Russian literature of the XIX century. See what "Russian poets of the 19th century" is in other dictionaries Progressive poets and writers of the 19th century
The periodization of Russian poetry does not exactly coincide with the boundaries of the centuries. Therefore, the list of Russian poets of the 18th century also includes authors who worked at the very beginning of the 19th century, who, in a first approximation, can be characterized as authors ... ... Wikipedia
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Not to be confused with the term "Nazism". Wales Awakening, Christopher Williams, 1911. The image of Venus as an allegory for the birth of a nation Nationalism (fr. Nationalisme) ideology and policy direction, the basic principle of which is the thesis of the highest ... ... Wikipedia
The Silver Age was the heyday of Russian poetry at the beginning of the 20th century, characterized by the emergence of a large number of poets, poetic currents preaching a new aesthetics different from the old ideals. The name "Silver Age" is given by analogy ... Wikipedia
RUSSIAN JOURNALS. I. GOVERNMENT JOURNALS OF THE ERA OF THE FLOWER OF THE FORTRESS (XVIII century). As in the West, journalism appeared in Russia later than the first printed newspapers. Their appearance was caused by the development of economic and public life and, in connection with ... ... Literary encyclopedia
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RUSSIAN LITERATURE. Literature of the late 19th - early 20th centuries- The collapse of populism and the struggle between its epigones and Marxism were the most important events in Russian social life at the end of the century and significantly influenced the course literary process... Formation of literature, reflecting the characteristics of the third, ... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary
RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE 19th CENTURY and Lermontov. 1. Lermontov and Russian poetry of the 19th century. L. is the heir of the Pushkin era, who began directly from the milestone to which it was designated in Russian. poetry by A. S. Pushkin. He expressed a new position of the literature, characteristic of ... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia
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Books
- Russian poets of the 19th century. Reader,. The proposed reader has the goal of giving students of history and philology departments and teachers of literature the fullest possible understanding of the development of Russian poetry of the XIX century to ...
- Russian poets of the XIX century,. The proposed reader is aimed at giving students of history and philology faculties and teachers of literature the fullest possible understanding of the development of Russian poetry of the XIX century to ...
The list is not yet complete, since it only included questions from tickets for a general education school or the basic level (and, accordingly, did not include in-depth study or a profile level and a national school).
"Life of Boris and Gleb" late XI - early. XII century
"The Word about Igor's Regiment" end of the XII century.
W. Shakespeare - (1564 - 1616)
"Romeo and Juliet" 1592
Zh-B. Moliere - (1622 - 1673)
"Bourgeois in the nobility" 1670
M.V. Lomonosov - (1711 - 1765)
DI. Fonvizin - (1745 - 1792)
"Minor" 1782
A.N. Radishchev - (1749 - 1802)
G.R. Derzhavin - (1743 - 1816)
N.M. Karamzin - (1766 - 1826)
"Poor Lisa" 1792
J.G. Byron - (1788 - 1824)
I.A. Krylov - (1769 - 1844)
"The wolf in the kennel" 1812
V.A. Zhukovsky - (1783 - 1852)
"Svetlana" 1812
A.S. Griboedov - (1795 - 1829)
"Woe from Wit" 1824
A.S. Pushkin - (1799 - 1837)
"Belkin's Tales" 1829-1830
"Shot" 1829
"Stationmaster" 1829
"Dubrovsky" 1833
The Bronze Horseman 1833
"Eugene Onegin" 1823-1838
"The Captain's Daughter" 1836
A.V. Koltsov - (1808 - 1842)
M.Yu. Lermontov - (1814 - 1841)
"A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young oprichnik and daring merchant Kalashnikov." 1837
"Borodino" 1837
"Mtsyri" 1839
"A Hero of Our Time" 1840
"Goodbye, unwashed Russia" 1841
"Motherland" 1841
N.V. Gogol - (1809 - 1852)
"Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" 1829-1832
"The Inspector General" 1836
"Overcoat" 1839
"Taras Bulba" 1833-1842
"Dead Souls" 1842
I.S. Nikitin - (1824 - 1861)
F.I. Tyutchev - (1803 - 1873)
"There is in the autumn of the original ..." 1857
I.A. Goncharov - (1812 - 1891)
"Oblomov" 1859
I.S. Turgenev - (1818 - 1883)
"Bezhin meadow" 1851
"Asya" 1857
"Fathers and Sons" 1862
"Shchi" 1878
ON THE. Nekrasov - (1821 - 1878)
"Railway" 1864
"Who Lives Well in Russia" 1873-76
F.M. Dostoevsky - (1821 - 1881)
"Crime and Punishment" 1866
"Boy at Christ's at the Christmas Tree" 1876
A.N. Ostrovsky - (1823 - 1886)
"Our people - numbered!" 1849
"Thunderstorm" 1860
A.A. Fet - (1820 - 1892)
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin - (1826-1889)
"The Wild Landowner" 1869
"The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals" 1869
"The Wise Gudgeon" 1883
"Bear in the Voivodeship" 1884
N.S. Leskov - (1831 - 1895)
"Lefty" 1881
L.N. Tolstoy - (1828 - 1910)
"War and Peace" 1867-1869
"After the ball" 1903
A.P. Chekhov - (1860 - 1904)
"Death of an official" 1883
"Ionych" 1898
"The Cherry Orchard" 1903
M. Gorky - (1868 - 1936)
"Makar Chudra" 1892
"Chelkash" 1894
"Old woman Izergil" 1895
"At the bottom" 1902
A.A. Block - (1880 - 1921)
"Poems about a beautiful lady" 1904
"Russia" 1908
cycle "Motherland" 1907-1916
"Twelve" 1918
S.A. Yesenin - (1895 - 1925)
"I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ..." 1921
V.V. Mayakovsky (1893 - 1930)
"A good attitude towards horses" 1918
A.S. Green - (1880 - 1932)
A.I.Kuprin - (1870 - 1938)
I.A. Bunin - (1879 - 1953)
O.E. Mandelstam - (1891 - 1938)
M.A. Bulgakov - (1891 - 1940)
"White Guard" 1922-1924
"Heart of a Dog" 1925
"The Master and Margarita" 1928-1940
M.I. Tsvetaeva - (1892 - 1941)
A.P. Platonov - (1899 - 1951)
B.L. Pasternak - (1890-1960)
"Doctor Zhivago" 1955
A.A. Akhmatova - (1889 - 1966)
"Requiem" 1935-40
K.G. Paustovsky - (1892 - 1968)
"Telegram" 1946
M.A. Sholokhov - (1905 - 1984)
"Quiet Don" 1927-28
"Virgin Soil Upturned" t1-1932, t2-1959)
"The fate of man" 1956
A.T. Tvardovsky - (1910 - 1971)
"Vasily Terkin" 1941-1945
V.M. Shukshin - (1929 - 1974)
V.P. Astafiev - (1924 - 2001)
A.I. Solzhenitsyn - (born 1918)
"Matrenin Dvor" 1961
V.G. Rasputin - (born 1937)
The idea of protecting the Russian land in the works of oral folk art (fairy tales, epics, songs).
Creativity of one of the poets silver age.
Originality artistic world one of the poets of the Silver Age (for example, 2-3 poems at the choice of the examinee).
The Great Patriotic War in Russian prose. (On the example of one piece.)
The feat of a man in war. (Based on one of the works about the Great Patriotic War.)
Great theme Patriotic War in prose of the twentieth century. (On the example of one piece.)
The military theme in modern literature. (For example, one or two pieces.)
Your favorite poet in 20th century Russian literature. Reading his poems by heart.
Russian poets of the XX century about the spiritual beauty of man. Reading one poem by heart.
Features of the work of one of the modern Russian poets of the second half of the twentieth century. (at the choice of the examinee).
Your favorite poems by contemporary poets. Reading one poem by heart.
Your favorite poet. Reading one of the poems by heart.
Love theme in modern poetry... Reading one poem by heart.
Man and nature in Russian prose of the XX century. (On the example of one piece.)
Man and nature in modern literature. (For example, one or two pieces.)
Man and nature in Russian poetry of the XX century. Reading one poem by heart.
Your favorite literary hero.
Review of the book of a modern writer: impressions and evaluation.
One of the works of modern literature: impressions and evaluation.
The book of a modern writer, read by you. Your impressions and assessment.
Your peer in modern literature. (One or more works.)
Your favorite piece modern literature.
Moral problems of modern domestic prose (on the example of a work of the candidate's choice).
The main themes and ideas of modern journalism. (For example, one or two pieces.)
Heroes and problems of one of the works of contemporary Russian drama of the second half of the twentieth century. (at the choice of the examinee).
Gogol, Dostoevsky, Pushkin - the works of all these writers and poets are studied in schools, they are considered great. However, during their lifetime, not all of them could boast of worldwide fame and high income. We learned what royalties were received by the writers of the nineteenth century and what kind of life they could afford with that money.
Nikolay Gogol
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol often wrote letters from St. Petersburg to his mother. In December 1829 he sent her a report on his expenses in St. Petersburg. The writer spent more than a hundred rubles a month, receiving as an official only four hundred rubles a year in salary. It is clear from the report that without the help of his mother, Gogol big city would not have survived.
- To live here is not quite like a pig, that is, to have cabbage soup and porridge once a day is incomparably more expensive than you thought. We pay for an apartment eighty rubles a month, for some walls, firewood and water. It consists of two small rooms and the right to use the master's kitchen. Food supplies are not cheap either, he wrote to his mother.
Alexander Pushkin
Alexander Sergeevich received his first fee of 1,500 rubles for the poem Ruslan and Lyudmila. With each subsequent work, the poet's earnings increased. He received 5,400 rubles for Eugene Onegin, and 8,000 rubles for a collection of poems.
The poet did not deny himself anything, at first he rented a nine-room apartment near the English Embankment in St. Petersburg for 2,500 rubles a year, then moved to twelve rooms for 3,300 rubles a year. Last years the Pushkin family lived in the mezzanine of a house on the Moika for 4,300 rubles a year. He spent 3,500 rubles a year on food and servants, and 3,600 rubles a year for four horses. For all 17 years literary activity he earned almost 23 million rubles with modern money. If Pushkin lived now, he would receive 112 thousand rubles a month.
Mikhail Lermontov
When the noble family of the Lermontovs fell into decay, the writer was saved by his fees. They were relatively small, but sufficient for the life of a nobleman. For example, for "A Hero of Our Time" Lermontov received 1,500 rubles.
Fedor Dostoevsky
During his lifetime, Fyodor Mikhailovich was not recognized as a writer of world significance. His fees were low compared to many other writers. For example, he received 7,000 rubles for The Idiot. A lot of money, but not enough to buy your own house.
Ivan Turgenev
Ivan Sergeevich lived first in Russia, then abroad: he was a frequent guest in Paris, Germany, Austria and Italy. However, the writer always returned to his homeland: to the hereditary estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, 10 km from Mtsensk, Oryol province.
On average, Ivan Sergeevich earned about 4,000 rubles per piece. The cult novel "Fathers and Sons" brought Turgenev 4,775 rubles. According to researchers, this amount would be enough for 30 carts, a box of Bohemian glass, one hundred double blankets and a whole wardrobe of clothes.
Lev Tolstoy
One of the richest writers of that time was Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. For example, he received a huge fee for Anna Karenina - 20 thousand rubles. With this money, one could buy a house in Moscow, an oak grove in Ryazan and all the necessary furniture.
For one of the subsequent novels "Resurrection" the writer received 21,915 rubles, which would allow him to buy another big house and live in it without denying yourself anything.
The nineteenth century is the golden age of Russian literature. During this period, a whole galaxy of geniuses of the art of words, poets and prose writers was born, whose unsurpassed creative skill determined the further development of not only Russian literature, but also foreign literature.
The subtle interweaving of social realism and classicism in literature absolutely exactly corresponded to the general national ideas and canons of that time. In the 19th century, for the first time such acute social problems as the need to change priorities, rejection of outdated principles and confrontation between society and the individual began to rise.
The most significant representatives of the Russian classics of the 19th century
Such geniuses of words as A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky and A.S. Griboyedov, in their writings openly demonstrated contempt for the upper strata of society for their selfishness, vanity, hypocrisy and immorality. V.A. Zhukovsky, on the other hand, introduced dreaminess and soulful romance into Russian literature with his works. In his poems, he tried to get away from the gray and boring routine in order to show in all colors the sublime world that surrounds a person. Speaking about the Russian literary classics, one cannot fail to mention the great genius A.S. Pushkin - the poet and father of the Russian literary language. The works of this writer made a real revolution in the world of literary art. Pushkin's poetry, the story "The Queen of Spades" and the novel "Eugene Onegin" have become a stylistic presentation, which has been repeatedly used by many Russian and world writers.
Among other things, the literature of the nineteenth century was also characterized by philosophical concepts. They are most vividly revealed in the works of M.Yu. Lermontov. All my creative activity the author admired the Decembrist movements and defended freedom and human rights. His poems are saturated with criticism of the imperial power and opposition calls. In the field of drama, A.P. Chekhov. Applying a subtle but "prickly" satire, the playwright and writer ridiculed human vices and expressed contempt for the vices of the nobility. His plays from the moment of birth to the present day do not lose their relevance and continue to be staged on the stage of theaters around the world. It is also impossible not to mention the great L.N. Tolstoy, A.I. Kuprin, N.V. Gogol, etc.
Group portrait of Russian writers - members of the editorial board of the magazine "Sovremennik».
Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov, Lev Tolstoy, Dmitry Grigorovich, Alexander Druzhinin, Alexander Ostrovsky.
Features of Russian literature
In the nineteenth century, Russian realistic literature acquired an unprecedentedly high artistic perfection. Its main distinguishing feature was its identity. The second half of the 19th century in Russian literature passed with the idea of a decisive democratization of artistic creation and under the sign of an intense ideological struggle. Among other things, pathos has changed during this time frame. artistic creation, as a result of which the Russian writer was faced with the need for artistic understanding of the unusually mobile and impetuous element of life. In such an environment, literary synthesis emerged on much narrower temporal and spatial periods of life: the need for a certain localization and specialization was dictated by the special state of the world, characteristic of the era of the second half of the nineteenth century.
"Verily, this was the Golden Age of our literature,
the period of her innocence and bliss! .. "
M. A. Antonovich
M. Antonovich in his article called the "golden age of literature" early XIX century - the period of creativity of A. Pushkin and N. V. Gogol. Subsequently, this definition began to characterize the literature of the entire 19th century - up to the works of A.P. Chekhov and L.N. Tolstoy.
What are the main features of Russian classical literature of this period?
Sentimentalism, fashionable at the beginning of the century, gradually fades into the background - the formation of romanticism begins, and since the middle of the century, realism has ruled the ball.
New types of heroes appear in the literature: " small man"who most often perishes under the pressure of the foundations adopted in society and" an extra person "is a string of images, starting with Onegin and Pechorin.
Continuing the tradition of satirical depiction, proposed by M. Fonvizin, in the literature of the XIX century satirical image vices modern society becomes one of the central motives. Often, satire also takes grotesque forms. Vivid examples are Gogol's "The Nose" or "The History of a City" by ME Saltykov-Shchedrin.
One more distinctive feature literature of this period - an acute social orientation. Writers and poets are increasingly turning to social and political topics, often plunging into the field of psychology. This leitmotif permeates the works of I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy. Appears new form- Russian realistic novel, with its deep psychologism, harsh criticism of reality, irreconcilable enmity with existing foundations and loud calls for renewal.
Well main reason, which prompted many critics to call the 19th century the golden age of Russian culture: the literature of this period, despite a number of unfavorable factors, had a powerful influence on the development of world culture as a whole. Soaking up the best it has to offer world literature, Russian literature was able to remain original and unique.
Russian writers of the 19th century
V.A. Zhukovsky- a mentor of Pushkin and his Teacher. It is Vasily Andreevich who is considered the founder of Russian romanticism. We can say that Zhukovsky "paved the way" for Pushkin's courageous experiments, since he was the first to expand the scope of the poetic word. After Zhukovsky, the era of democratization of the Russian language began, which Pushkin brilliantly continued.
Selected Poems:
A.S. Griboyedov went down in history as the author of one work. But what a! Masterpiece! Phrases and quotes from the comedy "Woe from Wit" have long become winged, and the work itself is considered the first realistic comedy in the history of Russian literature.
Analysis of the work:
A.S. Pushkin... He was called differently: A. Grigoriev claimed that "Pushkin is our everything!" smart man in Russia. "Simply put, it's a Genius.
The greatest merit of Pushkin is that he radically changed the Russian literary language, saving it from pretentious abbreviations like "young, brag, sweet", from ridiculous "marshmallows", "Psyche", "Cupids", so revered in high-flown elegies, from borrowings, which then abounded in Russian poetry. Pushkin brought colloquial vocabulary, craft slang, elements of Russian folklore to the pages of printed publications.
A. N. Ostrovsky also pointed out one more important achievement of this genius poet. Before Pushkin, Russian literature was imitative, stubbornly imposing traditions and ideals alien to our people. Pushkin, on the other hand, "gave the Russian writer the courage to be Russian," "he opened the Russian soul." In his stories and novels, for the first time, the theme of the morality of the social ideals of that time is raised so vividly. And the main character, with the light hand of Pushkin, now becomes an ordinary "little man" - with his thoughts and hopes, desires and character.
Analysis of works:
M.Yu. Lermontov- bright, mysterious, with a touch of mysticism and an incredible thirst for will. All his work is a unique fusion of romanticism and realism. Moreover, both directions do not oppose at all, but, as it were, complement each other. This man went down in history as a poet, writer, playwright and artist. He penned 5 plays: the most famous - the drama "Masquerade".
And among prose works, the novel Hero of Our Time, the first realistic novel in prose in the history of Russian literature, has become a real diamond of creativity, where for the first time a writer tries to trace the “dialectic of the soul” of his hero, mercilessly subjecting him to psychological analysis. This innovative creative method of Lermontov will be used in the future by many Russian and foreign writers.
Selected works:
N.V. Gogol known as a writer and playwright, but it is no coincidence that one of his most famous works - "Dead Souls" is considered a poem. There is no other such Master of the word in world literature. Gogol's language is melodious, incredibly bright and imaginative. This was most clearly manifested in his collection "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka".
On the other hand, N. V. Gogol is considered the founder of the "natural school", with its satire bordering on the grotesque, accusatory motives and ridicule of human vices.
Selected works:
I.S. Turgenev- the greatest Russian novelist who established the canons of the classic novel. He continues the traditions established by Pushkin and Gogol. He often refers to the topic " extra person", striving to convey the relevance and significance of social ideas through the fate of his hero.
Turgenev's merit also lies in the fact that he became the first propagandist of Russian culture in Europe. He is a prose writer who opened the world of the Russian peasantry, intelligentsia and revolutionaries to the foreign countries. And the string female images in his novels became the pinnacle of the writer's skill.
Selected works:
A.N. Ostrovsky- an outstanding Russian playwright. Most precisely, I. Goncharov expressed the merits of Ostrovsky, recognizing him as the creator of the Russian folk theater. The plays of this writer became the "school of life" for the next generation of playwrights. And the Moscow Maly Theater, where most of the plays of this talented writer were staged, proudly calls itself the "House of Ostrovsky".
Selected works:
I. A. Goncharov continued to develop the traditions of the Russian realistic novel. The author of the famous trilogy, who, like no one else, managed to describe the main vice of the Russian people - laziness. With the light hand of the writer, the term "Oblomovism" also appeared.
Selected works:
L.N. Tolstoy- a real lump of Russian literature. His novels are recognized as the pinnacle of the art of romance writing. The style of presentation and creative method of L. Tolstoy are still considered the standard of the writer's skill. And his ideas of humanism had a huge impact on the development of humanistic ideas around the world.
Selected works:
N.S. Leskov- a talented follower of the traditions of N. Gogol. He made a huge contribution to the development of new genre forms in literature, such as pictures from life, rhapsodies, incredible events.
Selected works:
N.G. Chernyshevsky- an outstanding writer and literary critic, who proposed his theory of the aesthetics of the relationship of art to reality. This theory became the reference for the literature of the next several generations.
Selected works:
F.M. Dostoevsky- a genius writer whose psychological novels known all over the world. Dostoevsky is often called the forerunner of such trends in culture as existentialism and surrealism.
Selected works:
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin- the greatest satirist, who brought the art of exposure, ridicule and parody to the heights of skill.
Selected works:
A.P. Chekhov... With this name historians traditionally end the era of the golden age of Russian literature. Chekhov was recognized throughout the world during his lifetime. His stories have become a benchmark for novelist writers. And Chekhov's plays had a huge impact on the development of world drama.
Selected works:
TO late XIX centuries of the tradition of critical realism began to fade away. In a society permeated through and through with pre-revolutionary moods, mystical, partly even decadent moods have come into vogue. They became the forerunners of the emergence of a new literary direction- symbolism and marked the beginning of a new period in the history of Russian literature - the Silver Age of poetry.
- Complete biography of L.N. Tolstoy: life and work. Interesting facts from the life of fat Leo Tolstoy short biography teacher
- Report: Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich Small biography of Tolstoy
- After the "Thunderstorms Message about the play Thunderstorm
- The history of the creation of the play "The Thunderstorm" by Ostrovsky Where the drama of the Ostrovsky thunderstorm takes place