The most famous Russian writers and their works. The most famous Russian writers and their works Russian writers and their works
01/17/2016 at 18:22 · Pavlofox · 20 880
Top 10. The best works of Russian classics
Many of us have school days There remains the conviction that for the most part Russian classics are rather boring and unimaginably drawn out works of several hundred pages about the hardships of life, mental suffering and the philosophical quests of the main characters. We have collected Russian classics that are impossible not to read to the end.
10. Anatoly Pristavkin “The golden cloud spent the night”
“The golden cloud spent the night” by Anatoly Pristavkin is a piercingly tragic story that happened to the orphaned twin brothers Sashka and Kolka Kuzmin, who were evacuated along with the rest of the orphanage pupils to the Caucasus during the war. Here it was decided to establish a labor colony to develop the land. Children turn out to be innocent victims of government policies towards the peoples of the Caucasus. This is one of the most powerful and honest stories about war orphans and the deportation of the Caucasian peoples. “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night” has been translated into 30 languages of the world and is rightfully one of the best works of Russian classics. 10th place in our ranking.
9. Boris Pasternak “Doctor Zhivago”
Novel Boris Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago", which brought him world fame and the Nobel Prize - in 9th place in the list of the best works of Russian classics. For his novel, Pasternak was sharply criticized by representatives of the official literary world countries. The book's manuscript was banned from publication, and the writer himself, under pressure, was forced to refuse to receive the prestigious award. After Pasternak's death, it was transferred to his son.
8. Mikhail Sholokhov “Quiet Don”
In terms of the scale and scope of the period of life of the main characters described in it, it can be compared with “War and Peace” by Leo Tolstoy. This is an epic story about the life and destinies of representatives of the Don Cossacks. The novel covers three most difficult eras of the country: the First world war, the revolution of 1917 and Civil War. What was going on in the souls of people in those days, what reasons forced relatives and friends to stand on opposite sides of the barricades? The writer tries to answer these questions in one of the best works of Russian classical literature. " Quiet Don" - in 8th place in our ranking.
7. Stories by Anton Chekhov
A generally recognized classic of Russian literature, they occupy 7th place on our list. One of the most famous playwrights in the world, wrote more than 300 works different genres and died very early, at 44 years old. Chekhov's stories, ironic, funny and eccentric, reflected the realities of life of that era. They have not lost their relevance even now. Its peculiarity short works– do not answer questions, but ask them to the reader.
6. I. Ilf and E. Petrov “Twelve Chairs”
Novels by writers with a wonderful sense of humor I. Ilf and E. Petrov “The Twelve Chairs” and “The Golden Calf” take 6th place among the best works of Russian classics. After reading them, every reader will understand that classical literature is not only interesting and exciting, but also funny. The adventures of the great schemer Ostap Bender, the main character of the books by Ilf and Petrov, will not leave anyone indifferent. Immediately after the first publication, the writers' works were received ambiguously in literary circles. But time has shown their artistic value.
5.
In fifth place in our ranking of the best works of Russian classics - "The Gulag Archipelago" by Alexander Solzhenitsyn. It's not only great novel about one of the most difficult and terrible periods in the history of the country - repressions in the USSR, but also an autobiographical work based on personal experience the author, as well as letters and memoirs of more than two hundred camp prisoners. The release of the novel in the West was accompanied by a loud scandal and persecution launched against Solzhenitsyn and other dissidents. Publication of The Gulag Archipelago became possible in the USSR only in 1990. The novel is among best books century.
4. Nikolai Gogol “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is a universally recognized classic of world significance. The crowning achievement of his work is considered the novel " Dead Souls", the second volume of which was destroyed by the author himself. But our ranking of the best works of Russian classics includes the first book Gogol – “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”. It’s hard to believe that the stories included in the book and written with sparkling humor were practically Gogol’s first experience in writing. Pushkin left a flattering review of the work, who was sincerely amazed and fascinated by Gogol’s stories, written in a living, poetic language without feigned affectation and stiffness.
The events described in the book take place in different time periods: in XVII, XVIII XIX centuries.
3. Fyodor Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
Novel “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky takes third place in the list of the best works of Russian classics. It has received the status of a cult book of world significance. This is one of the most frequently filmed books. It's not only deep philosophical work, in which the author poses to readers the problems of moral responsibility, good and evil, but also a psychological drama and a fascinating detective story. The author shows the reader the process of transforming a talented and respectable young man into a killer. He is no less interested in the possibility of Raskolnikov’s atonement for his guilt.
2.
Great epic novel Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy "War and Peace", the volume of which has terrified schoolchildren for many decades, is actually very interesting. It covers the period of several military campaigns against the strongest France at that time, led by Napoleon Bonaparte. This is one of the brightest examples of the best works of not only Russian, but also world classics. The novel is recognized as one of the most epic works in world literature. Here every reader will find his favorite topic: love, war, courage.
1. Mikhail Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”
Topping our list of examples of the best classical literature is the amazing novel. The author never lived to see the publication of his book - it was published 30 years after his death.
The Master and Margarita is such a complex work that not a single attempt to film the novel has been successful. The figures of Woland, the Master and Margarita require filigree accuracy in conveying their images. Unfortunately, no actor has yet managed to achieve this. The film adaptation of the novel by director Vladimir Bortko can be considered the most successful.
What else to see:
Russian writers and poets, whose works are considered classics, are today world famous. The works of these authors are read not only in their homeland - Russia, but throughout the world.
Great Russian writers and poets
A well-known fact that has been proven by historians and literary scholars: best works Russian classics were written during the Golden and Silver Ages.
The names of Russian writers and poets who are among the world classics are known to everyone. Their work will forever remain in world history as an important element.
The work of Russian poets and writers of the “Golden Age” is the dawn in Russian literature. Many poets and prose writers developed new directions, which subsequently began to be increasingly used in the future. Russian writers and poets, the list of which can be called endless, wrote about nature and love, about the bright and unshakable, about freedom and choice. In Zolotoy's literature, as later Silver Age, reflects the attitude not only of writers to historical events, but also of the entire people as a whole.
And today, looking through the thickness of centuries at the portraits of Russian writers and poets, every progressive reader understands how bright and prophetic their works, written more than a dozen years ago, were.
Literature is divided into many topics that formed the basis of the works. Russian writers and poets spoke about war, about love, about peace, opening up completely to each reader.
"Golden Age" in literature
The "Golden Age" in Russian literature begins in the nineteenth century. The main representative of this period in literature, and specifically in poetry, was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, thanks to whom not only Russian literature, but also the entire Russian culture as a whole acquired its special charm. Pushkin's work contains not only poetic works, but prosaic stories.
Poetry of the “Golden Age”: Vasily Zhukovsky
This time was started by Vasily Zhukovsky, who became Pushkin’s teacher. Zhukovsky opened such a direction as romanticism for Russian literature. Developing this direction, Zhukovsky wrote odes that became widely known for their romantic images, metaphors and personifications, the ease of which was not in the directions used in Russian literature of past years.
Mikhail Lermontov
Another great writer and poet for the “Golden Age” of Russian literature was Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov. His prose work “Hero of Our Time” gained enormous popularity in its time, because it described Russian society as it was in the period of time that Mikhail Yuryevich writes about. But all readers fell in love with Lermontov’s poems even more: sad and mournful lines, gloomy and sometimes creepy images - the poet managed to write all this so sensitively that every reader to this day is able to feel what worried Mikhail Yuryevich.
Prose of the "Golden Age"
Russian writers and poets have always been distinguished not only by their extraordinary poetry, but also by their prose.
Lev Tolstoy
One of the most significant writers of the Golden Age was Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. His great epic novel “War and Peace” became known throughout the world and is included not only in the lists of Russian classics, but also in the world. Describing the life of Russian secular society during the Patriotic War 1812, Tolstoy was able to show all the subtleties and features of the behavior of St. Petersburg society, which for a long time since the beginning of the war did not seem to participate in the all-Russian tragedy and struggle.
Another novel by Tolstoy, which is still read both abroad and in the writer’s homeland, was the work “Anna Karenina”. The story of a woman who loved a man with all her heart and went through unprecedented difficulties for the sake of love, and soon suffered betrayal, was loved by the whole world. A touching story about love that can sometimes drive you crazy. The sad ending became a unique feature for the novel - it was one of the first works in which the lyrical hero not only dies, but deliberately interrupts his life.
Fedor Dostoevsky
In addition to Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky also became a significant writer. His book “Crime and Punishment” became not just the “Bible” of a highly moral person with a conscience, but also a kind of “teacher” for someone who has to make a difficult choice, having foreseen all the outcomes of events in advance. The lyrical hero of the work not only made the wrong decision that ruined him, he took upon himself a lot of torment that gave him no rest day or night.
Dostoevsky’s work also contains the work “Humiliated and Insulted,” which accurately reflects the entire essence of human nature. Despite the fact that a lot of time has passed since it was written, the problems of humanity that Fyodor Mikhailovich described are still relevant today. Main character, seeing all the insignificance of the human “soul”, begins to feel disgust for people, for everything that people of the rich strata are proud of, which are of great importance to society.
Ivan Turgenev
Another great writer of Russian literature was Ivan Turgenev. He wrote not only about love, but also touched upon the most important problems of the world around him. His novel Fathers and Sons clearly describes the relationship between children and parents, which remains exactly the same today. Misunderstanding between the older and younger generations is an eternal problem in family relationships.
Russian writers and poets: The Silver Age of Literature
The beginning of the twentieth century is considered to be the Silver Age in Russian literature. It is the poets and writers of the Silver Age who gain special love from readers. Perhaps this phenomenon is caused by the fact that the writers’ lifetime is closer to our time, while Russian writers and poets of the “Golden Age” wrote their works, living according to completely different moral and spiritual principles.
Poetry of the Silver Age
The bright personalities who highlight this literary period are, undoubtedly, the poets. Many directions and movements of poetry have emerged, which were created as a result of the division of opinions regarding the actions of the Russian government.
Alexander Blok
The gloomy and sad work of Alexander Blok was the first to appear at this stage of literature. All of Blok’s poems are permeated with longing for something extraordinary, something bright and light. The most famous poem “Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy” perfectly describes Blok’s worldview.
Sergey Yesenin
One of the most prominent figures of the Silver Age was Sergei Yesenin. Poems about nature, love, the transience of time, one’s “sins” - all this can be found in the poet’s work. Today there is not a single person who would not find Yesenin’s poem capable of liking and describing their state of mind.
Vladimir Mayakovsky
If we talk about Yesenin, then I would immediately like to mention Vladimir Mayakovsky. Harsh, loud, self-confident - that’s exactly what the poet was like. The words that came from the pen of Mayakovsky still amaze with their power - Vladimir Vladimirovich perceived everything so emotionally. In addition to harshness, in the works of Mayakovsky, whose personal life was not going well, there are also love lyrics. The story of the poet and Lily Brik is known throughout the world. It was Brik who discovered all that was most tender and sensual in him, and in return Mayakovsky seemed to idealize and deify her in his love lyrics.
Marina Tsvetaeva
The personality of Marina Tsvetaeva is also known throughout the world. The poetess herself had unique character traits, which is immediately evident from her poems. Perceiving herself as a deity, even in her love lyrics she made it clear to everyone that she was not one of those women who were capable of being offended. However, in her poem “So many of them have fallen into this abyss,” she showed how unhappy she was for many, many years.
Prose of the Silver Age: Leonid Andreev
Great contribution to fiction made by Leonid Andreev, who became the author of the story “Judas Iscariot”. In his work, he presented the biblical story of the betrayal of Jesus a little differently, presenting Judas not just as a traitor, but as a man suffering from his envy of people who were loved by everyone. Lonely and strange Judas, who found delight in his tales and tales, always received only ridicule in the face. The story tells about how easy it is to break a person’s spirit and push him to any meanness if he has neither support nor close people.
Maksim Gorky
The contribution of Maxim Gorky is also important for the literary prose of the Silver Age. The writer in each of his works hid a certain essence, having understood which, the reader realizes the full depth of what worried the writer. One of these works was the short story “Old Woman Izergil”, which is divided into three small parts. Three components, three life problems, three types of loneliness - the writer carefully veiled all this. A proud eagle thrown into the abyss of loneliness; noble Danko, who gave his heart to selfish people; an old woman who had been looking for happiness and love all her life, but never found it - all this can be found in a small, but extremely vital story.
Another important work in Gorky’s work was the play “At the Lower Depths”. The life of people who are below the poverty line is what became the basis of the play. The descriptions that Maxim Gorky gave in his work show how much even very poor people, who in principle no longer need anything, just want to be happy. But the happiness of each of the heroes turns out to be in different things. Each of the characters in the play has their own values. In addition, Maxim Gorky wrote about the “three truths” of life that can be applied in modern life. White lies; no pity for the person; the truth that a person needs is three views on life, three opinions. The conflict, which remains unresolved, leaves each character, as well as each reader, to make their own choice.
The current generation now sees everything clearly, marvels at the errors, laughs at the foolishness of its ancestors, it is not in vain that this chronicle is inscribed with heavenly fire, that every letter in it screams, that a piercing finger is directed from everywhere at it, at it, at the current generation; but the current generation laughs and arrogantly, proudly begins a series of new errors, which posterity will also laugh at later. "Dead Souls"
For what? It's like inspiration
Love the given subject!
Like a true poet
Sell your imagination!
I am a slave, a day laborer, I am a tradesman!
I owe you, sinner, for gold,
For your worthless piece of silver
Pay with divine payment!
"Improvisation I"
Literature is a language that expresses everything a country thinks, wants, knows, wants and needs to know.
In the hearts of simple people, the feeling of the beauty and grandeur of nature is stronger, a hundred times more vivid, than in us, enthusiastic storytellers in words and on paper.
"Hero of our time"
And everywhere there is sound, and everywhere there is light,
And all the worlds have one beginning,
And there is nothing in nature
Whatever breathes love.
In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how can one not fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!
Poems in prose, "Russian language"
So, I complete my dissolute escape,
Prickly snow flies from the naked fields,
Driven by an early, violent snowstorm,
And, stopping in the wilderness of the forest,
Gathers in silver silence
A deep and cold bed.
Listen: shame on you!
It's time to get up! You know yourself
What time has come;
In whom the sense of duty has not cooled,
Who is incorruptibly straight in heart,
Who has talent, strength, accuracy,
Tom shouldn't sleep now...
"Poet and Citizen"
Is it really possible that even here they will not and will not allow the Russian organism to develop nationally, with its own organic strength, and certainly impersonally, servilely imitating Europe? But what should one do with the Russian organism then? Do these gentlemen understand what an organism is? Separation, “detachment” from their country leads to hatred, these people hate Russia, so to speak, naturally, physically: for the climate, for the fields, for the forests, for the order, for the liberation of the peasant, for Russian history, in a word, for everything, They hate me for everything.
Spring! the first frame is exposed -
And noise burst into the room,
And the good news of the nearby temple,
And the talk of the people, and the sound of the wheel...
Well, what are you afraid of, pray tell! Now every grass, every flower is rejoicing, but we are hiding, afraid, as if some kind of misfortune is coming! The thunderstorm will kill! This is not a thunderstorm, but grace! Yes, grace! It's all stormy! The northern lights will light up, you should admire and marvel at the wisdom: “from the midnight lands the dawn rises”! And you are horrified and come up with ideas: this means war or pestilence. Is there a comet coming? I wouldn’t look away! Beauty! The stars have already taken a closer look, they are all the same, but this is a new thing; Well, I should have looked and admired it! And you are afraid to even look at the sky, you are trembling! Out of everything, you have created a scare for yourself. Eh, people! "Storm"
There is no more enlightening, soul-cleansing feeling than that which a person feels when acquainted with a great work of art.
We know that loaded guns must be handled with care. But we don’t want to know that we must treat words in the same way. The word can kill and make evil worse than death.
There is a well-known trick of an American journalist who, in order to increase subscriptions to his magazine, began to publish in other publications the most harsh, arrogant attacks on himself from fictitious persons: some in print exposed him as a swindler and perjurer, others as a thief and murderer, and still others as a debauchee on a colossal scale. He didn’t skimp on paying for such friendly advertisements until everyone started thinking - it’s obvious he’s a curious and remarkable person when everyone is shouting about him like that! - and they began to buy up his own newspaper.
"Life in a Hundred Years"
I... think that I know the Russian person to his very depths, and I do not take any credit for this. I didn’t study the people from conversations with St. Petersburg cab drivers, but I grew up among the people, on the Gostomel pasture, with a cauldron in my hand, I slept with it on the dewy grass of the night, under a warm sheepskin coat, and on Panin’s fancy crowd behind the circles of dusty habits...
Between these two clashing titans - science and theology - there is a stunned public, quickly losing faith in the immortality of man and in any deity, quickly descending to the level of a purely animal existence. Such is the picture of the hour illuminated by the brilliant noonday sun of the Christian and scientific era!
"Isis Unveiled"
Sit down, I'm glad to see you. Throw away all fear
And you can keep yourself free
I give you permission. You know, the other day
I was elected king by everyone,
But it doesn't matter. They confuse my thoughts
All these honors, greetings, bows...
"Crazy"
- What do you want abroad? - I asked him while in his room, with the help of the servants, his things were being laid out and packed for sending to the Warsaw station.
- Yes, just... to feel it! - he said confusedly and with a kind of dull expression on his face.
"Letters from the Road"
Is the point to get through life in such a way as not to offend anyone? This is not happiness. Touch, break, break, so that life boils. I am not afraid of any accusations, but I am a hundred times more afraid of colorlessness than death.
Poetry is the same music, only combined with words, and it also requires a natural ear, a sense of harmony and rhythm.
You experience a strange feeling when, with a light pressure of your hand, you force such a mass to rise and fall at will. When such a mass obeys you, you feel the power of man...
"Meeting"
The feeling of the Motherland should be strict, restrained in words, not eloquent, not talkative, not “waving your arms” and not running forward (to appear). The feeling of the Motherland should be a great ardent silence.
"Secluded"
And what is the secret of beauty, what is the secret and charm of art: in the conscious, inspired victory over torment or in the unconscious melancholy of the human spirit, which does not see a way out of the circle of vulgarity, squalor or thoughtlessness and is tragically condemned to appear complacent or hopelessly false.
"Sentimental Memory"
Since birth I have lived in Moscow, but by God I don’t know where Moscow came from, what it is for, why, what it needs. In the Duma, at meetings, I, together with others, talk about the city economy, but I don’t know how many miles there are in Moscow, how many people there are, how many are born and die, how much we receive and spend, how much and with whom we trade... Which city is richer: Moscow or London? If London is richer, why? And the jester knows him! And when some issue is raised in the Duma, I shudder and be the first to start shouting: “Pass it over to the commission!” To the commission!
Everything new in an old way:
From a modern poet
In a metaphorical outfit
The speech is poetic.
But others are not an example to me,
And my charter is simple and strict.
My verse is a pioneer boy,
Lightly dressed, barefoot.
1926
Under the influence of Dostoevsky, as well as foreign literature, Baudelaire and Edgar Poe, my fascination began not with decadence, but with symbolism (even then I already understood their difference). I entitled the collection of poems, published at the very beginning of the 90s, “Symbols.” It seems that I was the first to use this word in Russian literature.
The running of changeable phenomena,
Past the howling ones, speed up:
Merge the sunset of achievements into one
With the first shine of tender dawns.
From the lower reaches of life to the origins
In a moment, a single overview:
In one face with a smart eye
Collect your doubles.
Unchanging and wonderful
Gift of the Blessed Muse:
In the spirit the form of harmonious songs,
There is life and heat in the heart of the songs.
"Thoughts on Poetry"
I have a lot of news. And all are good. I'm lucky". It's written to me. I want to live, live, live forever. If you only knew how many new poems I wrote! More than a hundred. It was crazy, a fairy tale, new. Publishing new book, not at all similar to the previous ones. She will surprise many. I changed my understanding of the world. No matter how funny my phrase may sound, I will say: I understand the world. For many years, perhaps forever.
K. Balmont - L. Vilkina
Man - that's the truth! Everything is in man, everything is for man! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain! Human! It's great! It sounds... proud!
"At the bottom"
I feel sorry for creating something useless and no one needs right now. A collection, a book of poems at this time is the most useless, unnecessary thing... I do not want to say that poetry is not needed. On the contrary, I maintain that poetry is necessary, even necessary, natural and eternal. There was a time when everyone seemed to need entire books of poetry, when they were read in bulk, understood and accepted by everyone. This time is the past, not ours. For the modern reader no need for a collection of poems!
Language is the history of a people. Language is the path of civilization and culture. That is why studying and preserving the Russian language is not an idle activity because there is nothing to do, but an urgent necessity.
What nationalists and patriots these internationalists become when they need it! And with what arrogance they mock the “frightened intellectuals” - as if there is absolutely no reason to be afraid - or at the “frightened ordinary people”, as if they have some great advantages over the “philistines”. And who, exactly, are these ordinary people, the “prosperous townsfolk”? And who and what do revolutionaries care about, in general, if they so despise the average person and his well-being?
"Cursed Days"
In the struggle for their ideal, which is “liberty, equality and fraternity,” citizens must use means that do not contradict this ideal.
"Governor"
“Let your soul be whole or split, let your worldview be mystical, realistic, skeptical, or even idealistic (if you are so unhappy), let creative techniques be impressionistic, realistic, naturalistic, let the content be lyrical or fabulistic, let there be a mood, an impression - whatever you want, but I beg you, be logical - may this cry of the heart be forgiven me! - are logical in concept, in the construction of the work, in syntax.”
Art is born in homelessness. I wrote letters and stories addressed to a distant, unknown friend, but when the friend came, art gave way to life. I'm talking, of course, not about home comfort, but about life, which means more than art.
"You and I. Love Diary"
An artist can do no more than open his soul to others. You cannot present him with pre-made rules. It is a still unknown world, where everything is new. We must forget what captivated others; here it is different. Otherwise, you will listen and not hear, you will look without understanding.
From Valery Bryusov's treatise "On Art"
Well, let her rest, she was exhausted - they tormented her, alarmed her. And as soon as it’s light, the shopkeeper gets up, starts folding her goods, grabs a blanket, goes and pulls out this soft bedding from under the old woman: wakes the old woman up, gets her on her feet: it’s not dawn, please get up. It's nothing you can do. In the meantime - grandmother, our Kostroma, our mother, Russia! "
"Whirlwind Rus'"
Art never addresses the crowd, the masses, it speaks to the individual, in the deep and hidden recesses of his soul.
Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (Ilyin) (1878 - 1942)
How strange /.../ There are so many cheerful and cheerful books, so many brilliant and witty philosophical truths, but there is nothing more comforting than Ecclesiastes.
Babkin was brave, read Seneca
And, whistling carcasses,
Took it to the library
Noting in the margin: “Nonsense!”
Babkin, friend, is a harsh critic,
Have you ever thought
What a legless paralytic
A light chamois is not a decree?..
"Reader"
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The critic's word about the poet must be objectively concrete and creative; the critic, while remaining a scientist, is a poet.
"Poetry of the Word"
Only great things should be thought about, only great tasks should a writer set himself; put it boldly, without being embarrassed by your personal small strengths.
“It’s true that there are goblins and water creatures here,” I thought, looking in front of me, “and maybe some other spirit lives here... A powerful, northern spirit that enjoys this wildness; maybe real northern fauns and healthy, blond women wander in these forests, eat cloudberries and lingonberries, laugh and chase each other.”
"North"
You need to be able to close a boring book...leave a bad movie...and part with people who don't value you!
Out of modesty, I will be careful not to point out the fact that on my birthday the bells were rung and there was general popular rejoicing. Evil tongues connected this rejoicing with some great holiday that coincided with the day of my birth, but I still don’t understand what another holiday has to do with it?
That was the time when love, good and healthy feelings were considered vulgarity and a relic; no one loved, but everyone thirsted and, as if poisoned, fell for everything sharp, tearing apart the insides.
"The Road to Calvary"
“Well, what’s wrong,” I say to myself, “at least in a short word for now?” After all, exactly the same form of saying goodbye to friends exists in other languages, and there it does not shock anyone. great poet Walt Whitman, shortly before his death, said goodbye to his readers with a touching poem “So long!”, which means in English - “Bye!”. The French a bientot has the same meaning. There is no rudeness here. On the contrary, this form is filled with the most gracious courtesy, because the following (approximately) meaning is compressed here: be prosperous and happy until we see each other again.
"Alive as Life"
Switzerland? This is a mountain pasture for tourists. I myself have traveled all over the world, but I hate these ruminant bipeds with Badaker for a tail. They devoured all the beauty of nature with their eyes.
"Island of Lost Ships"
Everything that I have written and will write, I consider only mental rubbish and I do not regard my merits as a writer as anything. And I’m surprised and perplexed why by appearance smart people find some meaning and value in my poems. Thousands of poems, whether mine or those of the poets I know in Russia, are not worth one singer from my bright mother.
I am afraid that Russian literature has only one future: its past.
Article "I'm afraid"
We have been looking for a long time for such a task, similar to a lentil, so that the connected rays of the work of artists and the work of thinkers, directed by it to a common point, would meet in general work and could ignite and turn even the cold substance of ice into a fire. Now such a task - the lentil that guides together your stormy courage and the cold mind of thinkers - has been found. This goal is to create a common written language...
"Artists of the World"
He adored poetry and tried to be impartial in his judgments. He was surprisingly young at heart, and perhaps also in mind. He always seemed like a child to me. There was something childish in his buzz cut head, in his bearing, more like a gymnasium than a military one. He liked to pretend to be an adult, like all children. He loved to play “master”, the literary superiors of his “gumilets,” that is, the little poets and poetesses who surrounded him. The poetic children loved him very much.
Khodasevich, "Necropolis"
Me, me, me. What a wild word!
Is that guy over there really me?
Did mom love someone like that?
Yellow-gray, half-gray
And all-knowing, like a snake?
You have lost your Russia.
Did you resist the elements?
Good elements of dark evil?
No? So shut up: you took me away
You are destined for a reason
To the edges of an unkind foreign land.
What's the use of moaning and groaning -
Russia must be earned!
"What you need to know"
I didn't stop writing poetry. For me, they contain my connection with time, with new life my people. When I wrote them, I lived by the rhythms that sounded in heroic story my country. I am happy that I lived during these years and saw events that had no equal.
All the people sent to us are our reflection. And they were sent so that we, looking at these people, correct our mistakes, and when we correct them, these people either change too or leave our lives.
In the wide field of Russian literature in the USSR, I was the only literary wolf. I was advised to dye the skin. Ridiculous advice. Whether a wolf is dyed or shorn, it still does not look like a poodle. They treated me like a wolf. And for several years they persecuted me according to the rules of a literary cage in a fenced yard. I have no malice, but I am very tired...
From a letter from M.A. Bulgakov to I.V. Stalin, May 30, 1931.
When I die, my descendants will ask my contemporaries: “Did you understand Mandelstam’s poems?” - “No, we didn’t understand his poems.” “Did you feed Mandelstam, did you give him shelter?” - “Yes, we fed Mandelstam, we gave him shelter.” - “Then you are forgiven.”
Maybe go to the House of Press - there is one sandwich with chum caviar and a debate - “about the proletarian choral reading”, or to the Polytechnic Museum - there are no sandwiches there, but twenty-six young poets read their poems about the “locomotive mass”. No, I will sit on the stairs, shiver from the cold and dream that all this is not in vain, that, sitting here on the step, I am preparing the distant sunrise of the Renaissance. I dreamed both simply and in verse, and the results turned out to be rather boring iambics.
"The Extraordinary Adventures of Julio Jurenito and His Students"
The list is not complete yet, since it only includes questions from tickets for secondary school or basic level (and were not included, respectively, in-depth study or specialized level and national school).
"The Life of Boris and Gleb" end XI - beginning. XII century
"The Tale of Igor's Host" late 12th century.
W. Shakespeare – (1564 – 1616)
"Romeo and Juliet" 1592
J-B. Moliere – (1622 – 1673)
"The tradesman among the nobility" 1670
M.V. Lomonosov – (1711 – 1765)
DI. Fonvizin - (1745 – 1792)
"Undergrowth" 1782
A.N. Radishchev – (1749 – 1802)
G.R. Derzhavin – (1743 – 1816)
N.M. Karamzin – (1766 – 1826)
"Poor Liza" 1792
J. G. Byron – (1788 – 1824)
I.A. Krylov – (1769 – 1844)
"Wolf in the kennel" 1812
V.A. Zhukovsky – (1783 – 1852)
"Svetlana" 1812
A.S. Griboyedov – (1795 – 1829)
"Woe from Wit" 1824
A.S. Pushkin – (1799 – 1837)
"Belkin's Tales" 1829-1830
"Shot" 1829
"Stationmaster" 1829
"Dubrovsky" 1833
"The Bronze Horseman" 1833
"Eugene Onegin" 1823-1838
"The Captain's Daughter" 1836
A.V. Koltsov – (1808 – 1842)
M.Yu. Lermontov – (1814 – 1841)
"A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov." 1837
"Borodino" 1837
"Mtsyri" 1839
"Hero of Our Time" 1840
"Goodbye, unwashed Russia" 1841
"Motherland" 1841
N.V. Gogol – (1809 – 1852)
"Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" 1829-1832
"The Inspector General" 1836
"Overcoat" 1839
"Taras Bulba" 1833-1842
"Dead Souls" 1842
I.S. Nikitin – (1824 – 1861)
F.I. Tyutchev – (1803 – 1873)
"There is in the primordial autumn..." 1857
I.A. Goncharov – (1812 – 1891)
"Oblomov" 1859
I.S. Turgenev – (1818 – 1883)
"Bezhin Meadow" 1851
"Asya" 1857
"Fathers and Sons" 1862
"Shchi" 1878
ON THE. Nekrasov – (1821 – 1878)
"Railroad" 1864
"Who Lives Well in Rus'" 1873-76
F.M. Dostoevsky – (1821 – 1881)
"Crime and Punishment" 1866
"The Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree" 1876
A.N. Ostrovsky – (1823 – 1886)
"Our people - we'll be numbered!" 1849
"Thunderstorm" 1860
A.A. Fet – (1820 – 1892)
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin – (1826-1889)
"Wild Landowner" 1869
"The story of how one man fed two generals" 1869
"The Wise Minnow" 1883
"Bear in the Voivodeship" 1884
N.S. Leskov – (1831 – 1895)
"Lefty" 1881
L.N. Tolstoy – (1828 – 1910)
"War and Peace" 1867-1869
"After the Ball" 1903
A.P. Chekhov – (1860 – 1904)
"Death of an Official" 1883
"Ionych" 1898
"The Cherry Orchard" 1903
M. Gorky – (1868 – 1936)
"Makar Chudra" 1892
"Chelkash" 1894
"Old Woman Izergil" 1895
"At the Bottom" 1902
A.A. Blok – (1880 – 1921)
"Poems about a beautiful lady" 1904
"Russia" 1908
cycle "Motherland" 1907-1916
"Twelve" 1918
S.A. Yesenin – (1895 – 1925)
“I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...” 1921
V.V. Mayakovsky (1893 – 1930)
"Good Treatment for Horses" 1918
A.S. Green – (1880 – 1932)
A.I.Kuprin – (1870 – 1938)
I.A. Bunin – (1879 – 1953)
O.E. Mandelstam – (1891 – 1938)
M.A. Bulgakov – (1891 – 1940)
"White Guard" 1922-1924
"dog's heart" 1925
"The Master and Margarita" 1928-1940
M.I. Tsvetaeva – (1892 – 1941)
A.P. Platonov – (1899 – 1951)
B.L. Pasternak – (1890-1960)
"Doctor Zhivago" 1955
A.A. Akhmatova – (1889 – 1966)
"Requiem" 1935-40
K.G. Paustovsky – (1892 – 1968)
"Telegram" 1946
M.A. Sholokhov – (1905 – 1984)
"Quiet Don" 1927-28
"Virgin Soil Upturned" t1-1932, t2-1959)
"The Fate of Man" 1956
A.T. Tvardovsky – (1910 – 1971)
"Vasily Terkin" 1941-1945
V.M. Shukshin – (1929 – 1974)
V.P. Astafiev – (1924 – 2001)
A.I. Solzhenitsyn – (born 1918)
"Matrenin's Dvor" 1961
V.G. Rasputin – (born 1937)
The idea of protecting the Russian land in works of oral folk art (fairy tales, epics, songs).
The work of one of the poets of the Silver Age.
Originality art world one of the poets of the Silver Age (using the example of 2-3 poems of the examinee’s choice).
The Great Patriotic War in Russian prose. (Using the example of one work.)
The feat of man in war. (Based on one of the works about the Great Patriotic War.)
Theme of the Great Patriotic War in the prose of the twentieth century. (Using the example of one work.)
Military theme in modern literature. (Using the example of one or two works.)
Your favorite poet in Russian literature of the 20th century. Reading his poem by heart.
Russian poets of the 20th century about the spiritual beauty of man. Reading one poem by heart.
Features of the work of one of the modern Russian poets of the second half of the twentieth century. (at the choice of the examinee).
Your favorite poems by modern poets. Reading one poem by heart.
Your favorite poet. Reading one of the poems by heart.
Love theme in modern poetry. Reading one poem by heart.
Man and nature in Russian prose of the 20th century. (Using the example of one work.)
Man and nature in modern literature. (Using the example of one or two works.)
Man and nature in Russian poetry of the 20th century. Reading one poem by heart.
Your favorite literary character.
Review of the book modern writer: impressions and assessment.
One of the works of modern literature: impressions and assessment.
A book by a contemporary writer that you have read. Your impressions and assessment.
Your contemporary in modern literature. (For one or more works.)
Yours favorite piece modern literature.
Moral issues of modern Russian prose (using the example of a work of the examinee’s choice).
The main themes and ideas of modern journalism. (Using the example of one or two works.)
Heroes and problems of one of the works of modern Russian drama of the second half of the twentieth century. (at the choice of the examinee).
According to the UNESCO Index Translationum online database ranking, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov are the most frequently translated Russian writers in the world! These authors occupy second, third and fourth places in it, respectively. But Russian literature is also rich in other names that have made a huge contribution to the development of both Russian and world culture.
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Not only a writer, but also a historian and playwright, Alexander Solzhenitsyn was a Russian writer who made his mark in the period after the death of Stalin and the debunking of the cult of personality.
In some ways, Solzhenitsyn is considered the successor of Leo Tolstoy, since he was also a great lover of truth and wrote large-scale works about people’s lives and social processes that took place in society. Solzhenitsyn's works were based on a combination of autobiographical and documentary.
His most famous works are “The Gulag Archipelago” and “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.” With the help of these works, Solzhenitsyn tried to draw the attention of readers to the horrors of totalitarianism, which modern writers have never written about so openly. Russian writers that period; wanted to talk about the fates of thousands of people who were subjected to political repression, were sent to the camps innocent and were forced to live there in conditions that can hardly be called human.
Ivan Turgenev
Turgenev's early work reveals the writer as a romantic who had a very subtle sense of nature. Yes and literary image“Turgenev’s girl,” which has long been presented as a romantic, bright and vulnerable image, is now something of a household name. At the first stage of his creativity, he wrote poems, poems, dramatic works and, of course, prose.
The second stage of Turgenev’s work brought the author the most fame - thanks to the creation of “Notes of a Hunter”. For the first time, he honestly portrayed landowners, revealed the theme of the peasantry, after which he was arrested by the authorities, who did not like such work, and sent into exile to the family estate.
Later, the writer’s work is filled with complex and multifaceted characters - the most mature period of the author’s work. Turgenev tried to reveal such philosophical topics like love, duty, death. At the same time, Turgenev wrote his most famous work both here and abroad, entitled “Fathers and Sons,” about the difficulties and problems of relations between different generations.
Vladimir Nabokov
Nabokov's work completely goes against the traditions of classical Russian literature. The most important thing for Nabokov was the play of imagination; his work became part of the transition from realism to modernism. In the author's works, one can identify a typical Nabokov hero type - a lonely, persecuted, suffering, misunderstood person with a touch of genius.
In Russian, Nabokov managed to write numerous stories, seven novels (“Mashenka”, “King, Queen, Jack”, “Despair” and others) and two plays before leaving for the USA. From that moment on, the birth of an English-language author took place; Nabokov completely abandoned the pseudonym Vladimir Sirin, with which he signed his Russian books. Nabokov will work with the Russian language only once more - when he translates his novel Lolita, which was originally written in English, for Russian-speaking readers.
It was this novel that became Nabokov’s most popular and even scandalous work - not too surprising, since it tells the story of the love of a mature forty-year-old man for a twelve-year-old teenage girl. The book is considered quite shocking even in our free-thinking age, but if ethical side Since the novel is still being debated, it is perhaps simply impossible to deny Nabokov’s verbal mastery.
Michael Bulgakov
Bulgakov's creative path was not at all easy. Having decided to become a writer, he abandons his career as a doctor. He writes his first works, " Fatal eggs" and "Diaboliada", getting a job as a journalist. The first story evokes quite resonant responses, since it resembled a mockery of the revolution. Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog,” which denounced the authorities, was refused to be published at all and, moreover, the manuscript was taken away from the writer.
But Bulgakov continues to write - and creates the novel “ White Guard”, on which they staged a play called “Days of the Turbins”. The success did not last long - due to another scandal due to the works, all performances based on Bulgakov were withdrawn from showings. The same fate would later befall Bulgakov’s latest play, Batum.
The name of Mikhail Bulgakov is invariably associated with The Master and Margarita. Perhaps this particular novel became the work of his whole life, although it did not bring him recognition. But now, after the death of the writer, this work is also popular with foreign audiences.
This piece is like nothing else. We agreed to indicate that this is a novel, but what kind: satirical, fantastic, love-lyrical? The images presented in this work are striking and impressive in their uniqueness. A novel about good and evil, about hatred and love, about hypocrisy, money-grubbing, sin and holiness. At the same time, the work was not published during Bulgakov’s lifetime.
It is not easy to remember another author who could so deftly and accurately expose all the falsehood and dirt of the philistinism, the current government and the bureaucratic system. That is why Bulgakov was subjected to constant attacks, criticism and bans from the ruling circles.
Alexander Pushkin
Despite the fact that not all foreigners associate Pushkin with Russian literature, unlike most Russian readers, it is simply impossible to deny his legacy.
The talent of this poet and writer truly had no boundaries: Pushkin is famous for his amazing poems, but at the same time he wrote beautiful prose and plays. Pushkin’s work has received recognition not only now; his talent was recognized by others Russian writers and poets are his contemporaries.
The themes of Pushkin's work are directly related to his biography - the events and experiences that he went through during his life. Tsarskoe Selo, St. Petersburg, time in exile, Mikhailovskoe, Caucasus; ideals, disappointments, love and affection - everything is present in Pushkin’s works. And the most famous was the novel “Eugene Onegin”.
Ivan Bunin
Ivan Bunin is the first writer from Russia to become a laureate Nobel Prize in the field of literature. The work of this author can be divided into two periods: before emigration and after.
Bunin was very close to the peasantry, the life of the common people, which had a great influence on the author’s work. Therefore, so-called village prose is distinguished among it, for example, “Sukhodol”, “Village”, which have become one of the most popular works.
Nature also plays a significant role in Bunin’s work, which inspired many great Russian writers. Bunin believed: she - main source strength and inspiration, spiritual harmony, that every person is inextricably linked with it and in it lies the key to unraveling the mystery of existence. Nature and love became the main themes of the philosophical part of Bunin’s work, which is mainly represented by poetry, as well as novellas and short stories, for example, “Ida”, “Mitya’s Love”, “Late Hour” and others.
Nikolay Gogol
After graduating from the Nizhyn gymnasium, Nikolai Gogol’s first literary experience was the poem “Hans Küchelgarten,” which turned out to be not very successful. However, this did not bother the writer, and he soon began working on the play “Marriage,” which was published only ten years later. This witty, colorful and lively work blows modern society, which made prestige, money, power its main values, and left love somewhere in the background.
Gogol was left with an indelible impression by the death of Alexander Pushkin, which also affected others. Russian writers and artists. Not long before this, Gogol showed Pushkin the plot of a new work called “Dead Souls,” so now he believed that this work was a “sacred testament” to the great Russian poet.
“Dead Souls” became a magnificent satire on Russian bureaucracy, serfdom and social ranks, and this particular book is especially popular among readers abroad.
Anton Chekhov
Chekhov began his creative activity from writing short essays, but very bright and expressive. Chekhov is best known for his humorous stories, although he wrote both tragicomic and dramatic works. And most often, foreigners read Chekhov’s play “Uncle Vanya”, the stories “The Lady with the Dog” and “Kashtanka”.
Perhaps the most basic and famous hero Chekhov's works are " small man", whose figure is familiar to many readers even after " Stationmaster» by Alexander Pushkin. This is not a separate character, but rather a collective image.
Nevertheless, Chekhov’s little people are not the same: some want to sympathize with others, to laugh at others (“The Man in a Case”, “Death of an Official”, “Chameleon”, “The Weasel” and others). The main problem of this writer’s work is the problem of justice (“Name Day”, “Steppe”, “Leshy”).
Fedor Dostoevsky
Dostoevsky is best known for his works Crime and Punishment, The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov. Each of these works is famous for its deep psychology - indeed, Dostoevsky is considered one of the best psychologists in the history of literature.
He analyzed the nature of human emotions, such as humiliation, self-destruction, murderous rage, as well as conditions leading to insanity, suicide, and murder. Psychology and philosophy are closely related to each other in Dostoevsky's portrayal of his characters, intellectuals who "feel ideas" in the depths of their souls.
Thus, “Crime and Punishment” reflects on freedom and inner strength, suffering and madness, illness and fate, the pressure of the modern urban world on the human soul, and raises the question of whether people can ignore their own moral code. Dostoevsky, along with Leo Tolstoy, are the most famous Russian writers around the world, and Crime and Punishment is the author's most popular work.
Lev Tolstoy
Who do foreigners associate with famous people? Russian writers, so this is with Leo Tolstoy. He is one of the undisputed titans of world fiction, a great artist and man. The name of Tolstoy is known all over the world.
There is something Homeric about the epic scope with which he wrote War and Peace, but unlike Homer, he portrayed war as a senseless massacre, the result of the vanity and stupidity of a nation's leaders. The work “War and Peace” seemed to become a kind of summation of everything that Russian society has experienced over the past period XIX century.
But the most famous all over the world is Tolstoy's novel called Anna Karenina. It is eagerly read both here and abroad, and readers are invariably captivated by the story of the forbidden love of Anna and Count Vronsky, which leads to tragic consequences. Tolstoy dilutes the narrative with the second storyline- the story of Levin, who devotes his life to his marriage to Kitty, housekeeping and God. This is how the writer shows us the contrast between Anna’s sin and Levin’s virtue.
And watch a video about famous Russians writers of the 19th century century can be found here:
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