What works are suitable on the topic of good. Goodness in Russian and foreign literature: examples from books
The composition "What is kindness?" is one of the options for mini-essays offered to ninth grade graduates in the Russian language exam.
Algorithm of compilation
In order to successfully cope with the task at hand, to write a high-quality essay on the topic "What is kindness", you must use a certain algorithm. First, you need to study the statement proposed in the assignment. Next, you need to read the task itself, analyze it.
At the next stage, it is important to correctly determine the main idea of the proposed statement.
For example, the essay "What is kindness" implies an analysis of this term, the peculiarities of its manifestation.
Next, you need to think over the introduction option, which includes no more than three sentences. The mini-essay "What is kindness" involves indicating the position of the author of the statement, demonstrating one's own attitude to this problem.
Among the words that can be used in the preparation of the introduction, let us single out "the author discusses, analyzes, notes."
In order for the essay "What is kindness" to be complete and to be highly appreciated by experts, it is important to show your attitude to this issue, using the words "I agree with the author, I share the author's position, I have to agree."
In the main part of the essay, it is necessary to consider the problem in more detail, give an example from literary sources, add a description of your own experience.
In order for the essay "What is kindness" to be assessed positively, it is necessary to give at least two arguments.
Any examination essay, regardless of its subject matter, must have a conclusion. It can be started with the words "in this way", or "we are convinced that." The following is the result of the research, which was obtained by the author as a result of the analysis of the arguments.
Graduation essay scheme
An essay on the Russian language "What is kindness" can be written using one of several types of schemes.
In one version, the thesis is first used, the author's attitude to good and evil is reflected, his attitude to this phenomenon is indicated. The following are two arguments that relate to the theme of good. At the end of the reasoning, a clear conclusion is made.
According to the second scheme, an essay on the topic "What is kindness" begins with the author's statement (thesis). Further, you can imagine your own attitude to good and evil, give an example from classical literature. Then the second argument is selected, an example is given that confirms it. At the end of the essay, a conclusion is given.
First example
Here are some examples of exam papers, the topic of which is "What is kindness." Composition-reasoning can be based on different literary sources, the choice is made by the student himself.
Kindness is a positive quality that everyone on our planet should have. Only a kind person is able to help people who find themselves in difficult conditions and need support. During the war, people share the last piece of bread. In peacetime, they donate blood, helping those who are in trouble to survive. Real kindness does not come from beautiful words, but in support and understanding.
After the earthquake and tsunami hit Japan, thousands of civilians were among the victims. People from different countries of the world rushed to help the Japanese, and Russia was no exception. Folk wisdom says: "Kindness will save the world."
People have always considered goodness to be the quality that is necessary for any person. It is not for nothing that in fairy tales it always triumphs over evil.
Today everyone less people that have this amazing quality. Many adults are selfish and indifferent; they are engaged only in their own affairs and problems. Instead of normal human communication, people use computers and mobile phones. A person became dependent on the Internet, he lost his soulfulness, he lost compassion.
In my opinion, you need to think about how to do good to another person. You cannot indifferently pass by people who ask for help. If a person strives only for his own personal well-being, he ceases to be a person. A.P. Chekhov recalled: "Hurry to do good." How relevant is his statement at the present time!
Second sample
Here is another version of the final work on the topic "What is kindness." Writing-reasoning can begin with the problem of wealth and poverty.
Kindness is positive quality, which should be owned by any person on our planet. Goodness is a pleasant and light feeling that brings joy and smiles to other people. It can be compared to real happiness.
My friends believe that kind people are not capable of offending, deceiving, humiliating the dignity of another person.
In my understanding, the word "good" is disinterested help those who need support and understanding. For me, a pleasant deed will be a deed that is done at the behest of my heart.
Each person is born good, but this quality is manifested in everyone in different ways. Someone tries to support colleagues and friends, someone is happy when there are no unhappy people next to him. I am absolutely convinced that kindness is a tremendous power!
One more example
Consider what kindness is. An essay with arguments on this topic is one of the options for assignments offered to ninth grade graduates. Here is a variant of the ready-made reasoning concerning this problem.
What is kindness? You can take any definition for an essay. But they all boil down to the fact that good is a concept that has no self-interest and envy. It is associated with generosity, mercy, the desire to benefit other people.
This term is associated with love, joy, a positive attitude towards other people, wildlife. V.V. Mayakovsky reasoned in his poems about good and evil. He confirms the fine line that exists between these two terms. They are the fundamental concepts of morality.
Despite the fact that for several centuries humanity has been fighting against evil, people are in no hurry to do good. I am convinced that the situation that has developed in modern world, brings humanity closer to self-destruction. If goodness cannot protect itself, compassion and mutual understanding will disappear, people will turn into evil and insidious creatures.
The ratio of good and evil
Let's continue our conversation about what kindness is. Composition of the OGE related to this topic must be supported by arguments from literary sources. Many actions that people do are associated with good intentions. But, as you know, "the road to hell is sent with good intentions."
This expression indicates that initially people do things that are aimed at helping others, but in the end they do not always turn out to be good deeds. More and more often, evil is disguised as good.
The situation that is last years observed in the world, indicates that people cease to value good, more and more often their actions are associated only with the achievement of personal gain.
What is good
This issue should be covered in the final essay, so we will dwell on it in more detail. Good is a gift that does not imply self-interest. People help each other without demanding material benefits in return. Many Russians have an innate need to do good deeds, to help people who need it.
Unfortunately, in the world of innovative technologies, more and more attention is paid to material values and benefits, and less and less time is devoted to ordinary human relationships, communication with friends and family. Sincere warmth and responsiveness these days can be safely entered into the Red Book.
Selection of arguments for the composition
Kindness can make a person happy. Happiness and kindness can be considered two sides of the same coin. Giving his love to others, a person receives in return happiness and harmony.
An example of mutual assistance can be considered the situation that occurred in the St. Petersburg metro. Did not have indifferent people, everyone tried to help those who suffered from the terrorist's actions. This argument is a confirmation that people are able to do good without thinking about what material goods they will get it.
Conclusion
Any examination essay written by ninth grade graduates requires a certain sequence of actions. For example, if a child writes an argument about kindness on the OGE, he must first indicate a quote, show his attitude to the thought proposed by the author. In order for the essay to be credited, the student must provide at least two arguments. They are selected in accordance with the main theme of the final essay.
One of them can be taken from literary works, and the second based on personal experience. In the structure of the essay, certain sections must be observed. In the introduction, it is important to show your attitude towards kindness. The main part involves consideration of two arguments, confirmation of the importance and significance of good. In the final part of his essay, the student concludes that good deeds are extremely important, their prevalence over aggression and anger.
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
The problem of kindness and toughness is one of the main ones in the work of A.S. Pushkin. In the story "The Captain's Daughter" this problem is solved by the example of two heroes: Peter Grinev and Pugachev. At the moment of their meeting in the chapter "Leader" Grinev shows kindness towards Pugachev when he bestows a hare sheepskin coat from his shoulder on him. This noble gesture will save his life later. Grinev can be cruel, remember his quarrel with Savelich when it was necessary to repay a debt to Zurin. But even in such situations, kindness compels him to ask for forgiveness and restore good relations with the person he offended. Such behavior of the hero also does not remain unrewarded, since it is Savelich who throws himself at the feet of the executioners in order to save his kind master. Pushkin convinces us: kindness evokes reciprocal kindness even in the world of war and cruelty.
Pugachev is presented in the story as the leader of the rebels. In the chapter "The Attack" the cruelty of the rebels knows no bounds: the execution of Captain Mironov and his associates, the massacre of Vasilisa Yegorovna. Pushkin in no way softens and brightens up the scenes of violence, letting us understand how terrible the "Russian revolt - senseless and merciless" is. But presenting to us the image of a Bashkir with a torn off tongue and cut off nose and ears, Pushkin wanted to show that this cruelty is a product of the cruelty of those in power towards the common people.
Using the example of Pugachev and Grinev, the writer wanted to show an example of such a relationship when cruelty is excluded: for this, in any person you need to see a person who is worthy of respect and deserves a good attitude.
M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
In the novel "A Hero of Our Time" M.Yu. Lermontov created a strange hero who is cruel to people because he is bored and wants to have fun. Take the Grushnitsky story. After all, this young man foolishly paid with his life just for the fact that he was drawn into the game, started out of boredom by Pechorin. This "hero of the time" did unthinkably cruel treatment of Bela and her family. Father was killed, Azamat disappeared, Bela herself also died, but before that she still suffered first from Pechorin's love, and then from her absence. The writer seeks to show us how terrible a person is, for whom there is only one law - his own whims and desires. After all, Pechorin was not born that way, he simply lost all sorts of reference points.
The kindness inherent in him wakes up at times. For example, a blind boy evokes involuntary regret, the sight of a grief-stricken old woman, the mother of a Cossack who killed Vulich in a drunken stupor, awakens sympathy. He even decided to take the culprit alive, risking his life. And he did it with ease. If caring for people always lived in his heart and evoked good motives in him, he could be called a real hero.
N.V. Gogol "Overcoat"
The main idea in many works of N.V. Gogol is the idea of the wrong structure of human society, in which cruelty reigns. The story "The Overcoat" tells the story of the life and death of Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin. This is the image of a "little man" despised and humiliated by everyone. He is not able to oppose anything to his tormentors, only once his plaintive babble made him "stop and recoil in horror." young man who has not yet lost the ability to be kind. In such a world, there is nothing good for a “little” person, because even the overcoat acquired by such sacrifices was taken from him. It turns out that the wrong world rejects everyone who is kind and is not capable of cruelty, something can only be gained in it by those who take, rob, humiliate and insult another.
N.S.Leskov "Fool"
N.S. Leskov in his work addressed the theme of righteousness. He strove to find and show an image of a person who would invariably remain kind. The protagonist of the story "Fool" is such a righteous man, a source of divine kindness. He can be compared to the savior of all the unfortunate. He saves Petka from punishment with rods, substituting his own back; he himself asked to be recruited, feeling sorry for the mothers from whom they could take their sons; freed Khabibula, who had been sentenced to death by Khan-Dzhangar, probably knowing that he would be skinned alive. Panka explains all this in the following way: “I can’t stand others being tortured, ... take me and lead me to torture him instead - may my soul be happy and free from all fears”. Leskov showed the incomprehensible depth of human kindness in this work, and we are truly imbued with the spirit of "righteousness", from the height of which we evaluate all the events taking place in our life.
F.M.Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
FM Dostoevsky strove to show that it is necessary to keep kindness in your heart even in such a world in which cruelty reigns. This is the basis of the plot in the novel "Crime and Punishment". Raskolnikov, main character works, lives in a terrible world of universal bitterness. Reality evokes a violent protest, symbolically depicted in Raskolnikov's first dream: an emaciated nag is harnessed to a huge cart, which, despite a severe beating with a whip, cannot move the cart from its place. Raskolnikov wakes up in tears after such a dream. He realizes that it is impossible to live like this, and a terrible theory arises in his head, according to which he can get relief from all suffering, rising above others, only for this he needs to learn how to kill. Paradoxically, but true: a person suffering from cruelty himself becomes cruel. The murder of the old woman-pawnbroker, whom Raskolnikov had planned to sacrifice for himself and because of her worthlessness and harmfulness, entails another murder, already unjustified. This double crime burdens Raskolnikov's conscience with an unbearable burden and makes him suffer and suffer. The main test is loneliness, which leads him to Sonya Marmeladova. And here he sees a completely different attitude to life. Sonya is kindness embodied, "an inexhaustible well", according to Raskolnikov's definition: "They dug it up and use it." The source of such all-encompassing kindness is a deep faith in eternal life, in which Raskolnikov did not at first believe. Reading together about the resurrection of Lazarus is a turning point in the fate of the protagonist. After that, he decided to humble himself, repent and accept the punishment for all the evil that he had committed. Thus, we can say that cruelty is disbelief in one's immortality, and kindness is confidence in eternal life, which is possible only in God, who calls: "Therefore, walk in the path of the good and adhere to the paths of the righteous, for the righteous will live on earth." ...
Elena Pavlovna Gorshkova
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Good and evil in the works of Russian literature
Scientific work
Completed by: Gorshkova Elena Pavlovna
Pupil of grade 11 A of school number 28
Checked by: Olga Nikolaevna Sabaeva
Russian language teacher and
literature school number 28
Nizhnekamsk, 2012
1. Introduction 3
2. "Life of Boris and Gleb" 4
3. A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" 5
4. M.Yu. Lermontov "Demon" 6
5. F.M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov" and "Crime and Punishment" 7
6. A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" 10
7. M.A. Bulgakov " White Guard"And" The Master and Margarita "12
8. Conclusion 14
9. List of used literature 15
1. Introduction
In my work, we will talk about good and evil. The problem of good and evil is an eternal problem that worried and will worry humanity. When fairy tales are read to us in childhood, then in the end good always wins in them, and the fairy tale ends with the phrase: "And they all lived happily ever after ...". We grow, and over time it becomes clear that this is not always the case. However, it does not happen that a person is absolutely pure in soul, without a single flaw. There are flaws in each of us, and there are many of them. But this does not mean that we are evil. We have a lot of good qualities. So the theme of good and evil arises already in ancient Russian literature. As they say in “The Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh”: “... Think, my children, how merciful God is to us and how merciful is God. We are sinful and mortal people, and yet, if someone does us harm, we are ready, it seems, to pin him down and take revenge on the spot; and the Lord to us, the Lord of life (life) and death, tolerates our sins for us, although they exceed our heads, and throughout our life, like a father who loves his child, he punishes and again draws us to Himself. He showed us how to get rid of the enemy and defeat him - with three virtues: repentance, tears and alms ... ".
"Instruction" - not only literary work, but also an important monument of social thought. Vladimir Monomakh, one of the most authoritative Kiev princes, is trying to convince his contemporaries of the perniciousness of internecine strife - Russia, weakened by internal hostility, will not be able to actively resist external enemies.
In my work, I want to trace how this problem has evolved in different authors at different times. Of course, I will dwell in more detail only on individual works.
2. "Life of Boris and Gleb"
We meet a pronounced opposition of good and evil in the work Old Russian literature"The Life and Ruin of Boris and Gleb", which belongs to the pen of Nestor, a monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery. Historical background events is as follows. In 1015, the old prince Vladimir dies, wishing to appoint his son Boris as heir, who was not in Kiev at that time. Boris's brother Svyatopolk, planning to seize the throne, orders to kill Boris and his younger brother Gleb. Miracles begin to happen near their bodies, abandoned in the steppe. After the victory of Yaroslav the Wise over Svyatopolk, the bodies were reburied and the brothers were proclaimed saints.
Svyatopolk thinks and acts at the instigation of the devil. The "historiographic" introduction to life corresponds to the idea of the unity of the world historical process: the events that took place in Russia are only a special case of the eternal struggle between God and the devil - good and evil.
The Life of Boris and Gleb is a story about the martyrdom of the saints. The main theme also determined the artistic structure of such a work, the opposition of good and evil, martyr and tormentor, dictated special tension and "poster" straightforwardness of the culminating scene of the murder: it should be long and didactic.
Alexander Pushkin looked at the problem of good and evil in his own way in the novel "Eugene Onegin".
3. A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
The poet does not divide his characters into positive and negative. He gives each of the heroes several conflicting assessments, forcing him to look at the heroes from several points of view. Pushkin wanted to achieve maximum likeness to life.
Onegin's tragedy lies in the fact that he rejected Tatyana's love, fearing to lose his freedom, and could not break with the light, realizing its insignificance. In a depressed state of mind, Onegin left the village and "began his wanderings." The hero who returned from the trip does not look like the former Onegin. Now he will not be able, as before, to go through life, completely ignoring the feelings and experiences of people with whom he encountered, and think only of himself. He has become much more serious, more attentive to those around him, now he is capable of strong feelings that completely capture him and shake his soul. And then fate again brings him to Tatiana. But Tatyana refuses him, since she was able to see that selfishness, that selfishness that lay at the basis of his feelings for her .. In Tatyana they say offended feelings: it was her turn to scold Onegin for not being able to discern all the depth in her in time her soul.
In Onegin's soul there is a struggle between good and evil, but, in the end, good wins. We do not know about the further fate of the hero. But perhaps he would have become Decembrists, which led to the whole logic of the development of a character that has changed under the influence of a new circle of life impressions ..
4. M. Yu. Lermontov "Demon"
The theme runs through all the poet's work, but I want to dwell only on this work, because in it the problem of good and evil is considered very sharply. The demon, the personification of evil, loves the earthly woman Tamara and is ready for her sake to be reborn for good, but Tamara is by nature incapable of responding to his love. The earthly world and the world of spirits cannot come together, the girl dies from one kiss of the Demon, and his passion remains unquenched.
At the beginning of the poem, the Demon is evil, but by the end it becomes clear that this evil can be eradicated. Tamara initially represents good, but she causes suffering to the Demon, since she cannot respond to his love, which means that she becomes evil for him.
5.F.M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov"
The history of the Karamazovs is not just a family chronicle, but a typified and generalized image of contemporary intellectual Russia. This epic work about the past, present and future of Russia. From the point of view of the genre, it is a complex work. It is a fusion of "life" and "novel", philosophical "poems" and "teachings", confessions, ideological disputes and court speeches. The main problematic is the philosophy and psychology of "crime and punishment", the struggle between "God" and "devil" in the souls of people.
Dostoevsky formulated the main idea of the novel The Brothers Karamazov in the epigraph “Truly, truly I say to you: if a grain of wheat, falling into the ground, does not die, it will bear much fruit” (Gospel of John). This is the thought of a renewal inevitably occurring in nature and in life, which is certainly accompanied by the dying of the old. The breadth, tragedy, and irresistibility of the process of the renewal of life were explored by Dostoevsky in all its depth and complexity. The thirst for overcoming the ugly and ugly in consciousness and actions, the hope for moral revival and initiation into a pure, righteous life overwhelm all the heroes of the novel. Hence the "tear", the fall, the frenzy of the heroes, their despair.
In the center of this novel is the figure of a young commoner Rodion Raskolnikov, who succumbed to new ideas, new theories that are worn in society. Raskolnikov is a thinking person. He creates a theory in which he tries not only to explain the world, but also to develop his own morality. He is convinced that humanity is divided into two categories: some - "have the right", and others - "trembling creatures", which serve as "material" for history. The schismatics came to this theory as a result of observations of contemporary life, in which the minority is allowed everything, and the majority - nothing. The division of people into two categories inevitably raises the question of what type of person he himself belongs to. And to find out this, he decides on a terrible experiment, he plans to sacrifice an old woman - a usurer who, in his opinion, brings only harm, and therefore deserves death. The action of the novel is structured as a refutation of Raskolnikov's theory and his subsequent recovery. By killing the old woman, Raskolnikov placed himself outside of society, including even his beloved mother and sister. The feeling of being cut off and lonely becomes a terrible punishment for a criminal. Raskolnikov is convinced that he was mistaken in his hypothesis. He experiences the anguish and doubts of an "ordinary" criminal. At the end of the novel, Raskolnikov takes the Gospel in his hands - this symbolizes the spiritual break of the hero, the victory of the good beginning in the hero's soul over his pride, which gives rise to evil.
Raskolnikov, it seems to me, is generally a very contradictory personality. In many episodes modern man it is difficult to understand: many of his statements are refuted by each other. Raskolnikov's mistake is that he did not see in his idea the crime itself, the evil that he committed.
Raskolnikov's condition is characterized by the author with words such as "gloomy", "depressed", "indecisive". I think this shows the incompatibility of Raskolnikov's theory with life. Although he is convinced that he is right, this conviction is not very certain. If Raskolnikov were right, then Dostoevsky would not have described the events and his feelings in gloomy yellow tones, but in light ones, but they appear only in the epilogue. He was wrong that he took on the role of God, had the courage to decide for Him who should live, who should die.
Raskolnikov always vacillates between faith and unbelief, good and evil, and Dostoevsky fails to convince the reader, even in the epilogue, that the Gospel truth has become Raskolnikov's truth.
So in the search, mental anguish and dreams of Raskolnikov, his own doubts were reflected, internal struggle, disputes with himself, which Dostoevsky incessantly leads.
6. A. N. Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm"
AN Ostrovsky in his work "The Thunderstorm" also touches upon the theme of good and evil.
In Thunderstorm, according to the critic, “the mutual relations of tyranny and speechlessness are brought to the most tragic consequences. He considers Katerina Dobrolyubov a force that can withstand the bone old world, a new force brought up by this kingdom and its tremendous foundation.
The play "The Thunderstorm" contrasts the two strong and solid characters of Katerina Kabanova, a merchant's wife, and her mother-in-law Martha Kabanova, who has long been nicknamed Kabanikha.
The main difference between Katerina and Kabanikha, the difference that pushes them to different poles, is that following the traditions of antiquity for Katerina is a spiritual need, and for Kabanikha it is an attempt to find the necessary and only support in anticipating the collapse of the patriarchal world. She does not ponder the essence of the order that protects, she emasculated the meaning, content from it, leaving only the form, thereby turning it into a dogma. A beautiful essence old traditions and customs she turned into a meaningless rite, which made them unnatural. You can say the Kabanikha in "The Thunderstorm" (as well as the Wild) personifies a phenomenon characteristic of a crisis state patriarchal order life, and not originally inherent in it. The deadly effect of wild boars and wild on living life with particular evidence it manifests itself precisely when life forms are deprived of their former content and are already preserved as museum relics. Katerina, on the other hand, is best qualities patriarchal life in their pristine purity.
Thus, Katherine belongs to the patriarchal world - in all its other characters. The artistic purpose of the latter is to outline the reasons for the doom to ruin of the patriarchal world as completely and multi-structure as possible. Thus, Varvara learned to deceive and take advantage of the opportunity; she, like Kabanikha, follows the principle: “do what you want, as long as it is sewn and covered.” It turns out that Katerina in this drama is good, and the rest of the characters are representatives of evil.
7.M.A.Bulgakov "White Guard"
The novel tells about the events of 1918-1919, when Kiev was abandoned by German troops who surrendered the city to the Petliurists. The officers of the former tsarist army were betrayed at the mercy of the enemy.
In the center of the story is the fate of one such officer's family. For the Turbins, a sister and two brothers, the fundamental concept is honor, which they understand as serving the fatherland. But in the twists and turns Civil war the fatherland ceased to exist, and the familiar landmarks disappeared. Turbines are trying to find a place for themselves in the changing world before our eyes, to preserve their humanity, the goodness of the soul, not to get embittered. And the heroes succeed.
The novel sounds an appeal to the Higher powers, which must save people in a period of timelessness. Alexei Turbin has a dream in which both Whites and Reds fall into heaven (Paradise), because both are loved by God. This means that in the end, good must win.
The devil, Woland, comes to Moscow with an audit. He watches over the Moscow bourgeoisie and pronounces a sentence on them. The culmination of the novel is Woland's ball, after which he learns the story of the Master. Woland takes the Master under his protection.
After reading a novel about himself, Yeshua (in the novel he is a representative of the forces of Light) decides that the Master, the creator of the novel, is worthy of Peace. The master and his beloved die, and Woland escorts them to the place where they now have to live. This is a pleasing home, the very embodiment of an idyll. Thus, a person who is tired of the battles of life gets what he was striving for with his soul. Bulgakov hints that besides the posthumous state, it is defined as "Peace", there is another higher state - "Light", but the Master is not worthy of the Light. Researchers are still arguing why the Master is denied the Light. In this sense, the statement of I. Zolotussky is interesting: “It is the Master himself who punishes himself for the fact that love has left his soul. Those who leave home or whom love leaves do not deserve the Light ... Even Woland is lost in front of this tragedy of fatigue, the tragedy of the desire to leave the world, to leave life. "
Bulgakov's novel about the eternal struggle between good and evil. This work, dedicated not to the fate of a certain person, family or even a group of people somehow connected with each other, - he examines the fate of all mankind in his historical development... The time interval of almost two millennia, separating the action of the novel about Jesus and Pilate and the novel about the Master, only emphasizes that the problems of good and evil, freedom of the human spirit, his relationship with society are eternal, persistent problems, relevant for a person of any era.
Bulgakov's Pilate is not at all shown as a classic villain. The procurator does not want Yeshua to be evil; cowardice led him to cruelty and social injustice. It is fear that makes good, intelligent and brave people a blind weapon of evil will. Cowardice is an extreme expression of internal subordination, lack of freedom of spirit, dependence of a person. It is especially dangerous because, once resigned to it, a person is no longer able to get rid of it. Thus, the powerful procurator turns into a miserable, weak-willed creature. But the vagabond philosopher is strong in his naive faith in goodness, which neither fear of punishment nor the spectacle of universal injustice can take away from him. In the image of Yeshua, Bulgakov embodied the idea of goodness and unchanging faith. Despite everything, Yeshua continues to believe that there are no evil, bad people in the world. He dies on the cross with this faith.
The clash of opposing forces is most vividly presented at the end of A. Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, when Woland and his retinue leave Moscow. What do we see? “Light” and “darkness” are on the same level. The world is not ruled by Woland, but Yeshua is not ruled by the world either.
8 Conclusion
What is good and what is evil on earth? As you know, two opposite forces cannot but enter into a struggle with each other, therefore, the struggle between them is eternal. As long as man exists on earth, good and evil will exist. Thanks to evil, we understand what good is. And good, in turn, reveals evil, illuminating a person's path to truth. There will always be a struggle between good and evil.
Thus, I came to the conclusion that the forces of good and evil in the world of literature are equal. They exist side by side in the world, constantly fighting, arguing with each other. And their struggle is eternal, because there is no person on Earth who has never committed a sin in his life, and there is no such person who would completely lose the ability to do good.
9.List of used literature
1. SF Ivanov "Introduction to the Temple of the Word." Ed. 3rd, 2006
2. Large school encyclopedia, volume 2.2003
3. Bulgakov MA, plays, novels. Comp., Entry. and note. V.M. Akimov. True, 1991
4. Dostoevsky F.M. "Crime and Punishment": Novel - M .: Olympus; TKO AST, 1996
Since the beginning of the creation of the world, there have been two kingdoms in the world: light and darkness. There is an eternal struggle between them. People have always been interested in that unknown mysterious line between good and evil, which humanity has tried, and has tried, not unsuccessfully, to overcome.
So, what is kindness and what is its role in psychology and human life? Why, when it is in oblivion, is absent or not enough, people turn off the road and often perish for society, bringing only grief, disappointment and misfortune to the world, and then we say that evil triumphs?
The concept of kindness includes cordiality, unselfishness. It is no coincidence that the word "moral" has its root in languages different nations concepts such as "will", "desire", "courage", "courage", "friendly", "hero", etc.
Nobility is an inalienable sign of kindness, and it is this that has the strongest influence on souls. In the work "Doctor Zhivago" by Boris Pasternak, the main actor is Yuri Andreevich Zhivago. This is a doctor who comes from the family of a ruined intellectual. The assignment by Pasternak of the profession of doctor Yuri Andreevich is not accidental. The Doctor symbolizes the neutrality between the two opposing camps. Zhivago devoted his whole life to his beloved people, often sacrificing himself. Living with his beloved woman, in safety, comfort, he leaves home to save her life. Yuri Andreevich has a sensitive, kind and sympathetic character. In his understanding, life must be lived in such a way that people remember only good things about you. It was difficult for Doctor Zhivago; faced with stupid, callous people. But the craving for good and the hope for a better future always saved him. Once captured, Zhivago sees before him the bloody horror of the revolution. Innocent victims perish before his eyes, he himself is in mortal danger. Nor does he feel fear for his own life. Yuri Andreevich reflects on the fate of Russia, worries about all of humanity. This is what true kindness means! Solve global problems without thinking about your destiny. Doing disinterested good for different people Zhivago does not forget about his loved ones, from whom he was separated by the will of fate. "Wartime required difficult decisions, and yet the criteria of mercy and humanism should determine the actions of people." Such a person was Dr. Zhivago. And this is truly humane! Humanity can only hope that in its ranks there are still such noble people who, without any self-interest, sincerely try to help people.
Kindness is, first of all, the need to be firm and courageous, for it is a kind person who must be the first to fight ugliness and evil, be completely irreconcilable to them. You needed help - give it back, there was a misfortune with someone - rush to the rescue, without reasoning, forgetting everything and everyone. Kindness is straightforwardness, a huge, unlimited capacity of the heart. And it is tested, first of all, on the attitude towards the defenseless. There is a wonderful story by L. Voronkova "A Girl from the City". I read this story in early childhood, I remember the story about a little orphan girl for a long time. The story takes place during the war. Refugees came to the village of Nechayevo, among whom was Valentinka, a little girl who had lost her parents and younger brother. Aunt Daria, who sheltered Valentine, was the mother of two children. Despite this, she treated her like her own daughter: Daria has no doubts that she did the right thing by taking the girl. In a letter to her husband at the front, she writes: “... And I took Valentine's girl into the house - an orphan, a refugee. I think I did well ... ”But the village did not think so. They tried to persuade Daria not to take Valya, they laughed in the face of a woman who had done a wonderful deed. The villagers laughed at Valentine, timid and shy. But Daria did not give her offense and gradually everyone got used to the new resident. And Valya, trusting people, listening to the conversations of Daria's children, understood that Taiska and Roman did not realize that mother's love and kindness, which she herself, quite recently, had been deprived of. And therefore, at first closed, Valentine opens her soul in front of children to show that good feelings are more important than anything in the world. Even the formidable grandfather thaws under the warmth of Vali, he takes the girl into the forest to show her the forest flowers, he is surprised at how much the city girl knows. On Daria's birthday, Valentinka, on the advice of Taiska, paints flowers on the tabletop with red paint, thinking that this is the best gift she ever made. And this, indeed, turns out to be so, Daria is happy that the girl accepted her. Under the wing of the "new" mother, Valentine finds herself protection from evil people, new house and many new friends. And Daria's reward was the word - mother - that Valentine did not dare to say to her for a long time.
Kindness was created by man, it is not inherited at conception, it is not awarded with a passport. It must be created anew every time, in every new person.
The correct description of goodness is given in his monograph "Categories of Ethics" by Associate Professor of the Ural University named after A.M. Gorky - L.M. Argangelsky: “Goodness generalized includes the content of the entire set of norms, principles, morals of a given class or society as a whole, acts as the moral foundation of duty, conscience, honor, happiness. In a broad sense, goodness and kindness is the desire to give complete happiness to all of humanity. It is kindness that will become the main criterion in relations between people in the coming century, when the horror of war will disappear forever, and the vices that eat away at the old human society will disappear.
It seems that such a historical phenomenon should be considered as the highest form of public good: we fought to the death with German troops, suffered unheard-of losses in this war, and made huge sacrifices. But as soon as the hour of victory struck, with the same dedication we began to help the German people, deceived by Hitler and his pack, to build new life... This is great brotherly kindness. One of the best examples of such kindness is B. Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet ..." How great was the mutual understanding in the detachment of the commandant - foreman Vaskov " victory, their pure kind hearts were so great that it helped them to accomplish the feat. Didn't faith in themselves and in their comrades help them to accomplish the impossible? In Vasiliev's story, the most terrible misfortune of mankind is war. And where, if not in trouble, friends are known and the best qualities of a person are tested. Boris Vasiliev was able to restore a terrible picture: horror, blood, murder, but the main thing is that in his work he was able to convey the feelings, experiences of people who stood up to defend their homeland. After all, very young girls who had lived so little, who had not yet managed to experience the main feelings in their lives, went to the war. Some, like Galya Chetvertak, have not yet known love, someone, like Rita Osyanina, left a sick mother and little son, and someone, like Zhenya Komelkova, was only dreaming of the future. And so these young girls fell into a trap that threatened to slam shut if friends did not rush to your aid. The feeling of kindness that existed between them strengthened their strength, forced them to go into an unequal battle, but with a firm belief in an early victory. They all accomplished the feat. Although it was already a feat that they decided to go to the front together with the men. Rita Osyanina, seriously wounded, knowing that the wound is fatal, kills herself so as not to be a burden on the way. Zhenya Komelkova takes the Germans away and dies, but this saves the only survivor Fedot Vaskov. The story ends tragically, but the author does not give up hope that there are many people in the world who are ready to sacrifice themselves for the salvation of mankind.
A. Solzhenitsyn has a story called "Matrenin's Dvor". This work is autobiographical. It tells how a teacher arrived at a new place of work and was looking for a place to live. They pointed to Matryona's house. It was an ugly little house, an old one. But the hostess was a wonderful woman. Matryona was not young, and she was often ill, but she always tried to please the guest. She got up early, cooked dinner: for the teacher, for herself and for the dirty white goat, the only one in her household. Reliable Matryona Vasilievna always tried to help people; to everyone who asked her for help, she was always ready to help. From conversations with Matryona, the teacher learned that she was married, but her husband died at the front. The children, and there were six of them, died one after the other. And Matryona's adopted daughter, Kira, got married and lives in a neighboring village. Matryona left her house as an inheritance. The teacher learned that Matryona Vasilyevna has three sisters who do not even visit her because they are afraid that she will ask them for help.
Matryona lived on a small pension, which she was given because she spent all her life, sparing no effort, worked on a collective farm. To receive this miserable pension, Matryona Vasilyevna had to write applications for several years and carry them to the general store, which stands on the edge of the village. This is how Matryona lived, not causing harm to anyone, doing good around herself. But it was not her destiny to live quietly and peacefully, the brother of her deceased husband decided to move Matryona's hut to another village so that Kira could settle in it. Matryona went with them to help. But when they were crossing the railway, a train started and Matryona rushed to push the sleigh away, she managed to, but died herself. Her nephew was also hit by the wheels. And on the day of the funeral they gathered in matryona yard her three sisters, an adopted daughter and Fadey with her family. Matryona's sisters sighed and cried, but greed shone in their eyes. The sisters had one thought in their minds: "Who will get Matryona's house?" Sincerely about death beautiful woman only Cyrus da Matryona, Fadey's wife, was worried. Only they understood what kind of a good person he was. The teacher, who was left alone in the house, immediately felt what Matryona's presence meant. Without the mistress, the house was empty, the comfort of home disappeared. It was bitter for the teacher that Matryona's relatives did not know what a wonderful person she was ...
So, kindness to people arises in the experience of a humane attitude towards all living things and this question is far from idle, because a person begins with simple feelings and actions - with concern for nature, for the elder, with an answer for the weak, with compassion for his neighbor. These qualities will then be melted down, socially enriched, and become larger.
You don't have to be sentimental at all to feel sorry for a living, small creature doomed to death - this is a natural, almost unconscious movement of the soul. Remember in Tolstoy's Cossacks: “... Eroshka raised his head and began to gaze intently at the moths that hovered over the fluttering candle fire and fell into it. “Fool, fool,” he said, “Where are you flying? ... Burn, fool, fly here, there is a lot of space,” he said in a gentle voice, trying with his thick fingers to politely catch her by the wings and let her go. “You are ruining yourself, but I feel sorry for you ...” The old Grebenskoy Cossack is driven by a powerful feeling of goodness to all living things, and therefore actively opposes the blind elements of destruction.
A person should be a friend to all living things. This truth, as old as the world, helps moral growth. Cruelty is born easily, and it is especially easy to poison the soul of a little one with it. If a person at the most tender age does not have a vivid imagination and is not able to imagine, feel someone else's pain as his own, regardless of who is experiencing it, even a cat, then be sure that his adult, hardened over the years, is unlikely to be embarrassed by human suffering and pain.
Mercy! An ancient Russian word meaning mercy of the heart, compassion for the weak, defenseless, defeated. It has become rare, unfortunately, this is a wise human word. A person who understands beauty is almost always kind at heart. We often speak coldly and ironically of pity. In Russian literature, the word "pity" has always been given a place of honor, and it was synonymous with the word "love". To pity the weak, including the dumb animal, means to glorify kindness, one of the most revered and wonderful human qualities, which has no value. And pity - in the broadest sense, precisely in the sense of love - is taught and learned from childhood. Mercy in relationships is a direct, as if impulsive movement of the soul; it is by its nature imprudent, disinterested.
O. de Balzac wrote: "The fabric of our life is woven from entangled threads, good and evil coexist in it." And it’s true - we are constantly faced with the choice of what to do, humanely or heartlessly? But sometimes it is impossible to predict the consequences of our actions. In his works, A.S. Pushkin shows the reader different situations in which kindness and cruelty are connected, but each has its own outcome.
Kindness
- (Good and evil return like a boomerang) In the story "The Captain's Daughter", the protagonist, even though young, can act rashly, but always tries to do everything according to his conscience. When Pugachev helped him in a blizzard (then the young man did not yet know who he was), Grinev ordered the servant to give him a good hare sheepskin coat as a token of gratitude. Before that, he invited the counselor to drink wine with them and warm up. In this work, goodness gave rise to goodness: during the mass executions, Pugachev saved a young officer (although he did not swear allegiance to him), because he remembered that he treated him humanly. Thus, good deeds are returned to the person who did them.
- (Kindness is the norm of behavior in society) The protagonist of the novel of the same name, Eugene Onegin, was kind to Tatiana, who, in a fit of feelings, wrote him a letter about her attitude towards him, which was quite reckless in the 19th century. The man did not laugh at her, kept this message a secret and honestly refused her love: "Believe (conscience is the guarantee), marriage will be a torment for us." He confessed to Tatiana that if he were looking for a wife, he would not have found anyone better than her, but he was not worthy of her "perfections" and would not make her happy. Pushkin noted that on the part of Onegin, such a conversation was noble: "Our friend acted very nicely with the sad Tanya." This behavior, however, does not make Eugene a righteous man; he did what was customary in secular circles: he did not "wash dirty linen in public" and returned the incriminating papers to their owner. Every self-respecting nobleman behaved this way and not another, and this is the norm of life, not a moral feat. If the hero divulged this secret and disgraced the young lady, he would simply cease to be accepted and noticed in society.
- (What qualities are inherent in a kind person?) V children's work"The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" the old man catches a goldfish and, in response to pleas to let it go, gently replies: "God be with you, goldfish!" I don’t need your ransom; Go yourself into the blue sea, Take a walk there for yourself in the open. " These words reflect the kindness and disinterestedness of the hero, who marveled at the miracle and did not begin to destroy him. Every time the old woman sent him to the fish to ask for new riches, the old man treated her respectfully, "with a bow." Despite the tyranny of the wife to whom he obeyed, he was able to retain his kindness. Perhaps that is why the fish fulfilled wishes: she wanted to repay the kind-hearted person who let her go without any conditions. Thus, selflessness is the basis of virtue.
- (Kindness is strength, not weakness) In one of the "Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin," Pushkin shows that kindness is inherent only in strong individuals who completely control their emotions and actions. In The Shot, the main character Silvio wanted to take revenge on the offender by shooting him after the wedding with his beloved woman, thereby causing pain not only to the man who insulted him, but also to his wife. In the years of his stormy youth, Silvio clashed with a rich and noble nobleman, who publicly humiliated him, and during the duel he behaved indifferently and disrespectfully: "He stood under a pistol, picking out ripe cherries from his cap and spitting out bones that reached me." Then the hero decided to wait for the moment when his opponent would not care about his life, and retained the right to shoot. Silvio had been waiting for revenge for six years, but at the last moment changed his cruel decision and left the count alive: "I am satisfied: I saw your confusion, your timidity ... I betray you to your conscience." The hero could take an extreme step - murder - but the inner strength and kindness of the duelist saved his offender. Such a decision was not easy for him, he hesitated, but subdued his raging feelings and showed mercy, refusing easy prey. This achievement shows the strength of his character, a weak person would not be able to control himself and would throw out all the accumulated evil outside.
- (The price of kindness is self-sacrifice) In the poem “ Prisoner of the Caucasus The Circassian woman, although she received a refusal of love from a Russian prisoner, saves him in the end: she comes to him at night and she saws through his shackles herself. The girl, who fell in love with the young man with all her heart, refuses to run with him when he proposes to her: she understood that her love was not mutual, but she did not want to suffer anymore. The Circassian woman frees the young man at the moment when he has a chance to escape - the Russians were fighting not far away, to which he finally gets to. The girl herself kills herself: "Suddenly the waves rustled dully, and a distant groan is heard ...". So, she completely lets go of the person she loved - he is not shackled by any chains, or her feelings, or a desire to repay for her kindness. Obviously, the refusal of personal happiness was not easy for the heroine, and she sacrificed herself in order to do a good deed. Without this sacrifice, such nobility would be impossible, which means that the willingness to help a person at the cost of their suffering is an obligatory attribute of generous and merciful people.
Cruelty
However, the heroes, about whom Pushkin writes, have not only nobility and virtue, but also cruelty and injustice.
- (Cowardice is the mother of cruelty) Onegin acts ugly with his friend Lensky: he begins to flirt with his bride, at the reception he dances only with her, and all for the sake of petty revenge - the young poet asked him to stop by Tatiana's name day and assured that there would be a narrow circle of friends, but In fact: "In the morning, the Larins' house is full of guests ...". The annoyed man deliberately angers Lensky, and when he challenges him to a duel, he does not refuse, although he understands that he himself was wrong: he should not have laughed so cruelly at the young man's sincere feelings. But the quarrel involved the "old duelist" Zaretsky, who, if Onegin did not accept the challenge, could spread rumors about his cowardice. Evgeny is afraid public opinion, therefore, prefers to participate in a bloody performance for the needs of the crowd. In a duel, the main character kills his friend, although his death is meaningless. So, cowardice gave rise to cruelty, which caused the death of an innocent young man.
- (Is there a valid excuse for cruelty?) In the story "Dubrovsky" the reader also sees a spat between two friends, which leads to the death of one of them. Barin Kirila Petrovich Troekurov and the ruined landowner Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky were comrades in the service, and then became friends. A rich nobleman respected his colleague, and he was not afraid to contradict him if he did not agree with something. Once Kirila Petrovich brought guests to his kennel, which he loved to boast of. Andrei Gavrilovich was a little jealous, but rightly noted that not all people live as well as the dogs of his friend. Then one of the hounds was offended and hinted that not all nobles have such wonderful and warm estates as "any local kennels." Everyone began to laugh, and Dubrovsky, for whom it was humiliating, left. Thus began an unfair and brutal war between two friends. Troekurov, completely furious and not thinking about his actions, fraudulently takes away his estate from an impoverished nobleman. This cruel act severely crippled old Dubrovsky - his mind became clouded, and a few days later he died. For Kirila Petrovich, this victory did not mean anything: "By nature he was not greedy, the desire for revenge lured him too far, his conscience grumbled." But his evil and cruel actions and words cost his honest friend and good nobleman his life. Thus, even the hero himself understood that his actions could not be justified by a compelling motive, they were the result of a quarrel, in which, by and large, the insolent servant was to blame. Cruelty cannot be justified by any reason, because it is always not equivalent to it.
- (Who can be called a cruel person?) In the story "The Captain's Daughter" there is a hero who cannot evoke positive feelings in any way - this is Aleksey Ivanovich Shvabrin. Throughout the entire work, he acts low and unworthy. He changed his oath, joined Pugachev and denounced his former comrades. He locked captain's daughter in the room and blackmailed her into becoming his wife. He regularly tried to frame the main character, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev: at first he whispered something to the leader of the rebels, which is why he did not even ask the young man if he would join his ranks; then, when Shvabrin was arrested, he wrote a denunciation to the general on the rival, as if he had served as a spy for Pugachev. It would seem that it is time to forget all past grievances and try to improve, but Shvabrin's cruel and cunning soul is not capable of virtue. Alexei knew what to count on when writing denunciations against an officer. Fortunately, there was someone to stand up for the kind and honest Grinev, so the plans of the vengeful hero did not come true. Thus, seeing the unfair and vile actions of a man, we can conclude that he is cruel by nature, because he has never repented for his actions, has never felt the reproach of his conscience, which means that he considers them justified and natural.
- (Domestic violence and its consequences) Pushkin describes cruelty towards his father in "The Station Keeper", which is included in the cycle "Belkin's Tale". Dunya, the beautiful daughter of Samson Vyrin, station superintendent, leaves with a rich master. She leaves her parent without telling him anything, because she understood that he would not let her go, since he would not believe in the sincere feelings of the young. But Dunya acts ungratefully and extremely cruelly: she leaves her old father in poverty, although he nursed and cherished his only child. Samson Vyrin tried to meet and talk to his daughter, but Dunya, blinded by luxury and love, did not want this. Perhaps she was ashamed in front of her father, and therefore she decided to visit him only after many years. Alas, she did not find him alive. Thus, the girl's cruelty and selfishness drove her parent to death, because after Minsky kicked him out, he drank and died of melancholy. These are the tragic consequences of family atrocities.
- (What is he doing kind people cruel?) In the "little tragedy" "Mozart and Salieri" envy of a colleague's musical talent gave rise to the protagonist's desire to kill a friend. This is what happens in the second scene of the play: the great composer drinks the poison that Salieri planted on him. Mozart's genius, however, did not affect his character in any way: he was very open, common man, listened with pleasure to the blind violinist at the inn. His antipode and murderer did not have such a talent. All his successes are the results of the hard work of a musician, so he highly appreciated the same hardworking people. Everything was easier for Mozart, and this caused such strong envy on the part of Salieri that he brutally kills the one who considered him his friend and believed him. The hero tries to justify himself by the fact that Mozart's genius is of no use to others, because no one can learn anything from him. But these are only tricks of conscience, because before this incident, the composer did not envy anyone, and even more so did not persecute anyone. It was the false belief in the injustice of fate that caused the man's bitterness: black envy ruined his soul.
Thus, Pushkin shows in his works different situations in which the heroes perform kind and cruel deeds. The author appreciates the mercy shown by them towards other people, regardless of their position. The Spanish writer M. Cervantes believed that "cruelty cannot be a companion of valor." So it is with Pushkin: not a single inhuman action had favorable consequences.
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