthetic category, one of the forms of manifestation of the sublime, expressed in the commission by an individual or people of outstanding social significance, requiring courage, perseverance and readiness for self-sacrifice (see heroic pathos).
Literary hero- a character in a work of art who has a definite character, an individual, intellectual and emotional world
Hymn(Greek hymnos) - a genre form of lyrics, a solemn song in honor of gods, heroes, winners, and later - in honor of an important event.
Hyperbola(from Greek hyperbole - exaggeration) - deliberate excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object or phenomenon. Gradation(Latin gradatio - gradual intensification) - a figure of speech consisting of such an arrangement of parts of a statement (words, sentence segments), in which each subsequent one contains an increasing (less often - decreasing) semantic or emotional-expressive meaning, due to which an increase is created ( less often - weakening) of the impression they make.
Grotesque(French grotesque, lit. - whimsical) - a type of artistic imagery that generalizes and sharpens life phenomena with the help of a bizarre combination of the real and the fantastic, verisimilitude and caricature, the tragic and the comic, the beautiful and the ugly.
Dactyl(from the Greek dactylos - finger) - a three-syllable poetic meter in syllabic-tonic versification, in which the stress falls on the first syllable in the verse.
Couplet(distich) - simplest form stanzas with a minimum number of lines (two). In rhymed verse, two lines are connected by an adjacent rhyme. In larger stanzas, the couplet is included as a component.
Action- a system of events in a literary work that determines the movement of its plot.
Decadence(from Latin decadentia - decline) - a general name for the crisis phenomena of culture at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, marked by moods of hopelessness and rejection of life. This concept unites diverse areas of art - from symbolism and cubism to abstractionism and surrealism. Many motifs of decadence became the property of the artistic movements of modernism.
Dialectisms(from the Greek dialektos - dialect, adverb) - words belonging to any dialect or dialects, used in the language of fiction to create local color and speech characteristics of characters; Sometimes dialectisms also include phonetic, morphological, syntactic, etc. features inherent in individual dialects and interspersed into the literary language.
Dialogue(Greek dialogos) - in a work of art - a conversation between two or more persons. In a broader sense, dialogue is a special form of constructing a literary work or scientific essay as a conversation between two persons.
Dilogy(from the Greek di - twice and logos - word) - a work of two independent parts with special titles. The plots of the individual parts of the dilogy have something in common; a number of heroes also move from one part to another.
Dissonance(from French dissonance, from Latin dissono - I sound discordant) - an imprecise rhyme with matching consonants and a mismatched stressed vowel.
Dithyramb(Greek dithyrambos) - a genre close to anthem and ode. Works of this genre are characterized by exaggerated praise.
Diary- a literary work in the form of regular records contemporary with the events described. As a literary form, it opens up specific possibilities for depicting the inner world of a character or author.
Drama(from Greek drama, lit. action) is one of the main types of fiction (along with epic and lyric poetry). The specificity of drama as a type of literature is that it is written in a dialogical form and, as a rule, is intended for performance on stage. See also drama (as a genre), a play with an acute conflict, which, however, unlike the tragic, is not so sublime, more down-to-earth and can be resolved one way or another. Drama combines tragic and comic principles, which is why it is often called the middle genre.
Genre(from the French genre - genus, species) - a historically formed type of literary work, a stable formal and content scheme. Genre is a typological phenomenon, historically stable, characteristic of works of different eras and movements.
Jargon(French jargon) - the language of individual social groups, characterized by a special composition of words and expressions, sometimes by special pronunciation.
Feminine rhyme- rhyme with stress on the penultimate syllable.
Life - genre ancient Russian literature, telling about the lives of people ranked among the saints by the church.
The beginning- an event that served as the beginning of the emergence and development of a conflict that forms the basis of the plot of a work of art. The plot determines the subsequent development of the action; This is a crucial plot element.
Mystery- a genre of folklore in which things and phenomena are reproduced allegorically by comparing them with remotely similar ones; traditionally, a riddle is offered as a question for guessing.
CONSPIRACY- the oldest genre of incantatory folklore, closely associated with magical rituals; a verbal formula that was considered a means of influencing the world. It is distinguished by a special composition: the beginning, the epic narrative part, the command part and the setting.
Concept- a general idea of the content and form of the future work that has developed in the artist’s imagination, permeated with a certain idea.
Sound organization of verse- artistic and expressive use in a poetic text of certain elements, phenomena, properties of the sound composition of the language: consonants and vowels, stressed and unstressed syllables, pauses, various types intonation, etc.
Idea- (from the Greek idea - concept, representation) - the main idea of a work of art, expressing the author’s attitude to reality. It is expressed by the entire artistic structure of the work, the unity and interaction of all its content and formal components.
Idyll- (Greek eidyllion) - a genre variety depicting a peaceful, virtuous rural life against the backdrop of beautiful nature.
Visual and expressive means- artistic techniques and means of creating literary images that determine their emotional and aesthetic expressiveness.
Imagism(from French image - image) - Russian literary group of the 1920s. The Imagists asserted the primacy of the self-sufficient image, its form over the meaning, the idea; They saw the main task of their creativity in inventing images and words previously unknown in poetry.
Impressionism(from French impression - impression) - direction and artistic method in the art of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Its representatives sought to most accurately capture the real world in its variability, conveying their fleeting impressions of it. As an established method, impressionism is usually spoken of mainly in relation to painting, sculpture, graphics, and music. In literature they often talk about the features of the impressionistic style.
Personalization- (from Latin individuum - indivisible) - a way of reproducing essential aspects of the real world in unique and individual forms; an artistic form of conveying the typical.
Sideshow- (from Latin intermedius - located in the middle) - a small play of comic content, performed between acts of the main drama. In the XIX-XX centuries. The interlude lost its significance as an independent genre and was preserved only as an inserted comic or musical scene in a play.
Intonation- (from Latin intonare - to pronounce loudly) is the main expressive property of spoken speech, which allows one to convey the speaker’s attitude to the subject of speech and to the interlocutor. Intonation enriches the specific meaning of any statement, expresses its purpose and emotional nature.
Intrigue- (French intrigue, from Latin intricare - to confuse) - a way of building action in a work of art with the help of complex twists and turns, interweaving and clashing interests of heroes and characters.
Irony(from the Greek eironeia - pretense) - a type of trope, the opposition of the literal meaning of a word to the meaning that the speaker puts into it (transfer of meaning by contrast. Distinctive feature - double meaning, where the truth will not be directly expressed, but its opposite, implied).
Art- a special form of social consciousness and human activity that organically combines artistic (imaginative) knowledge of life and creativity according to the laws of beauty; This is artistic creativity as a whole, combining literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, decorative and applied arts, music, dance, theater, cinema, etc.
Catharsis(from the Greek catharsis - purification) is a polysemantic term that comes from ancient aesthetics. The highest form of tragedy, when the shock of a tragic conflict does not suppress a person with its hopelessness, but enlightens and elevates.
Classic(from Latin classims - exemplary) - outstanding, generally recognized works of literature and art, having lasting value for national and world culture.
Classicism(from Latin classicus - exemplary) - artistic direction and style in art and literature of the 17th - early 19th centuries, which is characterized by high civic themes, strict adherence to certain creative norms and rules, reflection of life in ideal images, as well as an appeal to antiquity heritage as the norm.
Comedy(from the Greek komodia) is one of the main types of drama, depicting life situations and characters that cause laughter. Comedy, as a special form of the comic in literature, most accurately captures and conveys its most important shades - humor, irony, sarcasm, satire.
Comic(from the Greek komikos - cheerful, funny) - a category of aesthetics, implying the reflection in art of phenomena that contain inconsistencies or contradictions (goals - means, forms - content, actions - circumstances, essence - its manifestation, etc.) and causes laughter.
Conflict(from Latin conflictus - clash) - a contradiction reflected in a work of art, leading to a clash of characters, character and circumstances, different aspects of characters. Directly revealed in the plot and composition; forms the core of the topic, and the method of conflict resolution is the determining factor in development artistic idea.
Climax(from lat. culmen, gen. , culminis - top) - the moment of highest tension in the development of action, maximally aggravating artistic conflict. A literary work can have several climactic moments.
Leitmotif(from German leitmotiv - leading motive) - a recurring element of a work, the bearer of its main idea.
Lyrics(from the Greek lyrikos - pronounced to the sounds of the lyre) - one of the three types of fiction. Unlike epic and drama, which depict certain characters acting in different circumstances, lyrics reflect individual states of character at certain moments in life, the author’s own “I”; the speech form of the lyrics is an internal monologue, mainly poetic (the lyrics are mostly plotless and subjective).
Lyrical hero- the hero of a lyrical work, whose experiences, thoughts and feelings it reflects. The image of the lyrical hero is not identical to the image of the author, although it covers the entire circle lyrical works created by the poet; Based on the image of the lyrical hero, a holistic idea of the poet’s work is created.
Literary direction- a concept that characterizes the unity of the most significant creative features of literary artists within a certain historical period; this unity usually arises and develops on the basis of a common artistic method, worldview, aesthetic views, ways of displaying life.
Literary process- the historical movement of national and world fiction, developing in complex connections and interactions. The forward movement of literature is the most important component of the literary process.
Lyric epic works– works that combine the features of epic and lyric poetry (a plot narration about events and characters is combined with a subjective lyrical commentary from the author-narrator).
Literary gender- a generalized type of verbal artistic creativity, the main method of constructing works, which differs from other similar methods in the relationship between the world and man in the pictures of life created by the artist. For each literary genre, a main feature is identified - a generic dominant: this is a narration of events (epic), subjective emotional reflection (lyrics), and a dialogical depiction of events (drama).
Literary character(Greek charakter - trait, feature) - the artistic embodiment of a set of stable mental characteristics that form the personality of a literary character; literary character both the type of human behavior determined by the socio-historical situation and the creative individuality of the author are captured.
Literary criticism- a science that studies fiction: its essence and specificity, origin, social functions, patterns of the historical and literary process.
Litotes(from the Greek litotes - simplicity) - deliberate understatement of certain properties of the depicted object or phenomenon; the opposite of hyperbole.
Metaphor(Greek metaphora - transfer) - a type of trope, the transfer of the properties of one object (phenomenon) to another based on a characteristic common to both compared members; establishing a connection by similarity. Color, shape, character of movement, and any individual properties of objects can be similar.
Metonymy(Greek metonymia - renaming) - transferring the properties of an object to the object itself, an allegorical designation of the subject of speech; establishing connections between phenomena by contiguity.
Meter(from the Greek metron - measure) - the general scheme of the sound rhythm of a verse, that is, the predictable appearance of certain sound elements in certain positions. Meter is the basis of poetic meters in syllabic-tonic versification.
Artist's worldview- a system of generalized philosophical and ethical-aesthetic views of the artist on the objective world and man’s place in it.
Myth(from the Greek mythos - legend, legend) - the fruit of collective fantasy, a story about gods, heroes, demons, spirits, etc., reflecting ideas about unidentified forces of nature and society.
Mythology– the use of mythological motifs or characters in a literary work or the artist’s creation of an original mythological system. Mythologism is addressed to philosophical issues and is characteristic of works that explore the universal, stable features of human thinking and behavior.
Motive (from the French motif - melody, tune) is the simplest unit of plot development (dynamic, moving the plot or static, descriptive). Any plot is an interweaving of closely related motifs. The same motive can underlie different plots and thus have different meanings (the modern use of the word “motive” does not have terminological clarity).
Naturalism(from Latin naturalis - nature) - a movement in European and American literature and art of the last third of the 19th century, based on the positivist idea of the complete predetermination of fate, will, spiritual world a person’s social environment, everyday life, his nature (physiology, heredity): N. Nekrasov. "Petersburg corners", D. Grigorovich. "Village", "Anton the Miserable", F. Dostoevsky. "Poor People"
Neologisms(from the Greek neos - new and logos - word) - words or figures of speech created to designate a new object or express a new concept; individual stylistic neologisms are created by the author of a given literary work and usually are not widely used and are not included in the vocabulary of the language.
Innovation and tradition(from Latin novator - renewer and traditio - transfer). Literature is characterized by both the enrichment of artistic creativity with new themes, ideas, characters, techniques and means, and the desire to consolidate and pass on their spiritual experience and creative principles to the next generations of writers.
Novella(from Italian novella - lit. news) - a small prose genre, distinguished by a dynamic, rapidly and often paradoxically developing plot, compositional precision, and rigor of form. The plot of a short story, as a rule, centers on one event - an extraordinary situation, a game of chance, an unexpected turn in the fate of the hero. The novelist avoids detailed everyday, historical and ethnographic sketches. The hero is revealed to them, first of all, not in his socio-political, but in his moral essence... In critical realism, the short story is transformed, acquires a synthetic character, and combines acute drama, psychologism and social research orientation.
Narrator's image- an image not personified in the guise of any of the characters - the carrier of the narrative in a work of art.
The image of the narrator- a conventional image of a person on whose behalf the narration in a literary work is conducted. Unlike the image of the narrator, the narrator in the proper sense is not always present in the epic - he is not present in the case of a “neutral”, “objective” narrative, in which the author himself seems to step aside (the narrator may be close to the author, related to him, and may , on the contrary, is very far from him in character and social status).
Ritual poetry- folk poetry associated with folk everyday rituals (calendar songs, wedding songs, lamentations, etc.).
Oh yeah(from the Greek ode - song) - a solemn, pathetic, poetic work glorifying God, the monarch, the Fatherland, outstanding statesmen and their deeds, strictly regulated by the rules of composition (see poetry of classicism of the 17th-18th centuries).
Oxymoron(from the Greek oxymoron - letters: witty-stupid) - a stylistic figure, a combination of words with opposite meanings, as a result of which a new concept is born (familiar stranger, deafening silence). Octave (from Latin octo - eight) - a stanza of eight verses with the rhyme abababvv with the obligatory alternation of masculine and feminine endings. With its expansion, completeness and flexibility, the octave is convenient for both small lyric poems and poems.
Personification- transferring the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones, a special type of metaphor (characteristic is the identification of objects and phenomena of nature, flora and fauna with the life and activities of people).
Onegin stanza- owned by A.S. Pushkin, the form of the stanza in which the novel “Eugene Onegin” was written: 14-verse iambic tetrameter with the rhyme ababvvggdeedjj. Thus, it is formed by three quatrains of different rhyme schemes (cross, adjacent and enveloping) and a final couplet. This structure makes Onegin’s stanza flexible, integral and expressive, maintaining the harmony of the large novel.
Feature article- a small epic and (or) journalistic genre, characterized by strict documentation, targeted focus and a high degree of author participation in the development of the plot. The essay is based on real or presented as real facts, while the essay allows for creative fiction and the expressed subjectivity of the author’s position.
Paleography(from the Greek palaios - ancient and grapho - writing) is a science that studies monuments of ancient writing in order to establish the place and time of their creation.
Pamphlet(English pamphlet) - a topical, predominantly journalistic work, the purpose and pathos of which is a specific, civic, socio-political denunciation.
Panegyric(from the Greek panegyrikos logos - laudatory public speech) - originally in Ancient Greece a solemn laudatory speech; later any excessive praise in a literary work.
Paradox(from the Greek paradoxos - unexpected, strange) - a judgment that sharply contradicts the usual logic of things, but is deep in meaning. Paradox is characterized by brevity, clarity, and emphasized sharpness of formulation.
Parallelism(from the Greek parallelismos - walking side by side) - a similar syntactic structure of two (or more) sentences or other fragments of text.
Paraphrase/ periphrasis (from the Greek pariphrasis - literally speaking around, retelling) - replacing the direct name of a person, object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their essential features.
Pastoral(from French pastorale and from Latin pastoralis - shepherd) - a literary genre that depicts the idealized life of carefree shepherds and shepherdesses among eternally beautiful nature.
Pathetic(from the Greek pathetikos - passionate, full of feelings) - an aesthetic category that implies reflection in art of what is associated with a person’s feelings at the highest tension of his will and spirit, feelings that arise as a result of a person making the most important decision at turning points in life.
Pause(from Latin pausa, from Greek pausis - cessation) - a temporary break in the flow of speech.
Pathos(from the Greek pathos - suffering, passion, inspiration) - the ideological and emotional mood of a work of art or all creativity; passion that permeates the work and gives it a unified stylistic coloring - what can be called the soul of the work. Pathos is the key to the idea of a work.
Scenery(from the French paysage, from pays - country, area) - an image of pictures of nature. The functions of a landscape in a work of art are determined by its method, genre, and style.
Peripeteia(from the Greek peripeteia - sudden turn) - an unexpected event, a sharp turn of action that complicates the development of the plot of the work.
Character(from the French personnage, and from the Latin persona - personality, person) - along with the hero, the protagonist of a work of art or stage performance.
Tale- epic prose genre; the nature of the development of the action is more complex than a story, but less developed than a novel (a story has more characters than a story, but less than a novel; the development of an action is more complex than a story, but the action is less developed than a novel, etc.) P.).
Repeat- repetition of compositional elements, words, phrases and other fragments of text in a work of art, due to which the reader’s (listener’s) attention is fixed on them and thereby their role in the text is enhanced.
Subtext- a hidden meaning, different from the direct meaning of the statement, which is restored on the basis of the context, taking into account the extra-speech situation. In the theater, the subtext is revealed by the actor through intonation, pause, facial expressions, and gesture.
Portrait(from the French portrait) - an image of the appearance of a hero or group of characters: face, figure, clothing, demeanor. The functions of a portrait are determined by the method, genre, and style.
Permanent epithet- a definition word that is consistently combined with one or another defined word. Denotes a characteristic, always present sign.
Poem(from Greek poiema) - lyric-epic genre. The main features of the poem are the presence of a detailed plot, the scale of the depicted phenomena and problems, and the wide development of the image of the lyrical hero.
Poetics(from the Greek poietike - poetic art) - a section of literary theory that studies the structure of literary works and the system of aesthetic means used in them. In a broad sense, poetics coincides with the theory of literature, in a narrow sense, with the study of artistic speech. The term "poetics" also denotes a system artistic means, characteristic of the writer, certain genres, literary trends of the era.
Beautiful- one of the central categories of aesthetics, which characterizes the most perfect phenomena in reality, human activity, and art. The beautiful is of a selfless nature and is directly related to sensual contemplation, which activates the human imagination.
Prologue(from the Greek prologos - preface) - an introduction to a literary work (or to its independent part), not directly related to the developing action, but as if preceding it with a story about previous events or their meaning.
Prototype(from Greek prototypon - prototype) - real personality, a group of people or a literary character that served as the basis for the creation of a particular artistic image.
Journalism(from Latin publicus - public) - a type of work in which current facts and phenomena of current life are quickly researched and summarized in order to influence public opinion and public consciousness. Elements of journalism often penetrate into works of art.
Denouement- resolution of the conflict in a literary work, the outcome of events. Usually given at the end of the work, but can be at the beginning, and can also be combined with the climax.
Story- a small epic genre based on the image of an episode from the life of a hero. The short duration of the events depicted and the small number of characters are features of this genre form.
Realism (from Latin realis - material) - 1) an artistic method of modern times, the beginning of which dates back either to the Renaissance (Renaissance realism), or from the Enlightenment (Enlightenment realism), or from the 30s. XIX century (actually realism, or critical realism). The leading principles of realism: an objective depiction of life combined with the height of the author's ideal; reproduction of typical characters in typical circumstances with the completeness of their individualization; life-like authenticity of the image along with the use of conventional and fantastic forms; predominant interest in the problem of personality and society; 2) a concept that characterizes the cognitive function of art and literature, reflecting the measure of artistic knowledge of reality, which is carried out by a variety of artistic means.
Reasoner(from the French raisonner - to reason) - a character (primarily dramatic), used by the author to express his own views on what is happening, on the behavior of other characters.
Remarque(from French remarque - remark, note) - an explanation or indication of the playwright in the text of the play for the reader, director and actor.
Reminiscence(from Latin reminiscentia - memory) - features of a work of art that evoke memories of another work.
Replica(from Italian replica, from Latin replico - I object) - a dialogic form of the character’s statement; a response phrase from the interlocutor, a response to the words of a partner, followed by the speech of another character.
Refrain(from the French refrain - chorus) - a repeated part of the verse of a song, usually its last line (lines).
Rhythm(from the Greek rhythmos - tact, uniformity) - alternation of any elements that occurs with a certain sequence, frequency. The periodic repetition of sound elements at certain intervals is the basis of verse; exactly which elements divide the text into comparable segments determines the system of versification (syllabic or tonic). Prose also has a special rhythm.
Novel(from French romances - narrative) - an epic genre of large form, revealing the history of several, sometimes many human destinies for a long time. The novel genre allows us to convey the most profound and complex processes of life.
Romanticism(from the French romantisme) - an artistic method that developed in early XIX V. and has become widespread as a trend in the art and literature of most European countries (including Russia), as well as in the USA. Romanticism is characterized by a special interest in personality, the nature of its relationship to the surrounding reality, as well as contrasting the ideal world with the real world. The artist’s desire to express his attitude towards what is depicted prevails over the accuracy of the transfer of actual facts, which gives the work of art increased emotionality.
Sarcasm(from the Greek sarkasmos - mockery, sarkazo - literally "tearing meat") - angry, caustic irony, excluding ambiguous interpretation.
Satire(from Latin satira - overflowing dish, mishmash) - a way of manifesting the comic, which consists of mercilessly ridiculing socially harmful phenomena and human vices.
Sentimentalism(from the French sentiment - feeling, sensitivity) - a direction in literature and art of the second half of the 18th century, which is characterized by the absolutization of human feelings and experiences, emotional perception of the environment, a cultic attitude towards nature with elements of patriarchal idealization.
Syllabica/ syllabic versification (from the Greek syllabe - syllable) - a system of versification in which the length of a verse is determined only by the number of syllables, regardless of the number of stresses; verses are called 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-syllable, etc. Lines also allow different numbers of syllables; It is only desirable that even-syllabic verses be combined with even-syllabic ones, and odd-syllabic ones with odd-syllabic ones. In 10-, 11- and more complex verses, a caesura appears - a mandatory word division, dividing the verse into short hemistiches.
Syllabic-tonic versification(from the Greek syllabe - syllable and tonos - stress) - a system of versification based on the ordered arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse; As a rule, stressed syllables are located on strong parts of the meter, and unstressed syllables are located on weak ones.
Symbol(from the Greek symbolon - conventional sign) - an image that most generally and expressively expresses the idea, the essence of an event or phenomenon. The meaning of a symbol is multi-valued and inseparable from its figurative structure. Symbolism is a movement in European and Russian art of the 1870s-1910s, the main principle of which is the artistic expression through symbols of the essence of objects and ideas that are beyond sensory perception. In this case, the symbol is understood as an expression of the artist’s individual idea of the world.
Synecdoche(from Greek synekdohe) - a type of metonymy, the name of a part (smaller) instead of the whole (larger) or vice versa.
Image system- a set of artistic images that are in certain relationships and connections with each other and form the integral unity of a work of art. The system of images plays a crucial role in embodying the theme and idea of the work.
Comparison- comparison of two objects or phenomena for a more accurate, figurative description of one of them. IN literary creativity Detailed comparisons expressed in entire fragments of text are widespread.
Stanzas(French stances< ит. stanza - остановка) - небольшое стихотворение из строф по четыре стиха, причем конец строфы обязательно служит концом предложения.
Stylization- deliberate imitation of an artistic style characteristic of an author, genre, movement, art and culture of a certain social environment, nationality, era.
Versification- a way of organizing the sound composition of poetic speech, contrasting it with prose. The basis of verse composition is a given division of speech into correlated and commensurate segments - verses. Depending on the units by which lines are measured (syllables, stresses, feet), versification systems differ.
Foot- repeated combination of strong and weak point in poetic meter, a group of syllables consisting of one stressed and one or more unstressed ones; a conventional unit by which the poetic size and length of a verse are determined.
Stanza is a section of poetry that studies the patterns of combining verses into stanzas, types of stanzas and their history; as well as a set of types of stanzas found in the works of a particular poet, in the poetry of a certain period, etc.
Plot(French sujet - subject) - the course of the narration about events in a work of art, the way of developing a theme or presenting a plot.
Story line - a relatively complete part of the plot associated with any one hero of the work or with a group of heroes (characters).
Creative inspiration- raising everyone creative forces the artist, a moment of supreme composure and concentration on the object of creativity.
Textual criticism(from Latin textus - fabric, connection and Greek logos - science) - a literary discipline that studies literary works for the purpose of critical verification and establishment of their original texts for further research and publication. The most important task of textual criticism is a historically meaningful and critical reading of the text based on the study of sources (manuscripts, printed publications, historical evidence), identifying the genealogy of the text and its possible distortions.
Subject(Greek theme - main idea) - an object of artistic depiction, a circle of events, phenomena, objects of reality, reflected in the work and held together by the author's intention.
Subjects- a system of interrelated themes of a work of art.
Tendency of a literary work- biased or one-sided disclosure of the theme, issues or characters of the work, or an open manifestation of a tendency (general thought, idea) that the author seeks to instill in readers.
Trend(from Late Latin tendentia - direction) - an integral part of the artistic idea; the ideological and emotional orientation of the work, the author’s understanding or assessment of the issues and characters, expressed through a system of images; in a narrower sense, the artist’s social, political or moral predilections openly expressed in a realistic work.
Literary theory- a science that studies: 1) the originality of literature as a special form of spiritual and artistic activity; 2) the structure of a literary text; 3) factors and components of the literary process and creative method.
Tercet(from Latin tres - three) - a stanza consisting of three verses per rhyme.
Terza rima(from Latin terra rima - third rhyme) - a stanza of three verses rhyming in such a way that the third row forms a continuous chain of triple rhymes: aba bvb vgv, etc. and closes with a separate line, rhymed with the middle verse of the last terza.
Tetralogy(from the Greek tetra - four and logos - word) - an epic or dramatic work consisting of four independent parts, united into one by a common ideological and artistic concept.
Typing- the process of artistic generalization of life phenomena (human characters, circumstances, actions, events), in which the most significant, socially significant features of reality, patterns of development of the individual and society are revealed.
Typical(from the Greek typos - imprint, form, sample) - an aesthetic category that serves to determine the most general and significant aspects of actual phenomena, leading trends in the development of real life.
Tragedy(from Greek tragodia) - dramatic genre. At the heart of the tragedy is a particularly intense, irreconcilable conflict, which most often ends in the death of the hero.
Trilogy(from the Greek trilogia, tri - three and logos - word) - an epic or dramatic work consisting of three independent parts, united into one by a common ideological concept, plot, and main characters.
Trails(from the Greek tropos - turn, turn of speech) - figures of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The trope is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem close to the speaker (writer).
Convention in art- 1) non-identity of reality and its depiction in literature and art (primary convention); 2) conscious, open violation of plausibility, a technique for detecting illusoryness art world(secondary convention).
Utopia(from the Greek u - no and topos - place, that is, a place that does not exist) - a work depicting a fictional picture of an ideal life structure.
Fable(Latin fabula - narrative, history) - a chain of events that are narrated in a work, in their logical causal-temporal sequence. In other words, the plot is something that can be retold, “what really happened,” while the plot is “how the reader found out about it.” The plot may coincide with the plot, but it may also diverge from it.
Farce(from the French farce) - one of the forms of the comic, manifested in buffoonery antics, rude jokes (light comedy with purely external comic techniques).
Feuilleton(from French feuilleton, from feuille - leaf) - a satirical genre of journalism; a feuilleton can denounce both specific carriers of evil and the negative in an “unaddressed” form.
Figures of speech- figures of speech, syntactic structures that enhance the expressiveness of the statement.
Futurism(from Latin futurum - future) - avant-garde movement in European and Russian art of the 10-20s. XX century Futurists were united by a spontaneous feeling of the inevitable collapse of traditional culture and the desire to understand through art the features of an unknown future. Futurist poets proclaimed the rejection of conventional artistic forms, even to the point of destroying natural language (“words in freedom” or zaum).
Characteristics in art(from the Greek charakter - sign, trait) - a feature of a work of art or a type of performing art, which consists in deliberately emphasizing or exaggerating certain aspects of the characters and phenomena depicted.
Artistic detail- one of the means of creating an artistic image, helping to present the phenomenon depicted by the author in a unique individuality, a memorable feature of appearance, clothing, setting, experience or action.
Artistic truth- display of life in works of art in accordance with its own logic, penetration into the inner meaning of what is depicted.
Art form(Latin forma - external appearance) - internal and external organization, structure of a work of art, created using visual and expressive means to express artistic content.
Artistic imagination is the ability, as well as the process itself, of creating artistic images based on the creative processing by the consciousness of sensations, perceptions, ideas, feelings, impressions, etc.
Artistic generalization- a way of reflecting reality in art, revealing the most significant and characteristic aspects of what is depicted in an individually unique figurative artistic form.
Fiction- the result of the creative activity of the artist’s imagination; arises on the basis of a generalization of actual realities and understanding of personal experience, and is embodied in a work of art.
Artistic method- a set of the most general principles and features of the figurative reflection of life in art, which are consistently repeated in the work of a number of writers and thereby can form literary movements (directions) in a particular country or a number of countries.
Artistic image- a method and form of mastering reality in art, characterized by the inseparable unity of sensory and semantic moments. This is a specific and at the same time generalized picture of life (or a fragment of such a picture), created with the help of the artist’s creative imagination and in the light of his aesthetic ideal.
Artistic type(from the Greek typos - image, imprint, sample) - an artistic image endowed with characteristic properties, a bright representative of any group of people (in particular, estate, class, nation, era). The embodiment of the aesthetic category of the typical.
Caesura(from Latin caesura - dissection) - an intra-verse pause dividing a poetic line into two hemistiches - equal or unequal.
Cycle(from the Greek kyklos - circle) - a number of works united by some commonality: theme, genre, place or time of action, characters, narrative form, style, etc.
Eclogue(from the Greek ekloge - selection) - an ancient genre of bucolic poetry, displaying pictures of rural and pastoral life.
Exposition(Latin expositio - explanation) - the background of the event or events underlying the literary plot. It is located at the beginning, less often in the middle or at the end of the work.
Epigram(Greek epigramma, lit. - inscription) - a genre of satirical poetry, a short poem ridiculing a person or social phenomenon.
Epigraph(from the Greek epigraphe - inscription) - a quote, saying, proverb placed by the author before the text of an artistic (journalistic, scientific) work or part of it. The epigraph explains the main conflict, theme, idea or mood of the work, facilitating its perception by the reader.
Episode(from Greek epeisodion, lit. - insert) - part of a work of art (epic, dramatic), which has a relatively independent significance in the development of artistic action.
Epitaph(from the Greek epitaphios - gravestone) - a genre that originates from the gravestone inscription. Most often, a short poetic work of a commendable or tragic nature.
Epithet(from the Greek epitheton - application) - a figurative definition that gives an artistic description of an object (phenomenon) in the form of a hidden comparison. When interpreted broadly, an epithet refers not only to an adjective that defines a noun, but also to a noun-appendix, as well as an adverb that metaphorically defines a verb (“frost-voivode”, “the tramp wind”, “the Petrel soars proudly”).
Epic genres- a set of genres that emerged and developed within the epic as a literary genre.
Epic(from "epic" and Greek poieo - I create) - the largest epic genre. An ancient epic (heroic epic) usually depicts a heroic event of public interest. In the literature of modern times, an epic is a novel that is distinguished by its special monumentality: the scale of the events depicted, a highly branched plot, and a multitude of characters.
Epic(from the Greek epos - word, narrative) - one of three literary genres, the main feature of which is the narration of events external to the author.
Essay(from the French essai - experience, sketch) - a prose genre, a work of small volume, free composition, in which the main role is played not by the reproduction of a fact, but by the depiction of impressions, thoughts and associations. Used both in fiction and - mainly - in literary criticism and journalism.
Aesthetics(from the Greek aisthetikos - feeling, sensual) - the science of beauty in society and nature and its role in human life.
Humor(from the English humor - humor; disposition, mood, complexity) - a special type of comic that combines ridicule and sympathy, presupposes a soft smile and a gentle joke, which are based on a positive attitude towards the person depicted.
Phenomenon- part of an act in a dramatic work, during which the composition of the actors on stage remains unchanged.
Language of the work of art- a set and system of linguistic means used in a given work of art.
Language of fiction- a set and system of linguistic means used in works of art. Its originality is determined by the special tasks facing fiction, its aesthetic function, and the specifics of constructing verbal artistic images. One of the main features of the language of fiction is special attention to the structure of the linguistic sign and the assignment of aesthetic functions to this structure.
Iambic(from Greek jambos) - a two-syllable poetic meter in which the stress falls on the second syllable of the foot.
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